ANDERSON'S SCHOOL HISTORIES. 

Anderson's Manual of General History. 

Being an Outline History of tlie World from the Creation to 
the Present Time. Fully illustrated with Maps. By John J. 
Anderson, A.M., Late Principal of Grammar School No. 31, 
New York City — Author of a Grammar School History of the 
United States, a Pictorial School History of the United States, 
&c., &c. 1 vol. 12mo. 420 pages. 

Charactbristio Fbaturbs.— 1. The latest authorities have been consulted ; 
and the narrative, which is written with clearness and conciseness, is brought 
down to the present time. 2. Unimportant matters are entirely omitted, or 
only incidentally alluded to. 3. The book is supplied with twenty-three maps, 
several of which are elegantly colored ; and on these the location of every 
important place mentioned is accurately shown, and the successive revolutions 
in the different nations of Europe and Asia clearly delineated. 4. The pro- 
nunciation of all thp. nrnnftr nampa is ar.nnratelv e\\en in connection with the 
names as thry n'%,<§t><^'^'i^'5^«£><^^<%>'%<?^'^<%<^^&.-%><%<^'rji ' whole 
subject may b ~4> ^ _ V ltd sys- 

...atie «vie, | [JB \UViY OF CONGRESS. * ^ 

COLI. ^ 



^^ 



"From sue] $ ^ j ^ -,. (<^ )f Gen- 
eral History, t ^jf P I y Vr / V^ i )pinion 

as to its meriti ^\fm\\)l^i/. 4 fopprinllt A Q. % ^s are 

carefully chos "%, y ' v * ^^i ^ c> ^ irfluous 

and tedious m # "^ \>t ^ ain the 

Kraspofyounj ^ (^/ //A CA, A^ would 

not hesitate t ij t=z:^ Jici/ t\ O:^ \ e more 

ample and mir \ / ' • f :8 to be 

committed to ? ^ slower, 

l^S^SJriy^ I UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. % \^^ 

and It is altoi ^ ^ ^ ^ Mligent 

scholars. W P'^'^'«''^'«''*'.'«^^^^^^'%.'^'^<*-<* ^^-5^,^131 i 

"•Professor qf History, etc.; College City of New i^<?rt." 
Prom R. M. Lusher, State Superintendent of Public Instruction, La.y and 
Agent for the Pedbody Educational Fund. 

" This Manual Is one of the best compilations I have ever seen, and It 
certainly must effect a reform in the teaching of history in hio;h schools and 
academies. The maps and chronological recapitulations in uie body of the 
work are an invaluable feature." 

Fr(mi Prof. Thomas Embrson, Principal High-School, Wobum, Mast. 

" Your Manual of General History has already been introduced into our 
High-School, and subjected to the only real test of the merits of a book — daily 
use in the class-room. It is the best compeud of general history I have yet 
seen. In the general division of the subject in the choice, and arrangement 
of the details, m the clearness and simplicity of the language, in the omission 
of the endless and uninteresting minuiise with which many text-books on this 
subject are cumbered, you have been highly successful. Unlike most com- 
peuds of history, the narrative is well connected and pleasing, thereby attract- 
ing rather than repelling the student. Nor are the maps among the least valu- 
able features of the booK. You have fully recognized the principle that the 

study of History and Geography should go hand in hand It is 

extremely gratifying to find a book that furnishes the pupil with the leading 
facts of history in so attractive a manner, and leaves to the teacher so large an 
opportunity for oral instruction." 

Published by Clark & Haynard, 5 Barclay St., N. T. 



ANDERSON'S SCHOOL HISTORIES. 



A Pictorial School History of the United States. 

By John J. Anderson, A. M., 

Late Principal of Grammar School No. 31, New York City; Author of a 

Grammar School History of the United States, a Manual of 

General History, &c., &c. 

Beautifully illustrated with about two hundred maps, por- 
traits, vignettes, etc. With an appendix containing the Con- 
stitution of the United States, with questions and explanations, 
and the Declaration of Independence. 12mo. 400 pages. 

The distinctive features of this work are :— Ist. A system of maps, with 
map questions and references, combining the geography with the chronology, 
thus teaching by the eye as well as the ear, and consequently making the 
impression upon the memory more lasting. 2d. A second set of questions 
diflPering entirely from the first. These, by associating facts belonging to the 
same class or train of events, require answers of a topical character, and thus 
compel the student to revie'v his lessons with thoughtfulness. 

From the Hon. H. H. Van Dtck, former Superintendent of Publie Instruction 
for the State of New York. 

" The books comprising Anderson's Series of School Histories have been 
in my possession during tne last six months. I have examined them with 
considerable care, and find them works of decided merit. There is a direct- 
ness, clearness, and conciseness in the statements, and an admirable method 
connected with the chronological and geographical features of the narrative, 
that commend them to my judgment. To the instructor who aims at thorough- 
ness in the knowledge imparted to his pupils of our country's history, these 
books are certainly invaluable. I recommend them without reservation," 
From C. B. Pabbons, D. D., LL.D., Chairman of Committee of ExaminatUm 
and Control of Public Schools, Louisville, Ky. 
"I have carefully examined the 'Pictorial History of the United States,' 
by John J. Anderson, and unhesitatingly pronounce it the best of its kind that 
has fallen under my observation. Its remarkable comprehensibility, so con- 
cisely given, " multum in parvo," with its excellent arrangement of adaptation 
to the purposes of instruction, cannot fail to recommend it to general use. 
I most cordially approve of its introduction into our schools." 
From Kev. J. M. Anderson, Principal of Ohio Female College, College Elll,0. 

" The book stands well the most careful scrutiny. I am particularly pleased 
with the fairness of its statements as to the results of battles, etc. The his- 
tory of our country is rich enough in great deeds to warrant the historian 
in telling the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, as to her reverses and 
misfortunes. Without truth, history is a delusion and a snare. In point of 
method, clearness, and succinctness of narration, also, I regard this book as 
incomparably the best manual of the kind that has appeared. None but a 
practical and experienced teacher could have produced such a model class- 
nook. We shall lose no time in Introducing it into this Institute." 
From Miss Jank A. Bartholomew, the well-known teacher of History in tfis 
Connecticut State Norrmal School. 

" In respect to symmetry of plan, proportionate arrangement of matter, 
correctness, clearness, and conciseness of statement, and in variety of ex- 
planatory information, it is superior to any other text book in United States 
history used here. The seals of the States and miniature maps ar.e valuable 
additions to the book : while the charts and questions for review, condensing 
gradually, as they do, its whole contents, meet a want whica many teachers 
have neither the means nor ability to supply." 



Published by CLARK & MAYNARD, New York. 



Progressive Map No. 1. 



92 Loiigtxnin 8} 



:K8 2 




Kasl ofllie Mississi|)in , > , 
AS OCCUPIED BY THE INDIANS. 



Ki Loii'j. n 



lo w'asTtetii 



GRAMMAR SCHOOL HISTORY 



UN^ITED STATES 



TO WHICH ARE ADDED 



THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 

WITH QUESTIONS AND EXPLANATIONS, 

THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, 

AND 

WASHINGTON'S FAREWELL ADDRESS,' 

JOHN J. ANDEKSON, A.M'^%imfT^ 

Auth^of a -Pictm^al School ExsUytn, of the United States^ a -Man,ial of 
Oef^ralHtstaryr a -HUtcyry of England r - Th^ HuUrriZ ^ 
Reader^ " The United States Reader^ etc., etc. 



NEW YORK : A 
CLARK & MAYNARD, PUBLISHERS, 
5 Barclay Strwet, 
1874. 

C7M . I I , 



Anderson's Historical Series. 



1. Introductory School History of llie United 

states. Illnstrated with maps. 195 pp. 16mo. 

This work, thouph arran<?ed on the catechetical plan, may be read as a con 
tinuons narrative, the text having been fully written before the qneptions wen 
prepared. It is designed for clashes op advanced as well as loweu orades 

IN WHICH ONXT A VERY BRIEF OUTLINE OF THE HISTORY OF THE COUNTRY PROM 
l-n DISCOVERT TO THE PRESENT TIME IS TAUGHT. 

2. Common Scliooi History of tlic United States. 

ninstrated with maps. 350 pp. IRmo. 

This work is more catechetical than the preceding, since the answers are more 
independent of each other. Designed for large graded schools. 

3. Grammar School History of tBic United States. 

With one series of maps showing the location of the places referred to; and 
another, showing the progress of the country in its territorial acquisitions and 
political divisions. 352 pp. 16mo. 

This work is on the narrative plan, with a set "of questions fbr topical review 
at the end of the sections. It will meet all the wants of graded schooi« 
and academies. 

4. Pictorial School History of the United States. 

Fully illustrated with maps, portraits, viguettes, &c. 404 pp. 12mo. 

This work is also on the narrative plan, but more circumstantial in its state- 
ments than the preceding. Designed for high-schools and academies. 

*** Each of the above-named works contains the Declaration of Independence, 
and the Constitution of the United States, with questions and explanations; and, 
\n the Grammar School History, will also be found Washington's Farewell Address. 

5. A l^Ianual of General History. 4i9pp. i2rao. illus- 
trated with maps, showing the change? in the political divisions of the world, 
and giving the location of important places. Various tables of chronology and 
eontemporaneons events are also given, with a complete pronouncing index. 
designed for classes of advanced grade. 

6. A School History of Eng^land. soo pp. i2mo. illus- 
trated with maps, showing the geographical changes in the country at different 
periods. Chronological and genealogical tables are given ; also a complete pro- 
nouncing index. Designed for classes of advanced grade. 

7. Anderson's Bloss's Ancient History, illustrated 

with colored maps and a chart. 445 pp. 12mo. Designed for classes of high 

GRADE. 

^W One of the leading aims in all of Anderson's Histories is to connect the 
i/tography with the chronology. 

8. The Historical Reader, embracing selections in prose and 
verse from standard writers in Ancient and Modern History ; with a Vocabulary 
difficult or unusual words, and a Geographical and Biographical Index. 12mo. 

9. The United States Reader, embracing selections from 
pininent American historians, orators, statet^men and poets, with explanatory ob- 
eervations notes, etc. 'i'he whole arranged so as to form a complete class-manua! 
of United States History, to which are added a vocabulary of difficult words and 
n biographical index of authors. 12mo. 414 pp. Price, $1.50. 

Clark & MAYNAKD, publishers, New Yoi:k. 

Entered accoraing to Act of Cnjrress in tlie vear l'?74, hy John .T. Anderson, in the office ol the 
Libniruiu of Cuugiess at Washington, D. C. 






TO TEAOHEES. 



This work is intended for advanced classes in Grani« 
mar Schools and Academies. The leading aim in its 
preparation has been to narrate the events, as well as 
their causes, details, effects, and connection with each 
other, in the most concise language consistent with 
the clearness and fulness necessary for the -proipev 
understanding of the subject. Although the history 
of our country is here condensed within a few pages, 
it is believed that all the important facts are stated, 
and that no particulars are omitted that are essential 
to their clear comprehension. 

A knoAvledge of history can never be acquired so as 
to make the acquisition permanent and useful, unless, 
at the same time, the geography of the narrative is 
well understood. The exact location of every place 
mentioned in this work, except a very few beyond the 
limits of the United States, is shown on maps, a num- 
ber of which were specially prepared for this work ; 
and the system of map questions, by which not only 
the location of each place is required to be learned, 
but its situation with reference to other places, is a 



TO TEACHERS. 



feature not to be found in any other history which 
has come under the author's notice. Of the import- 
ance of uniting the two studies of history and geo- 
gi'aphy, no practical teacher need be informed. By 
associating events with phices, both are more perma- 
nently impressed on the muid. 

The design of the questions at the bottom of the 
pages, is to draw attention to the facts singly. Those 
at the end of the sections, called Keview Questions, 
associate facts belonging to the same class or train 
of events, and, consequently, require answers of a 
topical character. This method, in connection with 
the requirements in relation to geography, cannot fail 
to awaken an interest in the mind of the learner, and 
lead him to a knowledge of the subject that will prove 
satisfactory and permanent. It will give him, too, a 
power and readiness of grouping, describing, and re- 
lating, that will prove of lasting benefit. 

It will be observed that the author has given more 
attention to the pronunciation of proper names than 
in his previous works. The pronunciation of no name 
that seemed to be at all diflicult for the learner, has 
been omitted. The authorities employed are Web- 
ster's and Worcester's Dictionaries, and Baldwin's 
Gazetteer. 

The author would suggest to his fellow-teachers, 



TO TEACHERS. 



that this book may be used just as it is written. It 
is a production growing out of twenty years' expe- 
rience in the school-room ; and, while no claim of 
perfection is made either for its plan or infallibility 
in its statements, it will be, it is believed, when thus 
used, an important aid in the hands of teachers. The 
maps should be used freely : they may be drawn by 
the teacher or pupils on the blackboard ; and no reci- 
tation should be heard nor instruction given, without 
them. In this way pupils will be made to learn and 
recite intelligently, since they will be compelled to 
use their eyes as well as their ears, and to exercise 
their understanding. 

With regard to the chronology, two things are to be 
avoided. The pupil should not be required to leam 
dates unassociated with the narrative, nor should any 
system of mnemonics be employed which requires the 
use of facts or statements not belonging to the his- 
tory. In the one case, the mind is burdened with 
useless lumber to the overtasking of the memory ; 
and, in the other case, it is confused with a multipli- 
city of facts, perhaps, of but little or no importance. 
A few prominent events should be selected as stand- 
points, from which, on the one side, may be seen a 
train of causes ; and, on the other, a series of effects 
or consequences. In this way, whatever is really im- 



TO TEACHERS. 



portant, will be readily remembered and judiciously 
appropriated. 

With these few remarks and suggestions, the author 
commits the work to the impartial examination of his 
fellow-laborers in the cause of education ; trusting 
that it will be received ^dth that kind consideration 
which has been extended to his other works on this 
subject. 

Teachers who desire that their pupils should acquire 
a more comprehensive knowledge of the history of the 
United States than can be gained fi*om the text, are 
referred to the Questions for Topical Study and Eeci- 
TATION at the end of the work. These questions, with 
the references and the additional information given in 
connection therewith, supply a complete collection of 
topics, beginning with the discovery of the New World, 
and running through succeeding events to the present 
time. Much interesting information, not found in the 
preceding pages of the book, is there inserted. The 
author is indebted to School Superintendents and 
teachers, and to examination-papers Avhich have been 
furnished him, for many of these questions. 



Two articles have been added at the end of the 
History, one showing the Territorial Growth of the 
United States, and the other the Civil Progress of 
the Nation. 



HOW TO TEACH HISTORY. 

The author of this book having been solicited by many teachers for a few hr'wt 
rules, by which they might be governed in using it, submits the following, lie 
does not claim that these are the best, nor does he advise any teacher who may 
adopt them to adhere to them strictly in all cases. 

Lessons should be assigned and recitations heard, not so much in conformity with 
rules as in accordance with circumstances. 

ASSIGNING THE LESSON. 

1. " Give out " a short lesson, at the same time designating a 
map to be drawn by the pupils, on paper or slate, the map to show, 
among other things, the location of the important places mention- 
ed in the lesson. '^^ Let it be understood that no lesson is learn- 
ed by a pupil until he has learned how every place mentioned in 
it is located. 

2. Let the lesson be read by the class, care being taken to 
have all the proper names correctly pronounced. Endeavor, also, 
to give interest to the lesson by enlarging upon the facts, throw- 
ing in historical incidents, and referring to authors. 

REGIT ATIOIT. 

3. Let the maps be exanilne(l and criticised. In this duty 
the teacher may be aided very much by a system of examinations 
carried out l)y he pupils themselves, who will derive benefit in 
many respects by tlie exercise. 

4. Bring out the facts of the lesson with clearness, partic- 
ularly the relation of causes to results. If any question is not fully 
answered, put others to elicit wiiat has been omitted. Then ask 
the first question again, requiring it to be properly answered. Of 
course tlie teacher should in all cases aim to have his questions 
answered with intelligence. Use outline wall-maps, and question 
freely on the geography. Occasionally have the maps drawn on 
the blackboard. '^^ Permit no answer to pass if it is not clear 
that the pupil is acquainted with the location of the places referred 
to in it. 

REVIEWS. 

5. Review by topics. Besides the oral method, the composition 
plan (see Appendix, p. 62) and the one by written diagrams (see 
model preceding p. 18) should occasionally be used. (The Review 
Questions, at different places in the book, furnish a number of 
topics and suggest others. A list of about two hundred topics is 
also given at the end of the book.) 

6. Dates. Do not require dates too freely,— the month and 
the day of the month in no ease, unless there is a special reason 
for it Take the date of an important event as a turning point ; 
and, when it is well fixed in the mind, arrange on the one side the 
train of events as causes, and on the other the train of results. 



IN"TEODUOTIO]Sr. 



1. The geographers of ancient times had no knowledge whatever 
of America ; though it has been asserted that, several years before 
Christ, navigators had sailed out of the Mediterranean Sea, and, 
being wafted across the Atlantic Ocean by the trade-wmds, had 
reached the Western Continent. 

2. About five centuries previous to the discovery of America by 
Columbus, the Northmen, a people from Norway, colonized Iceland 
and Greenland, and made explorations in America as far south as 
New England. Settlements are also said to have been made by 
them, and intercourse kept up for some time with the mother 
countiy. These expeditions, however, seem not to have attracted 
any general attention ; nor were their results permanent, or known 
to the other nations of Europe. 

3. It is certain, indeed, that when Columbus set sail on his event- 
ful voyage in 1492, he had not the least knowledge of the existence 
of a second continent, nor is there any evidence whatever that he 
even imagined there was such a continent. His great aim was to 
find a shorter and better route to India than the one then travelled 
by way of Egypt and the Red Sea. To him, nevertheless, is justly 
ascribed the honor of being the discoverer of the New World, since 
it was through his enterprise and sagacity that its existence' came 
to be generally known. 

4. At the time of Columbus's discovery, the continent of America, 
from the icy ktitudes of the North to the regions far south of the 
equator, together with most of its islands, was inhabited by various 
races who diff'ered in many respects from Europeans. As the coun- 
try at that time, and until Balboa discovered the Pacific Ocean 
(p. 17), was supposed to be a part of India, these inhabitants were 
called Indians. In some parts of the country they were found to 
have attained a considei-able degree of civilization ; in others they 
were in the savage state, being divided into tribes, living in rude 
huts called wig\\'ams, and existing mostly by fishing and hunting 



6 ' INTRODUCTION. 



They spoke diflferent languages, and their religion consisted m wor 
shipping an unknown and invisible Deity, whom they called the 
" Great Spirit." . « tt 

5. Y/hence did they come ? How did they reach America ? How 
long had they been living there ? These questions have been asked 
a great many times, but have never yet been satisflictorily answered. 
Many theories have been advanced to solve the difficulty ; but the 
origin of these various races, both civilized and uncivilized, remains 
as much a mysteiy as ever. . -, . ^ * 

6 According to one of these theories, America received its lirst 
Inhabitants from eastern Asia, by way of Behring's Sti-aits ; while 
otiier and more probable statements are, that vessels were at various 
times watied by the trade-wmds across the Atlantic Ocean from 
the Old World, and that thus people of different races being acci- 
dentally carried to the other continent, settled there, and founded 
the different nations which inhabited it at the time of its dis- 
covery by Columbus. . 

7 Of one thing there can be no doubt. When America was dis- 
covered by Columbus, it had been inhabited for centuries; and the 
previous occupants of certain portions of it had attained a degree 
of civilization not possessed by their inhabitants at the time of this 
discovery The evidences of this are still abundant in the rums of 
temples and other buildings, and in the articles of copper and silver 
found buried beneatn these ruins. Curious specimens of pottery 
of great antiquity have also been found ; and mounds of remark- 
able extent are seen in certain parts, the origin of which was un- 
known to the uncivilized Indians. 

8 After Columbus led the way, expeditions were undertaken by 
Europeans of different nations in order to explore the New World 
and make settlements in various parts of it. None were marked 
by more heroism and self-sacrifice than those conducted by t^ie 
French Catholics in their efforts to explore the couniry m the 
reo-ion of the great lakes, and along the ]Mississippi River and its 
tributary streams. Marquette {mar-ket'\ La Salle {sal), and others 
penetrated the vast wilderness by way of the St. Lawrence; and 
they were followed by others who established stations at various 
places, and labored to convert the Indians to their faith. 

9 At the close of the Revolutionary War, the western boundary 
of t'he territorial possessions of the United States extended only to 
the Mississippi (p 98). By the " Louisiana Purchase, m 1803, the 



INTRODUCTION. 



limits were extended to the Rocky Mountains (p. 110). The coasi 
strip, about fifty miles wide, between Florida and Louisiana, claimed 
by Spain as a part of Florida, was occupied by the United States al 
the beginning of the '• War of 1812," and, under the claim that it 
was part of the " Louisiana Purchase," was retained. In 1811', 
Florida was acquired by cession from Spain (p. 135), all the " rights, 
claims, and pretensions" of Spain to territory west of the Missis- 
sippi and north of the 42d parallel, being, at the same time, also 
ceded to the United States. 

10. The region west of the Rocky Mountains, extending from 
latitude 42° to about 54°, with the Pacific for its western boundaiy, 
was long known as Oregon. It was claimed by the United States, 
because, among other reasons, its principal river had been discov- 
ered by an American — Captain Gray, of the ship Columbia, of Bos- 
ton — in 1792 ; and because, during the administration of President 
JeS'erson, it was explored by Captains Lewis and Clark, command- 
ing an overland expedition sent out by the United States govern- 
ment. Gray gave the name of his vessel to the river he discovered. 
By the treaty made with Spain in 1819, the United States strength- 
ened their claim to the region. 

11. Great Britain also claimed Oregon until 1846, when, by treaty, 
the boundary line between the possessions of the two nations was 
fixed at the 49th parallel ; and thus was settled a controversy which 
had been continued for a number of years, and which, at one time, 
threatened to produce a war between the two countries. In 1845, 
Texas became a member of tlie Union by annexation (pp. 1^1-143). 
California, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, and Nevada were acquired 
from Mexico by conquest ; and their possession was confirmed by 
a treaty made at the close of the war with that country (p. 150), 
and by subsequent negotiation. Alaska was purchased from Russia 
in 1867 (p. lU). 

Note.— •• Tue evidences of the former existence of a pre-historic race, known 
as the mouud-builderr^. who at one time occupied the principal affluents of the 
Mis:^issippi, the Gulf Coast, and the region of the Great Lakes, are too conclu- 
t^ive to admit of doubt. These evidences consist of tumuli symmetrically raised 
and often enclosed in mathematical figures, such as the square, the octagon, 
and circle, with long lines of circumvallation; of pits in the solid rock, and 
ruubish-heaps formed in the prosecution of their mining operations; and of a 
variety of utensils. wrou£-hr in sroiie or copper, or moulded in clay, which evince 
a knowledire of art and methodical labor foreign to the Red man. While llie 
character of the.se structures, a~ traced over wide areas, differ in minor j)irlicu- 
lars, still there is a great uniformity which stamus the authors as one people and 
pubject" of one controlling i^overumont.''' —Foster's Pre-Historic Races in the 
United States of Amenca. 



discoveries:^ 







NORTHJ^IVIERICA. 

S.wle 01 ."Miles. 




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HISTORY OF THE UiNITED STATES. 



SECTION I. 

Discoveries and Explorations. 

EXTENDING FROM THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA, IN 1492, TO 
THE SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA, IN 1C07. 

1. America was discovered in 1492 by Cliristoplier Co- 
lumbus, a native of Genoa (je/i'-o-a), Italy. Believing 
the earth to be round, Columbus concluded that by sailing 
westward he would sooner reach India than by taking 
the usual route by way of Egypt. The route around 
the southern extremity of Africa was not then known.* 

2. Being too poor to fit out an expedition at his own 
expense, he applied for aid to the republic of Genoa, and 
afterward to the monarchs of England and Portugal ; 
but in vain. At last lie was assisted by Isabella, Queen 
of Spain. With a fleet of three vessels he set sail, and 
after a voyage of ten weeks, discovered one of the Balia- 

Map Questions.— (See Map, paa:e 8.) Where are the Bahama Islands ? The 
West Indies? Where is Giianahani ? Labrador? Porto Hico ? Florida? St. 
Domingo? Cuba? Tampa Bay? Newfoundland? Quebec? Nova Scotia? 
New Brunswick ? Acadia? Port lioyal entrance ? St. Au<rustine ? Pamlico 
Sound? Albemarle Sound ? Virfrinia? Cape Cod ? Maine? Martha's Vineyard? 
Jamestown ? Into what waters docs the Mississippi How ? The St. Lawrence ? 
The St. John's ? The Kennebec ? The James ? 

1. Who was Columbus? When was America discovered? Who made the 
discovery ? What belief did Col- mbus have ? What was then the usual route 
to India? What route was then not yet known ? 

2. For what did Columbus solicit aid? Why did he do so? Of whom did 
he ask aid ? Wlio. finally, assisted him ? What can you state of his first voyage ? 
What land did he discover ? What name did he srive it ? 



* " The crown of Portiiff.al was constant in its efrorts, tlironpth the fifteenth century, to liiul 
a passage round tlie southern point of Africa into tlie Indian Ocean; though so timid was the 
navigation that every fresh headland became a formidable barrier; and it was not till the 
latter part of the century that the adventurous Diaz passed quite round the Stormy t"aj)e, as 
he termed it, but whit^h Jolm the Second (King of Portugal), with happier augury, called the 
Capo of Ciood Hope. But, before Vasco de Gama had availed himself of this discovery to 
spread his sails in the Indian seas (1497), Spain entered on her glorious career, and sent Colum- 
bus across the western waters."— Pre«co«'« Conquest of Peru. 



10 DISCOYERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. [1492. 

ma Islands, called by the natives Gur.naliani [gicah-7iah- 
hah'-ne). He gave it the name of San Salvador. 

3. Columbus made three other voyages to the New 
World, in the iirst of which, as well as in the one just 
described, his discoveries -were confined to the islands 
between North and South America. These he supposed 
to be near India; but Avhen, in after years, the mistake 
became known, they were called the West Indies, and the 
islands southeast of Asia were called the East Indies. 

4. In his third voyage, made in 1498, Columbus dis- 
covered the mainland, at the mouth of the river O-ri-no'- 
co, in South America ; and in his last he examined the 
coast of I)a-ri-en', He died in Sj^ain, at the age of seventy, 
a few months after he returned from his fourth voyAge. 
He never knew that he had discovered a new continent.* 

5. In 1407, John Cabot (kah'-hot), and his son Sebastian, 
while sailing under a commission from Henry VII. of 
England, reached the coast of Labrador, and thus were 
the first to discover the continent of America. In a 
pecond voyage, made by Sebastian Cabot, in 1408, the 
coast from Labrador to Chesapeake Bay was explored. 

6. In 1400, Amerigo Vespucci (ah-md-re-go ves-poot'- 
c/ie)y a Florentine navigator, visited the eastern coast of 
South America, and, in 1501, made a second voyage to 
the same regions. He prepared accounts of the two voy- 
ages, from which he acquired the reputation of being the 
discoverer of the western mainland. In consequence of 
this, as well as from the fact that his were the first pub- 
lished accounts of the newlj' discovered country, it was 
called America. (See Appendix, p. 76, topic 208.) 

3. Oohnnbiis's second voyaiie ? Why were the West Indies so called ? 

4. Columbus's third voyage ? His f<)urth ? What further of Columbus? 

5. What discovery was made in 1497 ? W'liat exploration in 1496? 

6. Wlio was Ameriiio Vespucci ? What two voyages are mentioned ? Why 
vas the new world called America? 



* His body was deposited in a convent at Valladolid, Spain, but was after- 
ward removed to Seville, Spain. Twenty-three years after, it was taken across 
the Atlantic to St. Domingo, and finally,' two hundred and sixty years later, was 
carried wi th great ccremoiiy to the caihedx'al at Havana, its present resting-place. 



1512.1 DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 11 

7. Twenty years after Columbus's first and great dis- 
covery, Ponce de Leon [pdii'-thd da ld-d?i'), an aged Span- 
iard, sailed from Porto Rico {re'-co) in search of a won- 
derful fountain, which, it was said, existed in one of the 
Bahama Islands, and would impart immortal youth to all 
who might drink of its waters. 

8. After visiting several islands, he discovered, in 1512, 
an unknown land, whose forests were adorned witli 
flowers. From the abundance of the flowers, and also 
because the discovery happened on Easter Sunday, which 
the Spaniards call JPascua Florida {pah'-scoo-ah flo-re'- 
dah), it received the name of Florida. His search for 
the fountain was, of course, unsuccessful. 

9. Several years after, he went again to Florida. His 
object this time was to make a settlement, he having 
been appointed governor of the country upon the condi- 
tion that he would colonize it. He effected a landing, 
but in an attack made by the natives, the Spaniards 
were killed or driven back to their ships, and De 
Leon received a mortal wound — of which he died, in 
Cuba. 

10. Two expeditions were made to Carolina by De 
Ayllon {da ile-yone). The object of the first, made in 
1520, was the capture of natives to work the plantations 
and mines of St. Domingo. The second was undertaken 
to conquer the country. Both were unsuccessful.* 

11. In 1517, Cordova {kor'-do-va) discovered Mexico, 
and explored the northern coast of Yu-ca-tan'. After- 
ward, Cor'-tez, who had been sent by the governor of 

7. Who was Ponce ile Leon? What visionary enterprise did he undertake? 
S. Did he discovtT tlie fountain ? Why not ? What did he discover ? Wliy 
was tlie land called Florida? 

9. Wliat next did De Leon undertake? What was the result ? 

10. What was undertaken in 1520? What, afterward ? What were the results ? 

11. When was Mexico discovered? Who made the discovery ? What else 
did Cordova do ? What did Cortez accomplish ? 



* Many of De AyHon's men, in the second expedition, were killed by the 
natives, because he had kidnapped a number of their companions in his first ex- 
pedition, lie himself barely escaped. 



12 DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. [1528. 

Cuba, succeeded in conquering the Mexicans ; and their 
country, in 1521, became a province of Spain. (App. p. 65.) 

12. Narvaez {nar-vah'-eth), believing Florida to be a 
land of great wealth, obtained from the Spanish sovereign 
an appointment as governor, and, in 1528, sailed from 
Cuba, to conquer and possess it. The attempt proved 
disastrous ; for of the three hundred men who penetrated 
the wild regions, only four, after years of wandering, suc- 
ceeded in reaching a Spanish settlement in Mexico. 

13. These men asserted that Florida was the richest 
country in the world, — a statement which the people of 
Spain generally believed, among them Ferdinand de Soto 
{da so -to). With a fleet of ten vessels, and a gay com- 
pany of SIX hundred armed men, De Soto sailed for Cuba, 
whence he proceeded to Florida. He landed on the shores 
of Tampa Bay, and, in the summer of 1539, commenced 
his march into the interior.* 

14. After wandering for nearly three years, during 
which, in 1541, the Mississippi was discovered, he sickened 
and died. To conceal his death from the natives, who re- 
garded him with fear, his body was sunk in the waters of 
the great river which he had discovered. The remnant 
of his followers, having in vain tried to reach Mexico 
through the forests, built seven frail barks, sailed down 
the Mississippi and along the coast of Mexico, until they 
reached a Spanish settlement. 

15. In 1524, Verrazzani {ver-rat-fsah'-tie), a Florentine 
navigator, sailing in the service of France, explored the 
coast of America from the Carolinas to Newfoundland 
{new-fund-kmd). To the whole region thus examined he 

12. What belief did Nan-aez have? "«Tiat appointment did he obtain? 
From what place did he sail ? With what object « What was the result ? 

13. Who was Pe Soto? What statemeut'did he believe ? Give an accennt 
of the beirinninir of his expedition. 

14. Give a further account of his expedition. What river did he discover? 
When did he make the discovery ? What became of his followers ? 

15. Who was Verrazzani ? What explorations did he make ? What name 
did he give to the region ? Whei'e is Chesapeake Bay ? (.See Map, p. 5;^.) 

* Ills explorations extended about two hondred miles west of the Mississippi. 



1534.1 DlSCOVElilES AND EXPLOliATIONlS. 13 

gave the name of New France, a name which was atler- 
ward restricted to Canada. 

10. No other explorations were made by the French 
until 1534. In that year and the following, James Cartier 
(car-te-d) made two voyages, discovered the St. Jjawrence, 
explored its banks, and took possession of the whole, 
country in the name of his king. The French, however, 
effected no permanent settlement in Canaila until one was 
made on the site of Quebec, in 1G08.* 

17. But Quebec was not the lirst settlement made by 
the French on the American continent, as Port lloyal, 
now Annapolis, in Nova Scotia, was settled three years 
before. The French, claiming the whole territory now 
included hi Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, called it 
A-ca'-di-a. 

18. The French Protestants, or Huguenots, as they 
were called, desired to haAC in America a i)lace of refuge. 
With the permission of King Charles, and aided by the 
celebrated Coligny {ko-leen-ye')^ two attempts were made 
to establish a colony — one at l*ort lloyal entrance, Caro- 
lina, in 1502, and the other on the banks of the St. John's 
River, Florida, in 1564. 

19. The settlers of 1562 built a fort, to whioJi they 
gave the name of Carolina, in honor of Charles {Carolus^ 
in Jjatin), their king. Twenty-six men were left to keep 
possession of the country, while the others, with John 
Pibault (re-ho'), their commander, returned to France for 
re-enforcements; but the promised aid not arriving, the 
colonists, in despair, embarked for their native land. 

20. Spain, unwilling that the settlement on the St. 



16. Whon was the St. Lawrence discovered? By whom? What further 
did Cartier do ? When was (^lebec settled ? By whom ? 

17. Which was the tirst French settlement" in Ainerica? When was Port 
Royal settled ? What country was called Acadia ? Wlio called it so V 

18. Who were the Iluirnenots? What desire did they have? Who aided 
them? What settlements were beijun by them? 

19. Give an accounl of tlie Carolina settlement. 



* By Samuel Champlain, the discoverer and explorer of Lake Champlaiu. 



14 DISCOYEEIES AND EXPLOEATIONS. [1583. 



John's should exist, commissioned Melendez {ma-len'- 
deth) to destroy it. After laying the foundations of St. 
Augustine, in 1565, Melendez proceeded against the 
Huguenots, whom he surprised and massacred. In re- 
venge, De Gourgues {goorg), of France, two years after, 
surprised the Spanish forts on the St. John's, and hung 
two hundred captives upon the trees. 

21. In 1583, Sir Humphrey Gilbert sailed fromEnglnnd, 
under a patent granted by Queen Elizabeth. His design 
was to take possession of the northern parts of America, 
and found a colony in Newfoundland. He landed on the 
island, but, in consequence of disasters, no attempt at 
settlement was made. On the return to England, one of 
the ships, that in which Gilbert sailed, foundered, and all 
on board perished. 

22. Sir Walter Raleigh (raic'-le), not disheartened by 
the sad fate of his step-brother, Gilbert, obtained from 
Elizabeth an ample patent, and, in 1584, sent two vessels, 
under the command ofAm'-i-das and Barlow. The voy- 
agers arrived on the coast of Carolina, visited the islands 
in Pam'-li-co and Albemarle sounds, took possession of 
the country in the name of their sovereign, and, after 
trafficking with the natives, returned to England. 

23. So glowing an account did Amidas and Barlow give 
of the country which they had seen, that Elizabeth de- 
clared the event to be the most glorious in her reign, 
and, as a memorial of her unmarried state, named the 
region Virginia. Upon Raleigh she conferred the honor 
of knighthood. (See Appendix, p. 73, topic 147.) 

20. Give an acconiit of the St. John's settlement. When was St. Anfrnstioe 
Fettled? By -whom? How does it rankin a^e amonfr the towns in theLuited 
States ? A/I.". It is the oldest. What revenife did De Gonr^ues have ? 

21. What voyage was commenced in 1.5a3? What was Gilberfs desipi? 
Give an acconnt of Gilbert's operations. Of his fate. ^ - ^ , « 

22. Who was Sir Walter Raleiijh? What expedition did he send in 1on4? 
Give an account of it. 

23 Why was the country called Virginia ? What honor was conferred upon 
r-lei-h? 



1&85.] DISCOVERIES AND EXl'LOKATIONS. 15 

M. Two attempts were afterward made by lialeigli to 
establish a colony on Koanoke Island — one, under llalpli 
Lane, in 1585, and the other, under John White, in 15b 7. 
The people under Lane, after a year of distress at lioan- 
oke, embarked for England with Sir Francis Drake, who 
had stopped there on his way from the West Indies. White 
did not remain long at the island : he went to England 
for supplies. When he returned, after an absence of 
nearly three years, none of the colonists could be 
found. 

25. The next attempt to plant an English colony in 
America was made by Bartholomew Gos'-nold, in 1602. 
lie discovered Cape Cod, and so named it because of the 
great number of codfish caught there. Concluding to 
settle on one of the Elizabeth Islands, he built a store- 
house and fort ; but discontents arising, the design was 
abandoned, and the whole party returned to England. 

26. The favorable reports of the country made by Gos- 
nold induced some English merchants to fit out two ves- 
sels, under the command of Martin Pring, for exploration 
and trade. Pring, in 1603, examined the shores and large 
rivers of Maine, as well as the coast thence to Martha's 
Vineyard. Three years later he made a second voyage, 
and also a more accurate survey of Maine. 

27. The territory Avhich the English claimed, basing 
their claim upon the discoveries of the Cabots, extended 
from the 34th to the 45th degrees of north latitude. In 
1606, James I. divided this region into two divisions. 
The northern, called Xorth Virginia, he granted to the 

24. What did Ualeii^h wish to do ? Give an account of the undertaking con- 
ducted by Lane. Of the one conducted by White. 

25. When was Cape Cod discovered ? By whom? Why was it so named? 
Give an account of Gosiiold'f attempt at settlement. Where are the Elizabeth 
Islands ? (See Map, p. 24. See, for Gosnold, p. 18, ^ 2.) 

26. Who sent Pring to America? What induced them to send him? Give 
an account of his first voyage. Of his second. 

27. What extent of American territory did the English claim? What Avas 
their title to the claim? What division was made of the territory in lOOG? 



16 DISCOVEKIES AND EXPLORATIONS. [1607. 

Plymouth Company ; and the southern, called South Vir- 
ginia, to the London Company. 

28. During the following year, 1607, the Plymouth 
Company sent a mmaber of planters, who began a settle- 
ment at the mouth of the Kennebec ; but the cold of the 
winter, the destruction of their storehouse, and the death 
of their president, discouraged them, and they returned 
to England. 

29. The London Company were successful. They sent 
more than a hundred persons, in a fleet commanded by 
Christopher Xewport. The design of the colonists was 
to settle on Roanoke, but a storm carried the vessels fur- 
ther north. Sailing up a large stream, which they named 
the James River, they selected a place for a settlement, 
and called it Jamestowu. (See note, p. 23.) 

CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. 

140'3. America was discovered by Columbus. 

1497. The Continent of America was discovered by John Cabot. 

1498. The coast of North America w as explored l)v ISebastian Cabot 
The Continent of America was discovered by Columbus. 

1499. South America was visited by Amerigo Vespucci. 
1512. Florida was discovered by De Leon. 

lo'20. Carolina was Aisited by De Ayllon. 

1521. ^Mexico was conquered by Cortez. 

1524. Tlie coast ef North America was explored by Yen-azzani 

1528. The conquest of Florida was undertaken by Narvaez. 

1534. Tlie St. Lawrence was discovered by Cartier. 

1541. The ^lississij'vpi was discovered by De Soto. 

1562. The Huguenots began a settlement at Port Royal. 

1564. The Huguenots began a settlement in Florida. 

Map Questions.— (See Map. p. SS-"* What lanre hay is on the East of Vir. 
crinia ? Into what body of water does the James River flow ? Where is James- 
town ? Where are the" Bermuda Islands ? ^See Map. p. 8.) 

28. What attempt at settlement did the Pljinoath Company make ? What 
caused The faikire of the attempt ? 

29 ^Vhere did the London Company design to plant a colony ? Did they dO 
60 ? "Wliy not ? Where did they make a settlement ? 



DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 17 



1505. St. Augustine was settled by the Spaniards. 
lo«4. The coast of Carolina ^Yas explored by Aniidas and Barlow. 
lo85. The lirst attempt was made to fonn a settlement at Roanoke. 
1587. Second attempt was made to form a settlement at Roanoke- 
lt)02. Cape Cod was discovered by Gosnold. 
1003. The New England coast was explored by Pring. 
1005. Port Royal, Nova Scotia, was settled by the French. 
IGOO. The Loudon and Plymouth Companies received charters. 
1007. The Plymouth Co. began a settlement on the Kennebec. 
Jamestown was settled by the London Company. 



RE^^EW QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

1. Give an account of Columbus and his discoveries 9, 10 

2. Give an account of the Cabots and their two voyages 10 

3. Give an account of the two voyages made by Vespucci 10 

4. Give an account of De Leon's two expeditions to Florida 11 

5. Give an account of De Ayllou's two expeditions to Carolina 11 

6. Of Narvaez"s expedition {1'2). — 7. Of De Soto's expedition Ij" 

8. Of Verrazzani's expeditions (l->, 13).— 9. Of Cartier's expeditions .... Ih 

10. Give an account of the Huguenot settlement at Port Royal entrance. . . 13 

11. Of the Huguenot settlement on the St. John's River 13, 14 

12. Of Gilbert's expedition to Newfoundland, and his fate 14 

13. Of the voyage made by Amidas and Barlow 14 

14. Of Raleigh's two attempts to settle Roanoke Island 15 

15. Of Gosnold's expedition and discovery in 1U02 15 

16. Of two voyages made by Pring to New England 15 

IT. What grants of land did King James make in 1600 ? 15, 16 

IS. What were the exact limits of the two regions thus granted? Am. 

North Virginia extended from the 41st to the 45th degree of north 
latitude; and South Virginia, from the 34th to the 38th degree. 

19. Give an account of the undertaking made by the Plymouth Company.. 16 

20. Give an account of the success of the London Company in 160T ■ • . 16 

21. Name, in order, twelve important events from 1492 to 1541 16 

22. Name, in order, twelve important events from 1541 to 1607 16, 17 

2). Name sis of the early navigators who sailed in the interests of Spain 9-17 

24. Xame four of the early navigators who sailed in the interests of France . . . 9-17 

25. Name eleven oi the early navigators who sailed in the interests of England. 9- IT 

26. By whom was the southwest passage to Asia discovered? Ans. By 

Ferdinand Magellan, who sailed through the strait which bears his 
name, in 1520. At the Philippine Islands, in a contest with the na- 
tives, he was killed ; but one of his vessels reached Spain by way of 
the Cape of Good Hope, thus making the first voyage around the 
globe. 

27. Had the Pacific Ocean been previously discovered? Ans. In 1513, 

Bal-bo'-a, while crossing the Isthmus of Darien, gained the summit 
of a mountain, from which he discovered the Pacific Ocean. 



disco\i:ries a2s'd explorations. 



SPANISH- 



Colrunbos discovered all me large islands of the We«t Indies, 
besides a nutnber of the small ones. He also discorereti Sc'Utii 
America i.l49>> and explored the coasf of Darien ^loOo). 

Ponce de Leon discovered Florida and explored its coasc 

Balboa, while crossing the isthmus of Darien, discovered the 
Pacitic Ocean, and called it the South Sea U5I3>. 

Cordova ex; '.> rtd the northern coast of Yucatan (151T\ 

Magellan s /..r ,1 ironnd South America to the Pacific i^lo^) : and 
■wes:w.irA to liie Pailippine Islands, where he was killed in a con- 
test ^ith the narives. One of his vessels continued the voyagt. 
thus miking the first circumnavigadon of the earth ^1522^. 

De Ayllon made two expevlitions to Carolina Uo'20 and 1524). 

Cortez sailed t(^ Mexico U519> and conquered it {1521). 

Narvaez explored the interior of Florida (152S>. 

De Soto explored a large part of the country tro«i Florida to a 
point several hundred miles west of the Mississippi U53d to 1542). 

ENGLISH. 

The Cabols discovered Labrador U4dT> : and Sebastian Cabor, 
in a strcond vovage, sailed along the coast firom Labrador to Chesa- 
peake Bav (149S»- 

Drakesail- 1 A!onr 'he coast of California (1579). 

Gilbert :.vi r „ v y ijeto Newfoundland (15S3>. 

Raleigh sdi: ar; expcliition to Xorth Carolina (1584) : and made 
two arrempts to found a colony U5S5, 15S7>. 

Gosnold explored the coast of Massachusetts (1602). 

Pring explored the coast of New England (1603). 

FRENCH. 

Verrazzani explored the ci^isr from Carolina to Newfoundland, 
being the first Eun>pean to enter the harbor of New York (1524X 

Cartier discovered the St. Lawrence U5^>4^- *ii»i^ ^ * second 
Toyage, sailed up the river as far as Montreal (1585). 

DXJTCH. 

Hudson sailed up the Hudson River as &r as AXbany (ie09X 



Other Expeditions. Other important voyages and discoveries 
were made c.irin^r the first hundrev.1 years after the discovery of 
America, bu; those mentioned abo\-e" are the most important in 
their relation to the bistorv of the United States. 



MODEL OF A DIAGRAM FOR A WRITTEN ANALYSIS. 



TOPIC— COLUMBUS, HIS VOYAGES AND DISCOVERIES. 

(See pa-^es 9 aud 10; also the answer to question 34, Appcudix, p. G5.) 

r Born at Geaoji. 



His Early 
Life. 



On the Mediterranean 
Piissed much time ■{ and 

west coast of Africa. 
^ Made a voyage toward Greenland. 



time-j 



( The route to India. 
His Theory. •] Shape of the earth. 

( Conclusion regarding India. 



Efforts for 
Aid. 



Voyages 

AND 

Discoveries. 



( To the republic of Genoa. 

< To the monarchs of England and Portugal. 

( To Isabella, by whom he was aided. 



> -j Voyage lasted ten weeks. 
OT ( Discovered San Salvador. 

Discovered other islands 

between North and South America, 



^ 3 Discovered South America. 

«> ( (Was sent back to Spain in irons.) 

•5 < Examined the coast of Darien, 

[ Death. ■{ Died in Spain, at the age of seventy- 



Topics. — The Cabots, their voyages and discoveries. — Vespucci's 
voyages and their consequences. — De Leon and his two voyages 
to Florida. — Narvaez's expedition and its consequences. — De Soto 
and his expedition. — Verruzzani and his explorations.— Cartier and 
his two voyages. — The Huguenots and their settlements. — Gilbert 
and his expedition to Newfoundland.— Raleigh and the three expe- 
ditions sent by him. — Gosnold in Massachusetts and Virginia. 
Spanish discoveries and explorations. — English. —French. 



18 COLONIAL HISTORY. 11607. 

SECTION II. 
Colonial History. 

FROM THE SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA, IN 1607, TO THE 
FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR, IN 1754. 

VIRGINIA. 

1. The first settlement in Virginia, as previously stated, 
was made at Jamestown, in 1607, under the direction of 
the London Company. The colony was governed under 
a charter granted by James I., the supreme government 
being vested in a council resident in England, and the 
local government in a colonial council of seven persons, 
one of whom was president.* 

2. At first the colony did not prosper. The scarcity of 
provisions, the hostility of the natives, the want of in- 
dustrial habits among the settlers, and sickness, which 
carried to the grave fifty men in less than four months, 
proved nearly fatal to the enterprise. Among those who 
died was Bartholomew Gosnold. (See p. 15, 1" 25.) 

3. Wingfield, the president of the council, having em- 
bezzled the public stores and become concerned in a plot 
to abandon the settlement, was expelled from oftice. He 
was succeeded by Ratclifte ; but, in consequence of the 
inefiiciency of the latter, the management of afiairs fell 
into the hands of Captain John Smith, the most enter- 
prising and sagacious man in the colony. 

4. Several months later, upon the actual deposition of 

1. Where was the first settlement made in Virginia? Who made it? When 
was Jamestown settled ? How was the colony oroverned ? 

2. Whv did not the colony prosper at first ? What is said of Gosnold ? 

3. Whb was Wingfield ? W^hat is said of him ? Who was Ratclifl'e ? What 
;s said of him^ Wliat. of Smith ? 

4. What further is said of Smith ? Where i& Chesapeake Bay ? (Map, p. 53.) 
The James River ? 

* " The names of the provincial council were not communicated to the adven- 
turers when they departed from England ; but the commission which contained 
them was inclosed in a sealed box, which was directed to be opened within 
twenty-four hour:? after their arrival on the coast of Virginia, when the coun- 
cilors were to be installed in their office and to elect their own president." — 
Grahame's Colonial History of the United States. 



1607.] COLONIAL HISTORY. 19 



Katclifie, Smith was formally elected in his place. To 
the efforts of the new president the salvation of the in- 
fant colony was owing. He explored Chesapeake Bay, 
as well as the James and other riv^ers, and often returned 
with supplies of corn. 

5. It is related that Smith, while on one of his expedi- 
tions, was surprised by a large body of Indians, and, after 
a desperate struggle, was captured, and conducted to 
Pow^hatan i^povyhat-tan\ the principal chief The war- 
riors met in council, so goes the story, and determined 
that Smith should be put to death. 

6. Accordingly he was bound, and his head placed upon 
a stone ; but, just as the savages were raising their clubs 
to dash out his brains, Po-ca-hon'-tas, a daughter of Pow- 
hatan, rushed forward, clasped the captive's head in her 
arms, and begged that his life might be saved. It is fur- 
ther related that the conduct of Pocahontas touched her 
father's heart, and the sentence was revoked. Recent 
investigations, however, render it nearly certain that no 
such event ever took place. 

7. The London Company, not having realized their ex- 
pectations of profit from the Jamestown colony, sought 
and obtained a second charter, in 1609, and conferred 
upon Lord Delaware, a nobleman distinguished for his 
virtues, the appointment of governor for life. Three com- 
missioners, Newport, Gates, and Somers (sum'-erz), who 
had been appointed to administer the affairs of the colony 
till the arrival of Delaware, were dispatched to America 
with a fleet of nine vessels, and more than five hundred 
emiijrants. 



5. Who was Powhatan ? What is stated in relation to the capture of Smith ? 
What further is stated ? 

6. State what is said in relation to carrying out the sentence. Of the part 
taken by Pocahontas. Of the result. Of the whole story. 

7. When did the London Company o^et a second charter ? Why did they ask 
forit? W^ho was Lord Delaware •? Wnat appointment was given him ? What 
is stated of three commissioners ? 



20 COLONIAL HISTORY. [1610. 

8. While on the passage a severe storm dispersed the 
fleet. One of the vessels (that bearing the commission' 
ers) was wrecked on the Ber-mu'-da Islands, and another 
foundered ; the others reached the James River in safety. 
Considering that no person had yet arrived to su23ersede 
him, Smith maintained his position as president, until, 
having been severely injured by an explosion of gunpow- 
der, he returned to England for surgical aid. (P. 23, ^ 21.)* 

9. No sooner had Smith fairly dej^arted than the col- 
onists gave themselves up to idleness and vice. The 
Indians became hostile, the horrors of famine ensued, and 
in less than six Inonths not more than sixty of the five 
hundred persons whom he had left were alive. This pe- 
riod, extending over the first half of 1610, was long re- 
membered as the " starving time." 

10. In consequence of their destitution and gloomy 
prospects, the colonists determined to seek safety among 
the English fishermen at ^N'ewfoundland. In four vessels 
they embarked ; but, just as they were drawing near the 
mouth of the river. Lord Delaware appeared with emi- 
grants and supplies, and persuaded them to return. The 
new administration was a wise one, and under it the col- 
ony prospered. In consequence, however, of ill health, 
Delaware was soon compelled to return to England. He 
was succeeded in office by Sir Thomas Gates. 

11. New settlements were made in the vicinity of 
Jamestown ; and, notwithstanding the laws were harsh 
and strict, the colony continued to prosper. With a 
view to greater j^rivileges, the London Company obtained 

8. What misfortune befell them? Where are the Bermudas ? (p. 8.) Why did 
Smith <xo to England ? (The three commissioners afterward reached Virginia.) 

9. How did the colonists behave after Smith left them ? What were the con- 
sequences ? What further is stated ? 

10. What did the colonists determine upon ? Why did they so determine ? 
Did they carry out their plan ? Why not ? What is said of Lord Delaware's ad- 
ministration ? Why did he return to England ? Who succeeded him in office ? 

1 1 . When did the London Company receive their third charter ? What re* 
laarkable feature did the new charter contain ? 



* See Appendix, page 73, topic 149. 



1612.] COLONIAL HISTORY. 21 

their third charter, in 1G12. A remarkable feature of the 
new charter allowed the company to hold meetings for 
the transaction of business, thus giving to that body a 
democratic form of government. 

12. Next year occurred the marriage of Pocahontas to 
a .young Englishman, named John Rolfe (rolf). This 
event proved of great public importance, as it had the 
eifect of establishing a confirmed peace with Powhatan. 
Three years after her marriage, Pocahontas accompanied 
her husband to England, where she was an object of in- 
terest to all classes of citizens, and was presented at 
Court. While preparing to return to her native land, she 
suddenly died, leaving a son, from whom are descended 
some well-known families in Virginia. 

13. The commencement of negro slavery in the English 
colonies dates from its introduction into Virginia, in 1619, 
when a Dutch trading-vessel entered the James River 
with negroes, twenty of whom were landed and sold into 
perpetual slavery.* During the next year, about a 
hundred women of good reputation arrived from England, 
and were married to the planters, each man giving for 
his wife one hundred and twenty pounds of tobacco, the 
price of her passage to America. The culture of cotton 
was begun the next year. 

14. After the marriage of Pocahontas, until the death 
of her father, peaceful relations existed between the 
settlers and the Indians; but, in 1622, Powhatan's suc- 
cessor commenced a bloody war, in one day massacring 
about three hundred and fifty men, women, and children. 
The colonists retaliated, slaughtering great numbers of 
the enemy. In an attack made upon the settlements, in 



12. What event occurred in 1613? Of what advantage did it prove to the 
colonists ? What further can you state of Pocahontas V 

13. When did negro slaverv commence in tliis country? State the circum.' 
Btances. What other event took place in 1620? In 1621 ? 

1 4. What occurred in 1622 ? Give an account of what followed. 



* See Appendix, page 63, topic 17. 



2*2 COLONIAL HLSTOKY. [1644. 

1644, about three hundred persons were killed. Hostili- 
ties continued until 1646, when a treaty was made. 

15. Tlie atlairs of the colony caused frequent meetings 
of the London Company, which were largely attended. 
The freedom of speech manifested on such occasions dis- 
pleased the king, James L, and, under the pretext that 
tlie disasters to the colony were the result of bad govern- 
ment, he dissolved the company. Thus Virginia became, 
in 1624, a royal province. 

16. The *' Navigation Act," passed by Parliament in 
1631, secureil to English shipping the monopoly of the 
carrying trade with Englami. Though not at first en- 
forced against Virginia, yet after its reiMiactment, in 1660, 
with new provisions, it was viixorously executed, notwith- 
standing the remonsti-ances of tlie people. (See note, p. 65.) 

17. The colonists, in conseipience, l>ecame diss:uistieil; 
and when, in 1673, Charles II. ceded to Loni Culpepjvr 
and the Earl of Arlington "all the dominion of land and 
water called Virginia," for the term of thirty-one years, 
their dissatistaction was greatly increased. 

18. Besides, they were restricted in the elective fran- 
chise, wei-e required to conform to the doctrines and rituals 
of the Church of England,, and the taxes levied weiv un- 
equal and oppressive. A spirit of rebellion, in conse- 
quence, broke out among the "common people," who 
wanted but an excuse for appearing in arms ; and it 
was soon found in an invasion made by the Susquehanna 
Indians. 

19. The measures for defence adopted by Berkeley, the 
governor, being inefficient, the people demanded permis- 

15. When did YiTginia become a royal proTince? How was the change 
broncht about * 

16. ^Vhon was the "Xaviiration Act" passed* What featnre of it is men- 
riontxi * Whiit is said of the enforcement of the act * 

17. What made the colonists dis^iisfied? W"hat inci^astd their dis^atis- 
ftctiou ? 

IS. What restriction is mentioned ? What requirenieiit ? What oppi>?*sion? 
What was the consequence ? 



1676.1 COLONIAL HlSTOliY. 'Z'd 



>iou to arm and protect themselves. This being refused, 
1 struggle for popuhir liberty broke out in 1070, known 
is Bacon's Rebellion. Five hundred men under arms, 
rt'lth Nathaniel l>acon as lender, marched against the 
Indians, wlioni they defeated. The colonists recovered 
bra lime tlie rights Avhich they formerly enjoyed; but 
Bacon dying, Berkeley caused tweuty-two of the insur- 
T^ents to be hung; and Hues, imprisonments, and conhsca- 
jons disgraced the rest of his administration. (Ap., p. OJ^.)* 
20. Upon his recall by the king, in 1077, Virginia be- 
came a proprietary government, with Culpepper as gov- 
ernor. Culpepper ruled till 1084, when, because of his 
mismanagement, the king revoked the gi-ant made in 
10V'>, and deprived him of his ofhce. Virginia then be- 
came a royal province again, and so remained till the 
Revolution. (See Appendix, p 75, topic 170.) 



MASSACHUSETTS. 

FROM ITS SETTLEMENT, IN 1020, TO THE UNION OF NEW 
ENGLAND COLONIES, IN 1043. 

21. Captain Smith, who had performed so creditable a 
part in the settlement of Virginia, set sail from London in 
1014, for the purpose of trade and discovery in Anu'rica. 
lie examined the shores from the Penobscot River to 
Cape Cod, and ju-epared a map of the country, to which 
he gave the name of New England. (App., p. 76, top. 195.) 

19. Who was Berkeley? What denniid did the people make? Why did 
they make it ? How did Berkeley treat tlieir demand ? The consequence ? Who 
was Hacon ? What further can vou say of him ? Of Berkeley ? 

20. When was Bcikcley recalled ? What, then, did Viri^inia become ? What 
funlier history of Virginia can vou j^ive ? 

21. What explorations did Captain Smith make in 1614? Where had Smith 
previously made explorations ? How did New England get its name ? 



* "I find no vestiges of the ancient town (Jamestown) except the ruins of a 
church-steeple and a disordered group of old tombstones. The ruin of the 
steeple is about thirry feet high, and mantled to its very summit with ivy."— 
WlrVs Life of Patrick Htary. 



24 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 



[1620, 



22. The original Plymouth Company having been su- 
perseded by another, called the Council of Plymouth, the 
king, James I., granted to the latter, in 1620, all the ter- 
ritory between the fortieth and forty-eighth parallels of 
north latitude, extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific. 

23. It was not, however, under the direction of this 
comjjany, nor with the aid of the king, that the first per- 




'VTCiN'JTi: or 
MASSACHUSETTS BAY 



IrattleLoro 




-^ "^hj I tin liar. 

"ojrtsmouth. 
ji fekJLSr JT X C 

nxport 



o c iiA^jsr 



■WbTcestei\o ""^ 



SalcHL 
ringfieli ^t, "^ ^ \ Cajn i.^ ^ ^ 



Mm0W-^i:^^\^^ 



ll.Ol'illl 






manent settlement was made in New England, but by a 
small band of Pilgrims, dissenters from the Church of 
England, who had fled from their own country to find an 



Map Questions.— Where is Cape Cod? Cape Cod Ba.v? PlsTnouth ? Salem? 
Boston? Little Harbor ? Portsmouth? Dover? Merriniac River ? Penobscot 
River? (Map. p. 61.) 

22. What company took the place of the Plymouth Company? What grant 
was made to the new comj)any? 

23. Who were the Puritans? Who were the Pilgrims ? Why did the Pil- 
grims leave England ? 



1620.] COLONIAL HISTOEY. 25 

asylum from religious persecution. They were known in 
England as Puritans. 

24. They at first went to Amsterdam, in Holland, whence 
they removed to Leyden [ll'-den). At Ley den they lived 
eleven years in great harmony, under the pastoral care of 
John Robinson ; but, from various causes, they became dis- 
satisfied with their residence, and desired to plant a colony 
in America, where they might enjoy their civil and reli- 
gious rights without molestation. After much solicitation, 
they obtained a grant of land from the London Company. 

25. As many as could be accommodated, embarked on 
board a vessel called the Speedwell. The ship sailed to 
Southampton, England, where she was joined by another 
ship, called the Mayflower, with other Pilgi-ims from Lon- 
don. The two vessels set sail, but had not gone far before 
the Speedwell was found to need repairs, and they entered 
the port of Dartmouth {dart' -^nuth) ^Kwglandi. A second time 
they started, but again put back — this time to Plymouth, 
where the Speedwell was abandoned as unseaworthy. 

26. The Mayflower finally sailed alone, with one hun- 
dred and one passengers, the most distinguished of whom 
were John Carver, William Brewster, Miles Standish, 
William Bradford, and Edward Winslow. After a bois- 
terous passage, they reached Cape Cod Bay ; and there, 
in the cabin of the Mayflower, they agreed to and signed 
a solemn compact for their government, and unanimously 
elected Carver governor for one year. 

27. Several days were spent in searching for a favora- 
ble locality. At length, on the 21st of December, 1620, 

24. To what place did they first {jo ? Where next did they go ? IIow lonjj 
did they live in Leyden ? Why did they leave ? What did they desije ? What 
did they obtain ? 

25." I" what vesi.iol did the Pil<j^rims sail from Leyden? What took place at 
Southampton? At Dartmouth ? At Plymouth? 

26. What finally took place ? Name five of the most distinguished of the 
Mayrtowcr's passengers. What bay did they reach ? Where is that bay ? (Map, 
•J), il.) Wnat compact was signed ? Where were the Pilgrims when they signed 
It ? Who was the first governor of the colony ? 



26 COLONIAL HISTORY. [1608. 

they landed at a place which they called Plymouth, in 
memory of the hospitalities which had been bestowed 
upon them at the last Englisli port from which they had 
sailed. The winter was severe, and in less than live 
months nearly half of that I^ilgrim band died fi'om the 
effects of exposure and privations. Carver and his wife be- 
ing among the number. Bradford was thereupon elected 
governor, and he continued, during thirty years, to be a 
prominent man in the colony. (See Topic 195, Ap., p. VG.) 

28. In 1621, a treaty of friendship was made with Massa- 
soit (?nas-sa-soit')y cliief of the Wampanoags {icom-pa-nd'- 
^(/s), that was sacredly observed for more than thirty years. 
Canonicus {ka-non -i-kiis) ^ chief of the Narragansetts, kept 
the colonists in fear for awhile, but the decisive course of 
Bradford eventually compelled him to sue for peace. 

29. Meanwhile other influences were at work to extend 
the range of settlements. A company of persons inter- 
ested in the ffsheries of New England, having purchased 
a tract of land, sent a hundred persons, under the charge 
of En'-di-cott. These settled at Salem, in 1628, thus lay- 
ing the foundation of the ^lassachusetts Bay Colony. The 
proprietors soon after obtained a charter from Charles I. 

30. Accessions were rapidly made to the new colony, 
and settlements at Charlestown and other places were 
begun. An important change, by which the government 
of the colony was transferred to New England, induced 
men of fortune and education to join the enterprise. 
About three hundred families, mostly Puritans, under the 
care of John Winthrop, arrived in 1630, and settled at 
and near Boston. Winthrop had been apjDointed governor. 



27. When did the Pilijrims land ? Is the anniversary of that day celebrated ? 
Ans. Owincj to a mistake in convertins: the date from old to new style, the 2'2d 
is celebrated instead of the 2tst. Where did the Pil<rrims land ? Why did they 
call the place Plymouth ? What is said of their suftVrinirs ? Of Bradford ? 

28. Whowas Mas^asoit ? What treaty was made? What is said of Canonicus? 

29. On what enterprise was Endicott sent 'i With what success ? 

30. Where is Charlestown ? (Map. p. 70.) What change in government took 
place ? What was the effect ? What took place in 1630 ? 



1629.1 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 



27 



31. An act of the "General Court" at Boston, in 1636, 
by wliich about two thousand dollars were appropriated 
for the purpose of founding a public school or college, led 
to tlie establishment of what is now the oldest literary 
institution in America. Two years after, the Rev. John 
Harvard bequeathed upwards of three thousand dollars 
to it, whicli, in honor of the benefactor, was named Har- 
vard College. 



Its location is at Cambridge. 



NEW HAMPSHIEE. 

32. The Council of Plymouth, 
it will be remembered, obtained, 
in 1620, a grant of land including 
the whole of what is now known 
as New England. Two years 
after, all that portion of the ter- 
ritory lying between the Merri- 
mac and the Kennebec was ceded 
by the Council to Sir Ferdinando 
Gorges (gor'-jez) and John Ma- 
son. In 1623, the proprietors sent emigrants to America, 
who settled at Little Harbor, near Portsmouth ; and at 
Dover. 

33. After these settlements were made, the Pev. John 
Wheelwright purchased of the Indians the territory be- 
tween the Merrimac and the Pis-cat'-a-qua, being a part 
of the same that had been ceded to Gorges and Mason.* 




POKTSMOUTH AND VICINITY, 



31. Where is Catnbridjre ? (Map, p. 70.) What celebrated institution of 
leaniin;: is there ? Give the history of its estahlishmeni. 

32. When did the Council of Plymouth obtain their grant? What took 
p];)c<' two years alter? When was New Hampshire settled ? Where? 

33. liy whom was New Uampshire so called ? How did Macon come by the 
territory? Upon what did Wheelwright base his claim ? Where is the Kennebec 
River? (Map, p. fil.) 

» A recent writer has cast some douljt upon the validity of the purchase made by Wlieel- 
wright, pronouncing his deed from the Indians " a forgery." 



28 COLONIAL HISTORY. [1636. 

In the same year (1629) Mason obtained a grant, in his 
own name, of the country which Wheelwright had pur- 
chased, and to this he gave the name of New Hampshire. 
34. After the death of Mason, a vexatious controversy 
took place in consequence of the land claims which his 
heirs made. It was not terminated until the parties to 
whom the claims Avere finally conveyed (in 1746) relin- 
quished theoccupied portions of the province. NewHamp- 
shire was several times connected with Massachusetts, but 
in 1V41 a final separation occurred. (See pp. 33, 34.) 



CONNECTICUT. 

35. In 1630, the Council of Plymouth ceded the "soil 
of Connecticut" to the Earl of Warwick ; and this grant, 
the following year, was transferred to Lord Say-and-Seal, 
Lord Brooke, and others. As the Dutch, at the time, laid 
claim to the territory thus ceded, they built a fort on the 
Connecticut, where Hartford now stands, to prevent the 
English from making any settlements in that section. 

36. The structure w^as hardly completed when Captain 
Holmes {Jiomz) and a comj^any from Plymouth, sailed up 
the river. Though menaced by the Dutch, the English 
passed the fort unhurt, and commenced the settlement of 
Connecticut, by erecting in that year, 1633, a trading- 
house at Windsor [vnn'-zer). Important additions were 
made to this, called the Connecticut Colony, by two large 
emigrations from Massachusetts — the second conducted 
by the Rev. Thomas Hooker, in 1636. 

34. What controversy took place? How was it ended? Give the subse- 
quent history of the New Hampshire colony. 

35. Wlia't o-rant was made in l(i30 ? In 1631 ? Where did the Dutch build a 
fort? Why did thev build it there? 

36. Wlien was 'Connecticut settled? At what place ? By whom ? What 
threat did the Dutch make ? What additions were made to the Connecticut 
colony ? 



1635.1 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 



29 




"vrcuyiTX oz 

LONG- ISLAND SOUND 



37. Toward the close of 1635, John Wiiithrop, son of 
tlie Massachusetts governor, acting under a commission 
from the proprietors of Connecticut, built a fort at the 
mouth of the Connecticut. A colony was also established 
there, which, in honor of Lord Say-and-Seal, and Lord 
Brooke, Avas called Saybrook. 

38. About this time difficulties with the Indians com- 
menced. The Pequods [pe'-kwodz)^ a warlike tribe inhab- 
iting the southeast part of Connecticut, having committed 



Map Questions.— Where is Windsor? Saybrook? Hartford? Wethersfield? 
New Haven ? Providence ? (p. 24.) What city is on the if-land of Rhode Island ? 
Ans. Newport. In what direction is Newport from Providence ? What State 
is on the South of New Hampshire ? (p. 24.) What two on the south of Mas- 
sachusetts? Describe the Connecticut River. 

37. When Avas the Saybrook colony established? Why was It so called? 
Give its ori<rin. 

38. Who were the Pequods? W^hat united action was taken by the set- 
tlers ? Why was the action taken ? Give the result. 



30 COLONIAL HISTORY. [1637. 

many acts of hostility, Hartford, Windsor, and Wethers- 
field, in 1637, united in declaring war against them. 
Captain Mason, with a force of colonists and friendly 
Indians, proceeded against the Pequods, burned their fort 
and wigAvams, killed more than sixj^undred of their num- 
ber, and completely broke them up as a tribe. 

39. A third colony was established in Connecticut, in 
1638, called the New Haven Colony. The land was 
bought of the Indians ; and, under the guidance of The- 
ophilus Eaton and the Rev. John Davenport, a colony, 
remarkable for the religious spirit that marked its laws, 
was planted and flourished. 

40. In 1639, the people of Hartford, Windsor, and 
Wethersfield, finding their settlements beyond the limits 
of Massachusetts, met at Hartford, and united in forming 
a government for themselves. The colony of Saybrook 
maintained its separate existence until 1644. By its an- 
nexation in that year to the Connecticut Colony, only 
two colonies remained, which Avere united, in 1665, under 
a liberal royal charter granted by King Charles II., of 
England. 

41. Sir Edmund Andros, who had been made royal gov- 
ernor of New England, in 1687 appeared before the Con- 
necticut Assembly, in session at Hartford, and demanded 
the surrender of the charter. A discussion at once arose, 
which was protracted till evening, when the charter was 
brought in and laid upon the table; but just as Andros 
was stepping forward to take it, the lights were suddenly 
extinguished. When the candles were relighted, the 
document could not be found. It had been carried away 
and hid in the hollow of a tree. 



39. When Avas tho New Haven colony established ? Give the origin of it. 
What further can you say of it ? 

40. What union took place in 1639 ? In 1644 ? In 1665 ? 

41. What appointment did Andros receive? What demand did he make? 
How was his demand met ? 



1636.1 COLONIAL HISTORY. 31 



KHODE ISLA:ND. 

42. Rhode Island was settled by Roger Williams, who 
had been banished from Massachusetts because of his de- 
nunciation of the religions intolerance practised there, as 
well as for certain opinions touching civil matters. The 
settlement was made in 1036 at Providence, on lands pur- 
chased of the Indians, and so called by Williams to com- 
memorate " God's merciful providence to him in his dis- 
tress." The great freedom in religious matters, and the 
democratic government of the colony, caused mimigrants 
to flock thither in large numbers. 

43. In 1637, William Coddington, who had been sub- 
jected to religious persecution in Boston, accepted an 
invitation from Williams, purchased from the Indians the 
island of Rhode Island, and settled there. Rather than 
admit a claim of jurisdiction set up by Plymouth, Wil- 
liams went to England, and obtained a charter whereby 
the settlements of Rhode Island were united, in 1644, 
under one government. 

44. After Charles II. ascended the throne of England, 
Rhode Island, in 1663, obtained a new charter. When 
Andros assumed the government of New England, the 
management of affairs under the charter was, for the 
time, necessarily suspended ; but directly aiter he was 
seized and sent to England, as elsewhere stated, the char- 
ter became the fundamental law of the colony, and was 
the only constitution of the State till 1843.* 

42. Why was Roger Williams banished from Massachusetts ? Wiiere did he 
make a settlement ? When 'i Why did he call the place Providence ? 

43. What diid Coddington do ? Why did Williams go to England ? How did 
he succeed ? 

44. When did Rhode Island get a new charter ? Who granted it? What can 
you state ol' its history ? 

* See Dorr Rebellion, paragraph 25, page 141, 



32 COLONIAL HISTORY. [1643. 



MASSACHUSETTS. 

FROM THE UNIOX OF XEAV EXGLAXD COLONIES, IX 1643, 
TO "the FREXCII AXD IXDIAX AVAR." 

45. The four colonies, Massachusetts, Plymoutli, Con- 
necticut, and New Haven, formed a union in 1048, for 
mutual protection against tlie encroachments of tlie Dutch 
and Frencli, and for better security against the hostility 
of the Indians. This .union lasted nearly fifty years. 
Rhode Island was refused admittance into it, because she 
Avould not consent to be incorporated with Plymouth, and 
lose her separate existence. 

46. In 1056 a serious trouble commenced, growing out 
of the arrival in that year of a number of Quakers from 
England. They had been represented as a people of pe- 
culiar opinions and conduct, and consequently they were 
persecuted. Many Avere banished, four Avere executed, and 
others were Avhipped or cast into prison. The great sever- 
ity of the measures at last produced a reaction in public 
feeling; and, after five years of trouble, tlie Quakers Avere 
alloAved to come and enjoy their opinions in peace. 

47. KixG Philip's War. — During the life of Massasoit, 
the treaty of friendship betAveen him and the people of 
Plymouth Avas fiiithfally kept; but, after his death, Pliilip, 
commonly knoAvn as King Phili]), his son and successor, 
made Avar upon the colonists. It became evident to the 
Indians that the spreading settlements Avere fast breaking 

45. AA'hnt union was formed in lf)4.T? How long did it last? AVny was not 
Rhode Island admitted to it '? 

46. Wliat trouble commenced in 1G56? Give an account of it. AAliat was 
the end ? 

47. Who was Philip? What became evident to the Indians? What did 
thev see ? What other cause of war had they ? 



1675.] COLONIAL HISTORY. 33 



up their hunting-grounds ; and they saw, too, in the grow- 
in <»• jjower of the whites, their own inevitable extinction. 
Besides, they were burning to avenge personal wrongs. 

48. Xothiug short of a union of the New England tribes 
for the extermination of the colonists, it was thought, 
could arrest the tide against them ; and Philip, so it was 
alleged, was the leading spirit in plotting the combina- 
tion. It 1.: related that a converted Indian, who had been 
sent as a missionary among his people, was the principal 
informer against Philip. This man was found murdered. 
The execution by the whites of three Indians, convicted 
of the murder, may be considered as the immediate cause 
of the war. 

49. The first attack was made by Philip, in 1675, upon 
the people of Swan'-zey, as they were returning, one Sun- 
day, from church. Although a treaty of peace had been 
made with the Xarragansetts, they joined in the war 
aijainst the EnHish. A stroncj force was sent asrainst the 
Indians ; and, in an imnTense swamp in the southern part 
of Rhode Island, they were defeated with great loss. Yet 
they continued their depredations till the death of Philip, 
which occurred in 1G70, he being shot by one of his own 
tribe. 

50. A controversy whicli had been going on for a num- 
ber of years, Ijetwcen the heirs of Gorges and Mason and 
the Massachusetts colony, concerning the ownership of 
]\raine, was, in 1677, decided in favor of the heirs, and 
Massachusetts then purchased their interest. Three years 
after, a separation of New Hampshire from Massachusetts 



48. How, only, could the Indians look for succeg.s ? What charf,'e was made 
against Philip ? What was the immediate cause of the war? 

49. Where is Swanzey? (Map? p. 24.) What took place there? How did 
the Nan-aL'ansetts act ? What defeats did the Indians meet ? Give the closing 
history of the war. 

.50'. What controversy was settled in 1CT7? How was it settled? How did 
Massachusetts get to own Maine ? Which was the first royal province in New 
England ? When was that brought about ? 

2* 



34 COLONIAL HISTORY. L*1680. 

having been declared, the former became a royal prov- 
ince — the first in New England. 

51. The opposition which Massachusetts had shown to 
the " Navigation Act," and other obnoxious laws of Par- 
liament, displeased the king, Charles II., and he declared 
her charter void. His death occurring not long after, his 
successor, James II., pursued the same arbitrary policy, 
and, in 1686, deprived Massachusetts of her charter-gov- 
ernment. In the same year Andros was appointed royal 
governor of New England. 

52. These proceedings on the part of King James ren- 
dered him so unpopular, that, when the news of the Eng- 
lish E evolution and of his dethronement reached Boston, 
in 1689, it caused great rejoicing. Andros and his offi- 
cers, whose tyranny had made them odious to the people, 
were seized arid sent to England, when the New England 
colonies established their former modes of government. 

53. King WillTxVm's War. — James fled to France, and 
William, Prince of Orange, and Mary, his wife, the eldest 
dauo^hter of James, were called to the Engflish throne as 

3 7 O 

king and queen of that country. The cause of the fugi- 
tive king was espoused by the French monarch ; and this, 
princij^ally, led to a contest between the two powers, 
known as King William's War, in which the respective 
colonists became involved. 

54. An expedition, fitted out by Massachusetts, com- 
manded by Sir William Phipps, captured Port Royal, 
now Annapolis, and secured a large amount of booty. A 
second expedition, also commanded by Phipps, for the 
conquest of Canada, proved a failure. These were the 

51. Why did Charles II. declare the Massachusetts charter void? What 
afterward took place? When was Andros appointed governor ? 

5a. What news reached Boston in 1(589 ? What effect did it have there? 
Why did it have that effect ? What treatment was reserved for Andros ? 

53. What was the cause of King William's War? 

54. Give an account of Phipps's first expedition. Where is Annapolis? 
(Map. p. 61.) Of his second expedition. How long did the war last? What 
was the result as regards the ownership of territory ? 



1692.] COLONIAL HISTOEY. 35 



most important events of the contest in America. The 
war lasted from 1689 to the peace of Ryswick {riz'-wick)^ 
in 1697, a period of about eight years. The claims to ter- 
ritory in America remained as before the war. 

5^. Salem Witchcraft. — During the war, King Wil- 
liam, refusing to restore to Massachusetts the charter 
which James II. had taken away, granted a new one, 
which united Plymouth, Massachusetts, Maine, and Nova 
Scotia in a royal government. Upon Phipps was con- 
ferred the office of governor. 

56. One of the first acts of the new governor was the 
formation, in 1692, of a court to try certain persons who, 
because of their real or supposed strange conduct, were 
accused of jn-actising Avitchcraft. Most of the inhabitants 
of Salem and vicinity, where the accused parties lived, 
believed the accusations to be true; and, before the delu- 
sion was dispelled, twenty persons were put to death, 
more than fifty were tortured or frightened into con- 
fessing themselves guilty, and many suffered imprison- 
ment. 

57. QuEEx Axxe's War. — Upon the death of James 
II., which occurred in France, the French monarch ac- 
knowledged his son king of England. This tended to 
produce a spirit of resentment in England, where the 
crown had previously been settled upon Anne {an)^ the 
second dauj^hter of James. While the Encrlish were 
making preparations for war. King William died, and 
Anne became Queen of England. 

58. The interference of France in the succession to 
the English crown, in connection with other causes, led 



55. What appointment was conferred up«n Phipps ? 

56. What act of Phipps is mentioned? What belief prevailed at Salem? 
Where is Salem ? (See Map. p. 24.) Give an account of the '• Salem Witchcraft." 

57. Where was James II. when he died? What action did the French king 
take ? What effect did his action have ? What followed ? 

58. What was tlie principal cause of Queen Anne's War? By what name is 
the war known in Europe ? Where is Nova Scotia ? (Map, p. 61.) 



36 COLONIAL HISTORY. [1702. 



to a war between England on the one side, and France 
and Sj3ain on the otlier, which is known in America as 
Queen Anne's War ; but in Europe, is called the "War 
of the Spanish Succession. Hostilities were commenced 
in 1702. 

59. The capture of Port Royal, in 1710, by a force from 
Massachusetts, after an unsuccessful attempt three years 
before, was the most important event of the war in 
America. The name of the place was changed to An- 
napolis, in honor of the English queen, and Acadia was 
annexed to the British realm. The contest continued 
about eleven years, being terminated by the treaty of 
Utrecht (u-'treh), in 1713. 

60. KixG George's War. — A peace of nearly thirty 
years followed, which was broken, during the reign of 
George II., by IHnff George's War. This contest had 
its origin in European disputes, relating, j^rincipally, to 
the kingdom of Austria, and was therefore known in Eu- 
rope as the War of the Austrian Succession. 

61. War having been decla/ed between England and 
France in 1744, the colonists soon became involved. The 
most important event of the struggle" in America was 
the taking of Louisburg (loo'-is-burr/), a fortress erected 
by the French, and which, from its strength, was called 
the Gibraltar of America, 

62. The capture of this place was eftected in 1745, by 
a force, mostly of Xew England troops, under William 
Pepperill, aided by an English fleet commanded by Coni- 



59. When did the French finally lose Port Ro3-al ? "^Miat change of name 
was made '? What chauu;e in ownership of lerritorv took place ? How long 
did the war last? 

60. How (lid King George's War originate ? What other name did the war 
havt- •'. Why was it so called? 

61. When was war declared? What is stated of Louisburg? Where Is 
LouisburiT? (See Map, p. 61.) 

62. When did the Enorlish capture it? Give an account of the capture. 
When did the war end? How did it result as regards ownership of territory? 
Who, then, owned Louisburg ? 



1745.] COLONIAL HLSTOllY. 37 



jnodore Warren. The contest was terminated by the 

treaty of Aix-L'i-Chapelle [dkes laJi sha-pel')^ in 1748, by 
wliich all acquisitions of territory, made during the war, 
were mutually restored. 



NEW YORK. 



63. Henry Hudson, an English navigator, while sailing 
in the service of " Tlie Dutch East India Company," in 
1609, discovered the river which now bears his name. 
His object was to find a northwest passage to the Pacific 
Ocean ; in jjursuance of which he sailed up the river to 
the head of ship navigation, and, in a small boat, continued 
his explorations some miles further, 

61. The Dutch, claiming that Hudson's discoveries 
gave them a title to the country, in 1014 built a fort on 
Man-hat'-tan Island. Their claim to territory included 
the whole region from Cai)e Cod to the southern shore 
of Delaware Bay. This became known as New Xeth'-er- 
lands, though the name was more generally applied to 
only that part actually in possession of the Dutch. 

65. The colonization of the country did not commence 
until 1623. In that year, under the auspices of a new 
organization, known as " The Dutch West India Com- 
pany," two settlements were made — one on Manhattan 
island, called Xew Amsterdam, and the other at Albany, 
called Fort Orange. The company, to encourage emi- 

63. Who was Henry Hudson 'i \^■hat river dul he discover? What was he 
tryin:.' to do when he discovered the river? How much of the river did he ex- 
plore ? Who first discovered tiie Hudson river? Au>s. Verra/./ani. in 1524. 

64. What claim to territory did the Dutch make? What \va^ their title to 
the claim ? What name did they L'ive to the territory claimed by tliem ? What 
States are now included in the territory so claimed ? [bee Proirressive Map. No. 
3.1 Where did the Dutch build a fort in 1014 ? By what name ie Manhattan 
Island now generally known '' Ans. New York Island. 

65. When did the Dutch begin to colonize New Netherlands ? Where were 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 



[1623. 



THE STATE OF 

NEW YORK 







gration, offered a large tract of land and certain j^rivi- 
leges to every individual who Avould form a settlement 
of fifty persons. 

66. The first Dutch governor was Peter Min'-u-its ; the 
second, Wout'-er Yan Twil'-ler ; the third, Sir William 
Kieft {I'eeft) ; and the fourth and last, Peter Stuyvesant 
{sti-ve-sant). Kieft, who was haughty and unscrupulous, 
involved the colony in a strife with the Swedes on the 
Delaware, and the Eno^lish on the Connecticut. He also, 



settlements made that j-ear ? What was Albany then called ? What offers were 
made to induce persons to settle in New Netherlands ? 

66. Who was the first Dutch crovernor of New Netherlands? The second ? 
The third ? The fourth ? What can you say of Kieft"'* character? Of his acts? 

Map Questions.— What country is on the north of New York State? What 
States on the east ? What, on the south ? Describe the Hudson River. What 
is New Amsterdam now called? Ans. New York. How is New York citv 
situated? Albany? 



1664.] 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 39 



by his inhnman conduct, brought on a disastrous war with 
the Indians. 

67. The rule of Stuyvesant was A^igorous, though often 
arbitrary. He conciliated the Indians, agreed to a west- 
ern boundary for Connecticut, and gained by conquest 
the Swedish territory in Delaware. But a new danger 
api^eared. In 1664, Charles II., of England, disregard- 
ing the claims of the Dutch, granted to his brother, the 
Duke of York, the whole region from the Connecticut 
Kiver to DelaAvare Bay ; and a fleet, under Colonel 
Nicolls, was sent to take possession of the country. 

68. When the fleet appeared before New Amsterdam, 
the people, hoping to enjoy more freedom under English 
rule, determined at once to surrender ; but Stuyvesant 
held out until the town was actually in possession of the 
English. NicoUs was the first English governor. The 
province, as Avell as New Amsterdam, was called jSTew 
York ; and Fort Orange received the uame of Albany. 
In 1673, during a war between England and Holland, the 
Dutch regained their former possessions ; but after a pe- 
riod of fifteen months, returned them to the English. 
Andros was then appointed governor. 

69. In 1741 several incendiary fires occurred, in the city 
of New York, and a house was robbed by slaves. Wit- 
nesses testified that the negroes had conspired to burn the 
city, murder the inhabitants, and set up a government of 
their own. An intense excitement followed ; and before 
it was allayed more than thirty persons, condemned as 
having been engaged in the alleged jDlot, Avere executed, 
and others were transported. A plot of some kind there 

67- What is said of Stuyvesant's rule? What did he accomplish? What 
grant was made in 1(J64? Did King Charles do right ? Upon what did he hase 
his claim to the territory? Ans. The discoveries and explorations of the Cabots. 

68. Give an account of the surrender of New Netherlands. Who was the 
first Enfjlish c^overnor ? What changes in names were made ? What is the sub- 
seqnent history of New Netherlands as a Dntch province? 

69. What occurred in 1741 ? State what followed. 



40 COLONIAL HISTORY. LI 622. 

may liave been, tliougli it is certain the accounts of it 
Avere yreatly exaggerated, and many innocent persons 
sutiered. 



NEW JEESEY 



70. The Dutch, wlio inchided Xew Jersey in the prov- 
ince of Xew IS'etheHands, established a trading-post at 
Bergen as early as 1G22, and built a fort on the Dela- 
ware; but the settlement of Elizabethtown, now Eliza^ 
betli, in 16G4, by emigrants from Long Island, is consid- 
ered as the beginning of colonization in New Jersey. 

71. In 1GG4, before the settlement of Elizabethtown, the 
Duke of York, to wliom Charles II. had granted New 
Netherlands, sold New Jersey to Lord Berkeley and Sir 
George Carteret. Tlie liberal offers at first made to emi- 
grants induced many to settle. After the Dutch, as else- 
where related, had, for the second time, relinquished New 
Netlierlands, the whole territory was again granted to the 
Duke of York. 

72. The duke, in total disregard of the rights of Berke- 
ley and Carteret, appointed Andros governor over the 
entire reunited province, but afterward agreed to restore 
New Jersey to the rightful proprietors. Notwithstand- 
ing this promise, he repeatedly interfered with the rights 
of Berkeley and Carteret. 

73. Berkeley sold his interest in New Jersey to an 
English Quaker; and, in 1682, the whole territory be- 
came, by purchase, the property of William Penn and 
other Quakers. In 1702, the proprietors surrendered 

TO. What tradins: settlement did the Dutch make ? Where is Bergen ? (Map, 
p. 43.) Where, in New Jersey, did they Iniild a forr ? When was Elizabeth 
settled ? What is considered "as re<rards that settlement ? ^^^lere is Elizabeth? 
(Map. p. 4.3.') Where is Lon? Island ? (Map. p. 29.) 

71. To whom did Charles IT. sive New Jersev ? To whom did the Duke sell 
it ? When did the duke <xet a second grant of it ? 

72. Of what wrong was the duke guilty ? Ai d afterward of what wrong ? - 



1624.] COLONIAL HISTORY. 41 



their powers of government to the Crown, when New Jer- 
sey became a royal province, united to Xew York. In 
1738, the connection was severed, and from that time Xew 
Jersey had a government of its own. 



MAKYLAND. 



74. By the second charter granted to the London Com- 
pany, the limits of Virginia embraced all the territory 
which afterward formed the States of Maryland, Virginia, 
and Xorth Carolina ; but, by the dissolution of the com- 
pany in 1624, the whole region became the property of 
the Crown. In 1631, William Clay '-borne obtained a 
license from Charles I. to traffic with the Indians; and, 
under this authority, a trading-post was established on an 
island in Chesapeake Bay, and another at the mouth of 
the Susquehanna. 

75. Influenced by a desire to provide an asylum for 
Catholics, then persecuted in England, Sir George Cal'- 
vert, a Roman Catholic nobleman, whose title was Lord 
Baltimore, applied for a charter to establish a colony in 
America. The king, Charles L, readily agreed to make 
the grant, but before the document received the royal 
seal, Calvert died. It was then issued to Ce'-cil Calvert, 
json of Sir George, who, by the death of his father, in- 
herited the title of Lord Baltimore. 



73. To whom did Berkeley «el] his interest in New Jer=ev? How wa« "Vew 
Jer--ey afterAvard divided!' Anx. Into East Jersey and West Jersey, f^arteret 
owninL' the former. Give the subsequent colonial history of Xfw Jer-ey 

Map Ql-estion-s.— rp. 53.) What States are on the Sorith of Xew York ? On 
the south of Pennsylvania? What river separates Marvland from Vir^nnia? 
What larcre bay divides Marj-land? What lar^re river flows into it from the 
north? Where was St. Mary's situated? 

74 What license was jn-anted to Claybome ? Where did Claybome establish 
tradinir-posts ? 

75. Who was George Calvert? What crreat desire did he have? For what 
did he apply ? With what success ? To whom was the '^rant then made ? 



42 COLONIAL HISTORY. [1634. 

76. This charter was the most liberal one, in eyery 
respect, that had thus far been granted by the English 
Crown. " Christianity, as professed by the Church of 
England, was protected ; but beyond this, silence left 
room for equality in religious rights, not less than in civil 
freedom." The province was called Maryland, in honor 
of Henrietta Maria, wife of King Charles. 

77. The iirst body of emigrants sent by Lord Baltimore 
consisted of about two hundred persons, mostly Roman 
Catholics. They arri^-ed in 1634, and at once commenced 
a settlement, which they anticipated would become a 
great city, calling it St. Mary's. Leonard Calvert, brother 
of the proj)rietor, was the first gov^ernor. 

78. Clayborne, who had refused to submit to the au- 
thority of the governor, in 1645 incited a rebellion, which 
comj)elled Calvert to seek safety for a time in Virginia. 
After the governor resumed his office, the Assembly 
enacted a law known as the " Toleration Act," which 
secured the free exercise of religious opinions to all per- 
sons professing belief in Jesus Christ. Thus did the right 
not denied by the charter receive the sanction of law. 

79. During the supremacy of CroniAvell in England, 
Parliament appointed commissioners to administer the 
government of the colony. The Protestants gaining a 
majority in the Assembly, the Catholics were deprived of 
their rights as citizens, and an act was passed declaring 
them not entitled to the protection of the laws. A civil 
war between the Catholics and the Protestants followed. 
After Cromwell's death, the rights of Lord Baltimore 
were restored to nim, 

80. Upon the death of Cecil Calvert, his son Charles 

76. What was the character of the charter? What name was given to the 
province? Why was it so named ? ,,^ 

77. Did Lord Baltimore <,'o to America? Whom did he send ? \\ hen and 
where did they make a settlement ? ^„, .,^, . . .„ 

78. Give an account of " Clayborne's Rebellion." Of the Toleration Act. 

79. Give an account of the civil war. Of after events. 



1715.] 



COLOi^^IAL HISTOKY. 



43 



became the proprietor of the province, of which he retained 
possession until deprived of it by King William, in 1691. 
In 1715 the proprietor's rights were restored to his infant 
heir, the fourth Lord Baltimore, and Maryland remained 
a proprietary government from that time till the Revo- 
lution. 



PENNSYLVANIA. 




81. Actuated by a desire to found a colony where civil 
and religious liberty might be enjoyed, and where the 



80. Of what injnstice was Kin? William j?uilty? What further account 
can vou jr^ve of Maryland ? t, , ■ « 

Map Questions.— What river separate? New Jersey from Pennsylvania? 
How IS Philadelphia situated ? Trenton ? Tinicum Island ? 



44 COLONIAL HISTORY. [16S2. 

people might dwell together in peace, William Penn ob- 
tained from Charles 11. a tract of land west of the Dela- 
ware. The domain thns granted Av^as called Pennsylvania. 
From the Dnke of York, Penn also obtained a grant of 
Dehiware, then called " The Territories," or " The Three 
Lower Connties on the Delaware." 

82. Thongh small settlements of Swedes had been pre- 
vionsly made within the limits of both Pennsylvania and 
Delaware, the permanent settlement of Pennsylvania dates 
from the fonnding of Philadel})hia in 1G82, by Penn. Af- 
ter several conferences with the Indians, he met them 
beneath a wide-spreading eUn, at a place now called Ken- 
sington, a portion of Pliiladelphia, Avhere he made his 
famous '* treaty of peace and friendsliip" with the " red 
men." This treaty was "never sworn to and never 
broken." 

83. To the Swedes on the DelaAvare, Penn gave assur- 
ance that they sliould not be molested in their religion or 
laws. Tlie Avisdom of his course toward the Swedes and 
Indians, as Avell as of his government in general, Av^as soon 
apparent ; for the colony had a more rapid and peaceful 
groAvth than any other in America. 

84. Upon tlie death of Penn, Avhich occurred in Eng- 
land in IV 18, he left his American ^possessions to his sons. 
They administered the government, most of the time by 
deputies, until the Revolution, Avhen their claims AA^ere 
purchased by the common Avealth of Pennsyh'ania. 

81. What fireat desire did William Penn have? AA'hat did he obtain from 
the kin? ? From the Dnke of York ? 

8'2. When Ava;* Philadelphia founded? By whom had Pennsylvania been 
previously settled ? By whom Delaware? AVhat bar<rain did Penli make with 
the Indians ? Where did Penn make his famous treaty ? What is said of tlie 
treaty ? 

83. What assurance did Penn give to tlie Swedes? What is said of the 
growth of the colony ? To what was the growth attributed ? 

84. Where and when did Penn die? Give the further history of Peunsyl- 
vauia. 



1G38.] COLONIAL HISTORY. 45 



DELAWARE. 

85. The settlement of Delaware may be said to have 
had its origin in the desire of Gus-ta'-vus Adolphus, the 
renowned king of Sweden, to found a free eolony in the 
New World for all perseeuted Christians. His death 
occurring before the project was undertaken, a delay of 
several years followed ; but finally a charter was granted 
by the government of that country to the Swedish West 
India Company. 

86. In 1038 a body of emigrants, sent out by the com- 
pany under the care of Minuits, a former governor of 
New Netherlands, arrived at Cape Hen-lo'-pen. Having 
purchased of the Indians all the lands from the cape to 
the ialls in the Delaware at Trenton, they commenced a 
settlement on Chris-ti-an'-a Creek, near the present site 
of Wilmington. To the country thus jjiirchased was 
given the name of New Sweden. 

87. Otlier settlements were formed, but the one on 
Tin'-i-cum Island, a few miles below Philadelphia, was 
made the capital. The Dutch, regarding these settle- 
ments as intrusions upon their territory of New Nether- 
lands^ Governor Stuyvesant proceeded against the Swedes, 
in 1655, and subjected them to the authority of Holland, 
which government retained possession of the country till 
1664. 

85. What was the orif^n of the settlement of Delaware ? What further can 
you state (jf the project 'i 

86 What territory was called New Sweden? By whom was it so called? 
Wliere did the Swedes first settle ? Where is Wilmington ? (Map, p. 5-3.) What 
two eapfs iire at the entrance of Delaware Bay? 

8T. What is stated of Tinicum and other eettlementB ? Give an account of 
the subjugation of New Sweden. 



46 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 



[1682j 



88. During the period from 1664 to 1682, Delaware, 
being claimed by the Duke of York, formed a part of the 
province of New York. By the grant to Penn, in 1682, 
it Avas united to Pennsylvania ; and, although the settlers 
in " The Territories" became dissatisfied with Penn's gov- 
ernment, and were granted an Assembly of their own, 
Pennsylvania and Delaware continued under one governor 
until the Revolution. 



NOETH AND SOUTH CAROLINA 



T^ T :b G- 







SavaimaTi. 
Sujiburyj 



TIASTEKS-FABT 

ottb.e 

CAROLINAS 

10 30 60,,., 



88. What is said in connection with the claim of the Duke of Yorlv ? Whni 
further account can von cive of Delaware ? (See p. 39.) 

Map Questions.— What State is on the south of \'irfrinia ? On the south of 
North Carolina? On the west of South Carolina? What body of M-ater on the 
east of the two Carolinas ? Describe the Chowan River. Where is Edcnton? 
Wilmington ? Charleston ? The Savannah River ? 



1650.] COLONIAL HISTORY. 47 

89. The earliest attempts to settle North Carolina, as 
before described, were made by parties sent by Raleigh 
in 1585 and 1587. More than sixty years later, probably 
in 1650, emigrants from Virginia made a settlement upon 
the Cho-wan' River, near the present village of E'-den-ton. 

90. In 1663 a vast territory, south of Virginia, was 
granted by Charles II. to Lord Clar '-en-don and seven 
other noblemen of England ; and, in the same year, a 
government Avas instituted over the settlement on the 
Chowan, which was called " The Albemarle County 
Colony." Two years later a second colony was planted 
in North Carolina. A company from Barbadoes {bar-ba- 
doz) selected a place near Wilmington, and there estab- 
lished " The Clarendon County Colony." 

91. It having been discovered that the settlement on 
the Chowan was outside of the limits of the domain 
granted to Clarendon and associates, a new grant was 
made to the same parties, by which the boundaries were 
extended so as to embrace the country from Virginia to 
about the middle of Florida. 

92. In 1670, a colony, known as " The Carteret County 
Colony," was planted on the western bank of the Ashley 
River. This, in consequence of not being well located 
for commercial facilities, was removed, ten years after, to 
the junction of the Cooper and Ashley rivers, and thus 
the foundation of Charleston was laid. In 1729, Carolina 
was sold to the king of England, and separated into North 
and South Carolina. From that time till the Revolution 
they were royal provinces. 

89. Which were the earliest attempts made to settle North Carolina ? What 
Bettleraent was made in KiSO? 

90. Give the early history of " The Albemarle County Colony.'' Of " The 
Clarendon County Colony." What grant was made in 1663? 

91. What discovery was made ? What then was done? 

92. When was '' Old Charleston" settled ? Why was a removal made ? When 
was Charleston settled ? How is Charleston situated ? (Map, p. 73.) Describe 
the Cooper River. The Ashley River, What occurred in 1729 ? 



48 COLONIAL HISTOKY. [1732. 



GEOEGIA. 

93. Though Spain ehxiinod the territory of Georgia as a 
part ofFloricUi, the English king, George II., disregarded 
the chiim; and, in 1732, granted to a corporation, consist- 
ing of James Oglethorpe {o'-gl-thorp) and twenty other 
trustees, for twenty-one years, all tlie country between 
the Savannah and the Altamaha ((.il-ta-ma-haw). In 
honor of tiie king it was called Georgia. The object of 
the trustees was to provide an asylum for their destitute 
countrymen, the grant being "in trust for the poor." 

94. The first settlement was made in 1733, at Savannah. 
Tlie colony made rapid increase in numbers ; but, owing 
to the poverty and idle habits of the settlers, as also to 
the impolitic regulations of the trustees, the bright antici- 
pations of plenty and comfort which had been entertained 
were not, for a time, realized. 

95. In consequence of the claim to territory set up by 
Spain, hostilities took place between the English settlers 
and their Spanish neighbors. Owing, however, to the 
bravery and skill of Oglethorpe, the result was to the ad- 
vantage of the English. The trustees governed till 1752, 
when, wearied with their troublesome charge, they sur- 
rendered their charter to the Crown, and Georgia became 
a royal province. 

93. What trrant was made in 1732? What distinsrnishcd person was born in 
that year? Ana. Georiro Was^hiiurton. Describe the Altamaha River. (^lap, p. 
1T4.) Tlie Savannah. Why was Georgia so called ? What object did Oglethorpo 
and associates have ? 

01. When was the first settlement made in Georgia? At what place? 
What is stated of tlie progress of the colony? 

9."> What iK^stilities occurred ? How "did thevcnd? IIow long did fho 
trustees irovern ? What then did they do ? What fcillowed "> 

Map Questions. --(Map, p 4().) How is Edenton situated? Charleston? 
Savannah? Wilmington? Name eiijrht nvcrs of North Carolina. What river 
is between South Carolina and Georgia? 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 49 



CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. 

1607. Virginia was settled at Jamestown. 

IGOiJ. The Hudson River was discovered by Henry Hudson. 

1010. The " Starving Time" prevailed in Virginia. 

16i:i The marriage of Pocahontas occurred. 

1014. Smith explored the coast of New England. 

New York was settled Ijy the Dutch. 
1019. Negro slavery was introduced into Vii'ginia. 

1620. The Council of Plymouth received a grant, 
^lassachusetts was settled by the Pilgrims at Plymouth. 

1621. A treaty Avas made with Massasoit. 

1622. The first Indian massacre in Virginia occun'cd. 

162o. New Hampshire was settled at Little Harbor and Dover. 

The Dutch began to colonize New York. 
1628. A settlement was made at Salem by Endicott. 
1680. A settlement was made at Boston by Winthrop. 
Kj-j'-j. Connecticut was settled at Windsor by Holmes. 
1084. Maryland was settled at St. Maiy's. 
lOoo. The Sayl)rook Colony, Connecticut, was established. 
1080. Rhode Island was settled at Providence by Williams. 

1087. The Pequod War, in Connecticut, occurred. 

1088. Delaware was settled near Chi-istiana Creek by the Swedes. 
The New Haven Colony was established. 

1089. Settlements on the Connecticut united as the Conn. Colony. 
1048. A union of New England colonies was foiTned. 

1044. The Connecticut and Sayljrook colonies were united. 
The Second Indian Massacre in Virginia occuned. 

The two settlements of Rhode Island united, forming R. I. 

1045. Claybome's Reljellion in Maiyland occurred. 

1050. North Carolina was settled on the Cliowan River. 

1051. The Navigation Act was passed by Parliament. 
1055. A civil war in Maiyland occuired. 

New Sweden was conrjuered by Stuyvesant. 
1656. The Quakers, in Massachusetts, were per.secuted. 
1003. Carolina was granted to Clarendon and others. 

The Albemarle County Colony was established. 
1664. New Netherlands was taken by the Engli.sh and named N. Y. 

3 



50 COLONIAL HISTORY. 

1664. New Jersey was settled at Elizabetlitown (now Elizabeth). 

1665. The Clareudou Coimty Colony was established. 

The Connecticut and New Haven colonies were united. 
1670. South Carolina was settled on the Ashley River, 
1673. Virginia was ceded to Culpepper and Arlington. 
1675. King Philip's war began by an attack at Swanzey. 
1673. Bacon's Rebellion broke out in Virginia. 
1680. The settlement at Cliarleston, South Carolina, was begun. 

New Hampshire became a separate royal i)rovince (tirst time), 
1682. Pennsylvania was settled at Philadelphia by William Penn. 

The Duke of York granted Delaware to William Penn. 

1686. Andros was appointed royal governor of New England, 

1687. The Connecticut Charter was hid in the " Charter Oak." 

1689. Andros was seized and sent to England. 
King William's War began. 

1690. Port Royal was captured by the English under Phipps. 
1692. The Salem AVitchcraft delusion prevailed. 

1697. The treat}- of Rj-swick ended King William's War. 
1702. Queen Anne's War began. 

1710. Port Royal was captured (a second time) by the English. 
1713. The treaty of Utrecht ended Queen Anne's War. 
1729. Carolina was separated into North and South Carolina. 

1732. Washington was born in Virginia, February 22d. 

1733. Georgia was settled at Savannah. 

1741. New Hampshire became a separate royal province (last time). 

1744. King George's War began. 

1745. Louisburg was taken by the English. 

1748. The treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ended King George's War. 
1752. Georgia became a royal province. 



REVIEW QUESTIONS 

PAGB 

1. Give the history of Virginia under the first charter 18, 19 

2. Give the history under the second charter 19, 20 

3. State what you can of Pocahontas 19, 21 

4. Give the history of Virginia under the third charter 21, 22 

5. Give an account of Bacon's Eebellion 22, 23 

6. State all you can ia relation to Captain John Smith ■•■.. 18-23 

7. All, in relation to the Council of Plymouth 24, 27, 28, 29 

8. In relation to the pilgrims before they came to America 24, 25 

9. Give an account of their moyenjents from Holland to America 25 

10. When and where did they make their settlement 3 25, 26 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 51 



PAGE 

11. Give their early history at Plymouth 26 

12. What can you state of the treaty made with Massasoit ? 26, 32 

13. Give the early history of the Massachusetts Bay Colony 26 

14. Give the history of the founding of Harvard College 27 

15. Whence did Massachusetts derive its name ? Ans. From the name of 

a trihe of Indians. 

16. Give an account of the settlement of New Hampshire 27 

17. Give the subsequent colonial history of New Hampshire 28, 33, 34 

IS. How did New Hampshire get its name ? Ans. It was so called by John 

Mason, who lived in Hampshire county,England. 

19. Give an account of the first settlement of Connecticut 28 

20. Give the history of the Saybrook Colony 29, 30 

21. Give an account of the Pequod War 29, 30 

22. Give the history of the New Haven Colony 30 

23. State how Andros was foiled in his attempt to get the Conn. Charter. . 30 

24. Whence did Connecticut get its name? Ans. From the name of its 

principal river, which the Indians called the Connecticut. The word 
signifies the Iryng river. 

25. Give an account of Williams's settlement of Rhode Island 31 

26. Give an account of Coddington's settlement of Rhode Island 31 

27. Give the subsequent colonial history of Rhode Island 31 

28. How did Rhode Island get its name ? Ans. It (the island) was " so 

called from a fancied resemblance to the island of Rhodes."' Another 
authority says : that in consequence of the reddish appearance of 
the island, it " was soon known by the Dutch as Eoode. or Red 
Island. From this is derived the name of the island and state." 

29. Give an account of the Union of New England colonies 32 

30. Give an account of the persecution of the Quakers 32 

31. Give an account of King Philip's War 32, 33 

32. Give an account of King William's War 34, 35 

33. Give an account of Queen Anne's War. 35, 36 

34. Give an account of King George's War 36, 37 

35. Give an account of the settlement of New York 37, 38 

36. What can you state of Kieft and his administration aS, 39 

37. What can you state of Stujwesant and his administration 39, 45 

38. Give the subsequent colonial history of New York 39, 40 

39. Why was New York so called ? Ans. In compliment to the Duke of 

York, to whom it had been granted. 

40. Give an account of the settlement of New Jersey 40 

41. Give the subsequent colonial history of New Jersey 40, 41 

42. Why Avas New Jersey so called ? Ans. In honor of Sir George Carteret, 

who had been governor of the island of Jersey. 

43. Give an account of the settlement of Marjiand 41, 42 

44. Give the history of Clayborne's Rebellion 41, 42 

45. What is said of the charter granted to Maryland ? 42 

46. "^Tiat is said of the Marj'land Toleration Act ? 42 

47. What were the causes of the civil war in Maryland ? 42 

48. Give the subsequent colonial history of Maryland 42, 43 

49. Why was Maryland so called ? 42 

50. Give an account of the first settling of Pennsylvania 43, 44 



62 EEVIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

51. What induced William Penn to form a colony ? 43, 44 

52. What two tracts of laud did Penn get ? 44 

53. Give the history of their conversion to him 44 

54. What were the important events of 1GS2 ? 44, 50 

55. State what you can of Penn's treaty with the Indians 44 

5G. Of his treatment of the Swedes, and of his government 44 

57. Give the subsequent colonial history of Pennsylvania 44 

^. How did Pennsylvania get its name? A/ut. The word sijlva means a 

wood or forest. William Penn, thinking that sylvania would be an 
appropriate name for a land covered with forest, suggested it for his 
territory. The prefix Penn was put to the word, in honor, as the 
king said, of'Penn's father. 

59. When and by whom was Delaware settled ? 45 

60. AVhat had Adolphus done in relation to the settlement ? 45 

61. Name two important events of 1038 49 

62. What was accomplished in New Sweden that year ? 45 

63. Give an account of Stuyvesan^'s expedition against the Swedes 45 

64. Give the subsequent colonial history of Delaware 40 

65. Name, in order, ten important events from lOOT to 1021 49 

66. Name, in order, ten important events from 1022 to 1037 49 

67. Name, in order, ten important events from 1038 to 1051 49 

68. Give an account of the attempts to settle Roanoke Island 14, 15, 16 

69. Give the history of the Albermarle County Colony 47 

70. Give the history of the Clarendon County Colony 47 

71. Give the history of the Carteret County Colony 47 

72. State how North and South Carolina derived their names 13, 47 

73. Give the closing colonial history of the two Carolinas 47 

74. Name, in order, ten important events from 1()55 to 1070 49, 50 

75. Name, in order, ten important events from 1073 to 1689 50 

76. Why was Georgia so called ? 48 

77. Give the history of the settlement of Georgia 48 

78. Give an account of the subsequent colonial progress of Georgia 48 

79. Name, in order, ten important events from 1082 to 1702 50 

80. Name, in order, ten important events from 1710 to 1752 50 

81. How many colonies have you learned the history of? 18-48 

82. Give their names in the order of their settlement 49, 50 

83. Give their names in their geographical order, beginning with New 

Hampshire (Progressive Map, No. 2). 

84. Which of them were settled by the English ? 18-48 

85. Which were settled by other nations than the English ? 18-48 

80. Which oflered asylums for persecuted Christians ? 18-48 

87. Which were settled because of religious persecutions ? 18-48 

88. Give the date and place of settlement of each. (Table, end of history.) 

89. Give the name of the most prominent man in the settlement of each. . 18-48 

90. State what Indian troubles occurred in each 18-39 

91. Name the colonies of which Andros was governor 18-40 

92. Name nine events belonging to the history of Virginia 49, 50 

93. Name ten belonging to the history of Massachusetts 49, .50 

94. Name five events belonging to the history of New Hampshire 49, 50 

95. Name four events belonging to the history of New York 49 



THE FBENCH AND INDIAN WAE. 



53 



Akjuu'tjul 



SHOWINGTME LOCATION 



OT SOME OF THE 
MOST IMPORTANT EVENTS 

or THE 



FRENCH & INDIAN WAR K^TLTronfiynr^^ 




54 THE FEENCH AND INDIAN WAR, [1748. 



SECTION III. 
The French and Indian War. 

1. Although the boundaries between the British and 
French possessions in America liad been, for more than a 
quarter of a century, a subject of dispute, the treaty of 
Aix-la-Chapelle, made in 1748, left them still undefined. 

2. The English, basing their title upon tlie discoveries 
made by the Cabots, laid chiim to all the territory from 
Newfoundhmd to Florida, extending from the Atlantic to 
the Pacific. The French claimed all the interior portion 
adjacent to the rivers St. Lawrence and Mississippi and 
their tributaries, upon tlie ground that they had explored 
and occupied it ; and, the better to secure this claim, they 
erected forts at various places through the region. 

8. In consequence of these confiicting claims, a war 
broke out between England and her colonies, with a few 
Indians, on the one side, and France and her colonies, 
largely aided by the Indians, on the other, which is known 
as "The French and Indian War." It was a contest for 
territory and dominion in America. 

4. Events of 1753. — At the time of the breaking out 
of the war, there was in existence an organization, known 

Map Questions.— (Map, p. 53.) What river is the outlet of Lake Ontario? 
What, the outlet of Lake Erie ? NV'hat are the head branches of the Ohio ? De- 
scribe the Alleghany. The Monongahela. The Mohawk. Where is Williams- 
burg ? Crowii Point? Albany? Fort Edward? Montreal? Ticonderoga? 
Lake George? Lake Champlain ? Kittanning? Where Avas Fort Venango? 
Fort Le Bceuf ? Fort Uuquesue ? Fort Necessity? Fort Niagara ? Fort Wm. 
Henry ? Fort Frontenac ? 

1. When was the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle made? What dispute did that 
treaty leave unfinished ? 

2. What territory did the English claim ? By what right did they make the 
claim ? What claim did the French set up ? What was the basis of their claim ? 
Ans. That which exploration and occupancy gave. 

3. To what ^id the conflicting claims lead ? What was the object of the con- 
test ? 



1753.] THE FBENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 55 

as the Ohio Company, which had obtained from the king 
of England a grant of land on and near the Ohio River, 
for the purpose of carrying on the fur-trade with the In- 
dians, and of settling the country. 

5. The French having seized three British traders, and 
also built forts on the land of the Ohio Comi)any, Gov- 
ernor Din-wid'-die, of the Virginia colony, determined to 
send a letter to their commander, remonstrating against 
the aggressive acts. This message was intrusted to 
George Washington, a young man not then twenty-two 
years of age. 

6. Washington set out on his mission on the last day 
of Oct., 1753, from Williamsburg, then the capital of Vir- 
ginia. He had before him a difficult and dangerous jour- 
ney of four hundred miles, more than half of which was 
through a wilderness inhabited by hostile Indians. Hav- 
ing reached Fort Ve-nan'-go, he was conducted thence 
to Fort Le Boeuf {huf)^ where he found the French com- 
mander, St. Pierre [p^-dre'). 

7. Events op 1754. — After an absence of eleven weeks, 
during which he encountered severe hardshi2:)S amid snow, 
icy floods, and hostile Indians, Washington delivered to 
Dinwiddle St. Pierre's letter in reply. In it St. Pierre 
stated that he Avas acting under orders from Du Quesne 
(doo-kane)^ governor of Canada, and that he could not 
leave the territory. This document and the report made 
by Washington of warlike j^reparation which he had seen 
during his journey, convinced the English that, if they 
would secure possession of the region on and near the 
Ohio, they must act without delay. 

4. What can you state of the formation of the Ohio Company ? 

5. What mePsaL,'e was sent to the French? Wliat part was assi<,mcd to 
Washin<^toii ? When and where was Washington born ? Ans. In Virginia, on 
the 22d of February. 1732. 

6. Give an account of Washini'ton's journey to Le Boeuf. 

7. Of his journey back to VVillianisburj^. What reply did he bring? Ol 
what were the Englibh convinced ? What produced that conviction ? 



56 THE FKENCH AND INDIAN WAR. [1754. 

8. At the confluence of the Alleghany and Monongahela 
rivers, the Ohio Company commenced the construction 
of a fort ; and a body of troops, of which Washington 
became ,the commander, was sent to protect the works. 
Before, however, he had time to reach the place, a party 
of French and Indians suddenly appeared and took pos- 
session. The works were then completed, and called Fort 
Duquesne. 

9. Receiving intelligence of the disaster, and that a 
strong force was marching to intercept him, Washington 
fell back, and took a position at a place called the Great 
Meadows. Here word came to him that a small detach- 
ment of the French had advanced to within a few miles of 
his position, Avhere they were skulking, evidently with 
hostile intent. With the determination of forestalling 
their design, he sallied forth, came upon them by surprise, 
and, in the contest that followed, 28tli of May, 1754, killed 
or captured all but one. 

10. In little more than a month after, a force of fif- 
teen hundred French and Indians, commanded by De 
Villiers {v il-le-dre') , made an attack upon a small fort 
which Washington had constructed and named Fort 
Necessity. A brave defence of ten hours was made, but, 
on the morning of the 4th of July, Washington was com- 
pelled to surrender, though upon condition that he and 
the garrison should be permitted to return to Virginia. 

11. Events of 1755. — Four expeditions, on the part of 
the English, Avere planned for 1755 ; namely, against 
Nova Scotia, Crown Point, Fort Niagara, and Fort Du- 
quesne. The one against Nova Scotia was commanded 
by Col. Monckton {inonk'-tiui). Two forts there were 

8. What measures were then taken against the French? What followed? 
What name was <;iven to the fort ? 

9. What course did Washincjton then pursue ? Give an account of the con- 
test that took place. Where were the Great Meadows ? (Map, p. 53.) 

10. Give an account of the battle of Fort Necessity. 

11. What expeditious were planned for 1755 ? Give an account of the first. 



175 5. J THE FKENCH AND INDIAN WAE. 57 

captured in June ; a beautiful and fertile country was 
reduced to a solitude ; and the inhabitants by thousands 
were driven on board the English ships, and scattered 
among the colonists of New England and other places. 

12. Gen. Brad'-dock, who had been sent to America as 
commander-in-chief of the royal forces, headed the expe- 
dition against Duquesne. Disregarding the suggestions 
of Washington, who was acting as his aid-de-camp, he fell 
into an ambush of French and Indians, July the 9th, 
when within a few miles of the fort, and was defeated with 
great loss, he himself being mortally wounded. This con- 
flict is known as the battle of the Mo-non-ga-he'-la. 

13. The expedition against Niagara was also a failure. 
Gov. Shir'-ley, who commanded it, advanced as far as 
Oswego ; but the defeat of Braddock paralyzed his ef- 
forts, his Indian allies deserted, and finally the enterprise 
was abandoned. Leaving garrisons for two ncAV forts 
which had been commenced, Shirley returned to Albany. 

14. To Gen. Johnson had been confided the expedition 
against Crown Point. He Avas preceded by Gen. Ly'-man, 
who, at the " carrying place" between the Hudson and 
Lake George, constructed Fort Edward. Johnson ad- 
vanced as far as the head of the lake, and, while encamped 
there, his Indian scouts brought word that two thousand 
French and Indians were marching to attack Fort Ed- 
ward. Dieskau (de-es-ko')^ commanding this force, had 
made his way from Montreal. 

15. Losing no time, Johnson sent Col. Williams, Avith 
twelve hundred men, two hundred of whom were Indians, 
to intercept the enemy. But Dieskau changed his plan. 
As he approached the fort, Sept. 8th, his Indian allies, 

1 2. Of the expedition against Duquesne. What battle was fought ? 

13. Give an account of the expedition a<?ainst Niagara. 

14. How was the expedition against Crown Point undertalien? Where did 
Johnson encamp ? What word did he receive ? 

15. What detachment did he send? Why did Dieskau change his plan? 
What followed ? 



68 THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. [1756. 

fearful of its cannon, refused to proceed. Then, taking 
another direction, to surprise the army at the lake, he 
drew the forces of Williams into an ambush, and routed 
them with fearful slaughter, pursuing the fugitives to 
Johnson's camp. 

16. From behind a breastwork of trees, Johnson fired 
upon his assailants ; but he receiving a wound early in the 
action, the defence was continued by Lyman, and finally 
turned into an attack. The French and their allies were 
defeated ; and Dieskau, incurably Avounded, was made a 
prisoner. Johnson, after erecting Fort William Henry, 
retired to Albany. 

17. Events of 1756. — The Marquis de Montcalm 
{mont-kam')^ Dieskau's successor, in August, 1756, made 
an attack u23on Oswego, and compelled the English, num- 
bering fourteen liundred men, to surrender. A large 
amount of stores and money also fell into the hands of 
the victor. Incited by French emissaries, the Indians of 
the Ohio committed great desolation ; but Col. Arm- 
strong, after a long and perilous march, reached Kittan- 
ning (kit-tcui' -ning) ^ their chief town, and destroyed it 
by fire. 

18. EvEXTS OF 1757. — In the beginning of August, 
1757, Montcalm, with nine thousand men, two thousand 
of whom were Indians, laid siege to Fort William Henry. 
For six days its commander, Col. Monro, kept up a vig- 
orous defence, trusting to receive aid from Gen. Webb, 
who, at the time, was in command of a large force at 
Fort Edward, only fifteen miles off. 

19. At length, learning that no assistance would be 
sent, and being without ammunition, he was compelled 

16. Give an account of the battle at the lake. What did Johnson do after 
the battle '? 

1 T. What did the French accomplish in ITofi ? Where is Oswego ? (p. 53.) 
Give an account of Armstrong's expedition. Where is Kittanning ? (p. 53.) 

18. What was the principal military operation of 1757 ? Give an account of 
it. Where was Fort Wm. Henry ? (p. 53.) 



lYSS.] THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 59 

to surrender, on the 9th, capitulating that his men should 
have a safe escort to Webb's quarters. Notwithstanding 
the stipulation, the English had hardly left the fort be- 
fore the Indian allies of Montcalm, incited by the hope 
of plunder, attacked them and massacred a large number. 
The fort was demolished. 

20. Events of 1758. — Upon the death of Braddock, 
which occurred four days after his defeat in 1755, the 
general command devolved upon Shirley. Shirley was 
soon succeeded by Lord Lou '-don, and he, in turn, by Gen. 
Ab'-er-crom-bie. With the celebrated William Pitt, af- 
terward Lord Chatham, at the head of the British gov- 
ernment, prej^arations to carry on the war were made with 
great vigor. Three expeditions were planned for 1758 : 
one, under Gen. Amherst (cmi'-erst)^ against Louisbnrg ; 
another, under Abercrombie, against Fort Ticonderoga ; 
and a third, under Gen. Forbes, against Fort Duquesne. 

21. On the 26th of July Louisburg surrendered, after 
a desperate resistance of more than forty days, during 
which two officers, AVolfe and Montgomery, greatly dis- 
tinguished themselves by their bravery. St. John's 
Island, now Prince Edward's, as well as the island of 
Cape Breton [brit'-im), fell into the hands of the British. 

22. Abercrombie, making his way northward, sailed 
down Lake George, and, debarking near its outlet, com- 
menced a march through the forests toward Ticon- 
deroga, then commanded by Montcalm. In a conflict 
which took place, July 6th, between advanced bodies of 
the contending parties. Lord Howe, an officer greatly be- 
loved, was slain. Two days after, an unsuccessful assault 

19. Why was Monroe compelled to surrender? What capitulation was en- 
tered into ? State how it was violated ? 

20. Who, up to 1758, were the successive English commanders ? What ex- 
peditions were planned for that year ? Who was William Pitt ? 

21. Where is Louisburg? (Map, p. 61.) Cape Breton Island ? St. John's 
Island ? Give an account of the expedition against Louisburg. What were the 
further results of the victory ? 

22. Give an account of the expedition commanded by Abercrombie. 

Note.— For Braddock, see Appendix, p. &4, topic 22. 



60 THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. [1758. 

upon the fort was made in full force, the assailants losing 
nearly two thousand men in killed and wounded. 

23. While Abercrombie, at the head of Lake George, 
was wasting away the rest of the season, a detachment of 
his army, under Col. Bradstreet, achieved an important 
success. Proceeding by way of the Mohawk and Oswe- 
go, Bradstreet crossed Lake Ontario, and captured Fort 
Fron'-te-nac, situated where Kingston now stands. A 
vast amount of military stores and several vessels fell 
into his hands. 

24. In the expedition against Fort Duquesne, Wash- 
ington held a prominent command. Instead of advan- 
cing by the old road which Braddock had taken in 1755, 
it was decided, against the judgment of Wasliington, that 
a new one further east should be opened for the expedi- 
tion. The progress of the army was, consequently, slow, 
and a feeling of discouragement pervaded the troops, 
which was greatly increased by a defeat sustained by 
Major Grant, while leading an advanced detachment. 

25. It was then determined to abaiulon the expedition, 
but before the order to return was given, prisoners were 
brought in who made known the fict that the garrison 
at the fort was in a weak condition. The march was 
therefore resumed, but wlien Duquesne was readied, it 
was found in llames and deserted. In honor of their 
illustrious statesman, the English changed the name of 
the place to Fort Pitt. 

26. Events of 1759. — The great object of the campaign 
of 1759 was the reduction of Canada. Gen. Wolfe was 
to lay siege to Quebec ; Amherst, who had succeeded 
Abercrombie as commander-in-chief, was to reduce Ticon- 
deroga and Crown Point, and then co-operate with Wolfe ; 

23. Of the one under Bradstreet. Where was Port Frontenac ? (p. 53.) 

24. Give an account of the prosrro^s of the expedition airainst Duqueone. 

25. State what afterward occurred. What chancre in name was made ? 

26. What plan of operation was adopted for 1759 i 



1'759.1 



THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAB. 



61 




Seal/; of. MHps. 



NOVA SCOTIA, 
NEWBRUNSWICK 

TTCrSTTX 



and Gen. Prideaux [j^rld'-o) was to capture Niagara and 
Montreal, and then join Amherst. 

27. Prideaux reached Niagara in July, but, during the 
siege of the i)lace, was killed. Johnson, having succeeded 
to the command, defeated a relief force of Frencli and 
Indians, and compelled the besieged to surrender. In- 
stead, however, of proceeding to Montreal, he made his 

Map Questions.— Into what body of water does the St. Lawrence flow ? The 
St. John's? The Penobscot? The Kennebec? The Con/iecticut? What 
country is on the north of the St. Lawrence ? What natural divinion of land is 
Nova Scotia? Describe it. Where is Louisbur<;? St. John's, or Prince 
Edward's Island? Cape Breton Island ? Quebec? Isle of Orleans ? Point 
Levi ? 

27. Give an account of the expedition aj.'ainst Niagara. Of Amherst's expe- 
dition. Where are Ticonderoga and Crown Point ? 



62 THE FEENCH AND INDIAN WAR. [1760. 

way to Albany. Amherst reached the vicinity of Ticon- 
deroga, when the French abandoned both it and Crown 
Point Avithout striking a blow. He went into winter- 
quarters at the latter place, and thus failed to co-operate 
with Wolfe. 

28. With eight thousand men Wolfe ascended the St. 
Lawrence and landed his army upon the Isle of Orleans. 
On the 3Jst of July he made a daring though unsuccess- 
ful attempt upon the French intrenchments before Quebec. 
Not discouraged by the disaster, the English effected a 
landing at night about two miles above the city, and 
climbing the steep banks of the river, by daybreak, on 
the following morning, September 13th, stood on the 
Plains of Abraham in battle array. 

29. Montcalm, surprised at the advantage gained by 
the English, left his strong position, and at once attacked 
them. A fierce and bloody battle followed, which rC' 
suited in the defeat of the French. Wolfe fell in the mo- 
ment of victory.* Montcalm, who was mortally wounded, 
on being told that he could not live long, replied : " So 
much the better; I shall not live to see the surrender of 
Quebec." The city capitulated five days after. 

30. Events of 1760, axd close of the war. — De 
Levi, Montcalm's successor, made extensive preparations 
for the recovery of Quebec. He marched to Silleiy, three 
miles above the city, and there, on the 28th of April, 1760, 
was fought one of the most desperate battles of the war. 

28. Give an account of Wolfe's operations. Where is the Isle of Orleans ? 
(See Map, p. 61.) Where are the Plains of Abraham ? 

29. Give an account of the battle that followed. What memorable reply did 
Montcalm make ? When did Quebec fall into the hands of the English ? 

30. Who was De Levi ? What preparation did he make ? Give an account 
of the battle that followed. Where is Sillery ? What success did Amherst have ? 

* " ' See how they run,' one of the officers exclaimed, as the French fled in confusion 
before the levelled bayonets. 'Who run?' demanded Wolfe, opening his eyes like a man 
aroused from sleep. 'The enemy, sir," was the reply ; ' they give way everywhere.' * * * 
' Now, God be praised, I die in peace,' he murmured ; and turning on his side, he calmly 
breathed his last."— PaH-wion's Conspirary of Pontiac. 

" He wrote, from the testimony of a brother aide-de-camp, who was by his side, that the 
general (Wolfe) never spoke at all after receiving his death-wound ; so that the phrase which 
has been put into the mouth of the dying hero may be considered as no more authentic than 
an oration of Livy or Thucydides." — Thackeray^ s Virginians. 



1760.] THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAE. 63 

At length the English, after losing a thousand men, fell 
back; but the opportune arrival of a British fleet, some 
days after, compelled the French to retreat. Amherst pro- 
ceeded against and invested Montreal. The governor, una- 
ble to resist, signed a capitulation, by which not only that 
city but the whole of Canada was surrendered to the English. 

31. The war between France and England continued 
until 1763, when a treaty of peace was signed at Paris, 
by which France ceded to Great Britain all her American 
possessions east of the Mississippi, and north of the Iber- 
ville {i'-her-vil) River, in Louisiana. At the same time 
Spain ceded Florida to Great Britain. 

32. PoNTiAc's War. — The transfer of the posts between 
the lakes and the Ohio to the British, wdiom the Indians 
disliked, exasperated the savages; and they, in a short 
time, gained possession of them all, except Niagara, Fort 
Pitt, and Detroit. Hundreds of families were butchered 
or driven from their homes. Detroit was besieged six 
months, but w^as finally relieved ; and at last the Indians 
were compelled to sue for peace. Pon'-ti-ac, their princi- 
pal chief, a few years after, was assassinated by an Indian. 

CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. 

1753. Washington was sent with a letter from Dinwiddle . .Oct 31. 

1754. Washington defeated the French at Great Meadows. .May 28. 
Washington capitulated at Fort Necessity July 4. 

1755. Monckton expelled the French from Nova Scotia. 

Braddock was defeated at the Monongahela July 9. 

Dieskau defeated the British near Lake George, ) g t ft 
The British defeated Dieskau at Lake George, f • • • ^P • • 

1756. War between England and France was proclaimed. 

The French, under Montcalm, captured Oswego . . .Aug. 14. 
Armstrong defeated the Indians, at Kittanning Sept. 8. 

1757. Webb surrendered Foi-t Wm. Hemy to Montcalm. . .Aug. 9. 

1758. Montcalm repulsed Abercrombie at Ticonderoga July 8. 

The English, under Amherst, captured Louisburg. . .July 26. 

3 1 . When was the war closed ? Terms of the treaty ? Florida ? 

3a. Next war? Its cause ? Account of it. Where is Detroit ? (P. 105.) 



64: THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 

1758. English, under Bradstreet, captured Ft Frontenac. .Aug. 27. 

Aubry defeated Grant near Fort Duquesne Sept. 21. 

Fort Duquesne fell into tlie hands of the English. . .Nov. 25. 

1759. The English, under Johnson, captured Ft. Niagara. .July 25. 

Wolfe was defeated in the battle of IMontmorenci July 31. 

"Wolfe defeated Montcalm on the Plains of Abraham, Sept. 13. 
Quebec was surrendered to the English .Sept. 18. 

1760. De Levi defeated the English at Sillerv, near Quebec, Apr. 28. 
Montreal surrendered to the English, under Amherst, Sept. 8i 

1763. The Treaty of Paris ended the French and Indian War, Feb. 10. 



RETIEW QCESTIONS. 

PAGX 

1. What was the principal cause of the French and Indian War ? 54 

2. On what mission was Washington sent in 1753 ? 55 

3. Give an account of his journey and success 55 

4. In what direction was Fort Le Bceuf from Williamsburg ? 53 

5. Give the history of the construction of Fort Duquesne 56 

G. Give an account of the battle of the Great Meadows 56 

7. Name throe principal events of 1753 and 1754 63 

S. Name four principal events of 1755 63 

9. Name nine principal events of the next three years 63, 64 

10. Name seven principal events that next occurred 64 

11. State all you can of General Braddock 57 

1-2. State all you can of Governor Shirley 57-59 

13 State all you can of General Johuson 57, 58, 61, 62 

14. State what you can of Baron Dieskan 57, 58 

15. State what you can of Montcalm 58, 59, 62 

16. Give an account of the expedition against Kittanning 58 

17. State what you can of General Amherst 59, 60, 62, 63 

18. Give an account of Bradstreefs expedition against Frontenac 60 

19. Give an account of Forbes's expedition against Duquesne 60 

20. State what you can of General Wolfe 59, 60, 62 

21. Give an account of the military events of 1760 62, 63 

22. Name, in order, sixteen battles of the war 63, 64 

2:5. Name seven in which the English were successful 63, 64 

24. Name nine in which the French were successful 63, 64 

25. Name five battles that were fought in Pennsylvania 63, 64 

26. Name six that were fought in New York 63, 64 

27. Name four that were fought in Canada 63, 64 

28. Give an account of Monckton's expedition 56, 57 

29. Give the historj- of Louisburg to the close of 1758 36, 59 

30. Give the history of Fort Duquesne to the close of 1758 56, 55, 57, 59, 60 

31. When did the French and Indian War begin and end ? 63, 64 

32. Give an account of Pontiac's War 63 



CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY, 

WITH THE CONTEMPORANEOUS ENGLISH AND FRENCH SOVEREIGNS. 

English. French. 



n 



Discoveries and Explorations. 

1492. The West Indies were discovered by Columbus. 

1497. North America was discovered by the Cabots. 

1498. Coast of N. America explored by Sebastian Cabot. 
South America was discovered by Columbus. 

1499. " " was visited by Amerigo Vespucci. 

1512. Florida was discovered by Ponce de Leon. 

1513. The Pacific Ocean was discovered by Balboa. 
1517. Yucatan was discovered by Cordova. 

1520. The coast of Carolina was visited by De Ayllon. 

1521. Mexico was explored and conquered by Cortez. 
1524. Coast of North America explored by Verrazzani. 
1528. Florida was explored by Narvacz. 

1534. The St. Lawrence was discovered by Cartier. 
1541. The Mississippi was discovered hy De Soto. 

Colonial Events. 

1562. The Huguenots attempted to colonize Carolina. 

1564. The second Huguenot colony was begun in Florida. 

1565. Florida, at St. Augustine, was settled by Spaniards. 
1579. West coast of North America explored by Drake. 
1584. Carolina coast explored by Raleigh's expedition. 
1585-7. Raleigh made two attempts to colonize Carolina. 
1602. The Massachusetts coast was explored by Gosnold. 

1606. The London and Plymouth Co's received charters. 

1607. The Lond*)n Co. planted a colony at Jamestown. 
1609. The Hudson River was discovered by Hudson. 
1614. The New England coast was explored by Smith. 

New York was settled by the Dutch. 

1619. Negro slavery was introduced into Virginia. 

1620. Plymouth, Massachusetts, was settled. 

1621. The treaty with Massasoit was made. 

1622. The first Indian massacre in Virginia occurred. 

1623. New Hampshire was settled. 

1630. Boston settled by the Massachusetts Bay colony. 

1633. Connecticut was settled at Windsor. 

1634. Maryland (at St. Mary's) was settled. 

1635. Saybrook (2d colony in Connecticut) was settled. 

1636. Providence (1st colony in Rhode Island) was settled. 

1637. The Pequods of Connecticut were destroyed. 

1638 The second colony of Rhode Island was established. 
The Swedish colony in Delaware was established. 
New Haven (3d colony in Connecticut) was settled. 

1643. Four New England colonies formed a Union. 

1644. The two colonies of Rhode Island were united. 



Q 



CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY. 



English. 

1650. Nortli Carolina (on the Chowan) was settled. 

1651. Parliament passed the " Navigation Act." 
5 ^ 1655. New Sweden (Delaware) conquered by the Dutch. 

I 1656. The " Persecution of Quakers" in Massachusetts. 



1663. The grant of Carolina to Clarendon and others. 

1664. New York taken by the English from the Dutch. 
New Jersey (at Elizabeth) was settled. 

1665. The Connecticut colonies united under one charter. 
1670. South Carolina (on the Ashley) was settled. 

1673. Virginia was ceded to Culpepper and Arlington. 
1675. King Philip's War in New England. 
1683. Pennsylvania (at Philadelphia) was settled. 

Delaware granted by the Duke of York to Penn. 



1689. King William's War began in America. 

1690. Port Royal (Nova Scotia) captured by the English. 
1692. Plymouth was united with Massachusetts. 

1697. The '* Treaty of Ryswick" ended the war. 

1703. Queen Anne's War began in America. 

1710. Port Royal captured (2d time) by the English. 

1713. The " Treaty of Utrecht" ended the war. 

1739. Carolina separated into North and South Carolina. 

1733. Washington was born in Virginia, Feb. 33. 

1733. Georgia (at Savannah) was settled. 

1744. King George's War began in America. 

1745. Louisburg was taken (1st time) by the English. 
1748. The " Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle" ended the war. 

1754. The French and Indian War. 

Washington defeated the French at Gt. Meadows. 
Washington capitulated at Fort Necessity. 

1755. The French were expelled from Nova Scotia. 
Braddock was defeated at the Monongahela. 

1756. Oswego was captured by the French. 

1757. Fort William Henry surrendered to the French. 

1758. Abercrorabie was defeated at Ticonderoga. 
Louisburg was taken (3d time) by the English. 

Ft. Frontenac (Kingston) was taken by the English. 

1759. Ft. Niagara was taken by the English. 

The battle of Montmorenci : Wolfe was defeated. 
Wolfe defeated Montcalm before Quebec. 
Quebec was surrendered to the English. 

1760. The English were defeated near Quebec. 
Montreal was surrendered to the English. 

1763. The " Treaty of Paris" ended the war. 



SUGGESTIVE SUMMAKY BY C0L0N"1ES. 



SUGGESTIVE SUMMARY BY COLONIES. 

The pupils will prepare written exercises in narrative form, 
takinaf each colony as a topic. They should make the statements 
with fulness, and as near as possible in their own language; or, 
the exercise may be prepared in the form of an analysis, according 
to the model given before page 18. 



Virginia. — First Charter — Jamestown — Sufferings — 
Wingtield — Ratcliffe — Smith — Pocahontas — Second 
Charter — Starving Time — Lord Delaware — Third Charter 
— Slavery — Planters' Wives — Indian Massacres — Fate of 
the third Charter — Navigation Act — Grant to Culpepper 
and Arlington — Causes for dissatisfaction — Subsequent 
history — Bacon's Eebellion — French and Indian War — 
Government * — Name.* 

Massachusetts. — Gosnold — Pring — Plymouth Co. — 
Smith — Council of Plymouth — Pilgrims — The Mayflower 
— Plymouth — Carver — Brewster and others — Distress — 
Treaty Avith Massasoit — Massachusetts Bay Colony — 
Boston — Other settlements — Harvard College — Union of 
Colonies — Quakers — King Philip's War — Fate of the 
Charter, and why — King William's War — Witchcraft — 
Union of Plymouth Avith Massachusetts — Queen Anne's 
War — King George's War — French and Indian War — 
Government — Name. 

New Hampshire. — Smith— Council of Plymouth — 
Grant to Gorges and Mason — Settlements — Wheelwright 
— Mason's subsequent ownership — Union Avith Massachu- 
setts — Land Controversy — Government — Name. 

Connecticut. — Council of Plymouth — Subsequent 
Proprietors — Connecticut Colony — Saybrook Colony — 
Pequod War— New Haven Colony— Union of the Col- 
onies— Andros— The Charter— Government— Name. 

Rhode Island.— Roger Williams— Providence Settle- 
ment— Coddington — Rhode Island Settlement— Union 
of the Settlements — Charter — Government — Name. 

* See Appendix, page 9 ; also topics at the end of the book. 



SUGGESTIVE SUMMARY BY COLONIES. 

New York. — Henry Hudson — Settled — Inducements 
to settlers — Dutch Governors — Stuyvesant in Delaware 
— The Grant to the Duke of York — The surrender to the 
English — Change of Names — Under English Rule — Re- 
covery by the Dutch — Slaves — French and Indian War 
— Battles near Fort George — Oswego — Ft. Wm. Henry — 
Ticonderoga — Government — Name. 

New Jersey. — New Netherlands — Dutch trading 
posts and forts — Grant to the Duke of York — To Berk- 
eley and Carteret — Elizabeth — The Duke of York's 
conduct — The disposition of Berkeley's interest — The 
subsequent ownership of New Jersey — The Union with 
New York — Government — Name. 

Maryland. — Part of Virginia — Clayborne — The 
Charter — Settlement — Clayborne's Rebellion — Toleration 
Act — Protestant Intolerance — Subsequent History — 
Government — Name. 

Pennsylvania. — Swedish Settlements — Penn — Phil- 
adelphia — Indian Treaty — Penn's Government — French 
and Indian AVar — Great Meadows — Fort Necessity — Brad- 
dock's Defeat — Kittanning — Fort Du Quesne — Govern- 
ment — Name. 

Delaware. — Gustavus Adolphus — Purchase of land 
— Charter — Name of New Sweden — New Settlements — 
New Netherlands — Dutch Conquest — Part of New York 
— Subsequent history — Government — Name. 

North and South Carolina. — Exploration:: of 
Amidas and Barlo\> — Raleigh's attempts at settlement — 
The Albemarle County Colony— The First Grant to Clar- 
endon & Co. — The Clarendon County Colony— The 
Second Grant to Clarendon & Co. — The Carteret 
County Colony — Charleston — The Separation of the 
Carolinas — Subsequent history — Government — Name. 

Georgia. — Different Claims to the Territory — The 
Grant to Oglethorpe and others — Settlement — Character 
of Settlers — Regulations of the Trustees — Hostilities with 
Spanish Neighbors — Final action of the Trustees — Gov- 
ernment — Name. 



176J.] THE AMEBICAN REVOLUTION. 65 



SECTION IV. 

The American Revolution, 

1. Causes of the war. — The expenses which Great 
Britain had incurred in the French and Indian AVar, 
greatly increased her national debt. The English min- 
istry, asserting that this had been done in defending 
their American possessions, proposed to lessen the bur- 
den by taxing the colonies. In connection with the pro- 
position thus made, it was affirmed that the right to tax 
the colonies was inherent in Parliament. 

2. On the other hand, it was maintained that the colo- 
nies had been founded at their own expense ; and that, 
while they had already contributed their full proportion 
in defending themselves, the advantages resulting from 
their preservation were shared by England in common 
with themselves. The colonists also maintained that they 
could be justly taxed only by a legislature in which they 
were represented. Inasmuch, then, as they were not al' 
lowed to send representatives to the British Parliament, 
that body had no right to tax them. 

3. Besides, the policy of Great Britain toward her col- 
onies had been, for years, unjust and illiberal, and calcu- 
lated to incite a rebellious spirit. The Navigation Act,* 
previously described, and the issuing of " "Writs of As- 
sistance," in 1761, were measures which were loudly com- 

1. How did the French and Indian War affect the debt of Great Britain? 
^hat asi^ertion was made? What affirmation ? What proposition was made? 

2. What reply did the colonists malie ? What was the conclusion ? 

3. What policy had been pursued ? What is said of the Writs of Assistance T 

* "March 0763; had uot ended when a bill was brought in fthe House of Commons)^ giv- 
ing authority to employ the ships, seamen, and officers of the navy as custom-house ofncers 
and informers. The measure was Grenville's own (Lord Grenville was a member of the 
British Cabinet, George III. being king;, and it was rapidly carried through; so that m three 
short weeks it became lawful, from the mouth of the St. Lawrence to Cape Florida, lor eacti 
commander of an armed vessel to stop and examine, and, in case of suspicion, to seize every 
merchant ship approaching the colonies. ^'— Bancroft » History of t?te United States. 



66 THE AMEEICAN RETOLmON. [1765. 

plained of. Tliese " Writs" were general search- warrants 
empowering custom-house officers to break open ships, 
stores, and private dwellings, in search of merchandise on 
which it was suspected no duty had been paid. 

4. When, therefore, the news of the Stamp Act, passed 
by Parliament in 170-5, reached America, intense indiirna' 
tion was produced. By the provisions of the Act, it was 
required that stamps, to be furnished by the British gov- 
ernment, were to be put upon all instruments, such as 
deeds, bonds, and notes ; as well as upon newspapers, al- 
manacs, and other printed matter. This was '• taxation 
by means of a stamp duty." 

5. The first burst of opposition appeared in the Legisla- 
ture of Virgina, where Patrick Henry distinguished him- 
self by his bold eloquence. Afterward a more formidable 
opposition was shown, when, upon the recommendation 
of the Massachusetts Assembly, a Colonial Cougress, in 
which nine colouies were represented, was held in Xew 
York. Of this Congress, Timothy Ruggles, of Massa- 
chusetts, was elected president ; and, after mature delib- 
eration, a Declaration of Rights, a Petition to the King, 
and a Memorial to Parliament, were adopted.* 

6. When the day came on which the Stamp Act was 
to go LQto effect, there were no officials courageous enough 
to carry it into execution ; and, besides, all the stamps had 
been concealed or destroyed. Business continued to be 
conducted Avithout stamps, and the colonial merchants 
asrreed to import no more goods while the obnoxious 
measure remained a law. A change in the British minis- 
trv occurring, the act was repealed in 1766. 

7. Parliament, still claiming the right to tax the colo- 

4. What took place in 1T»»? What effect did the news hare in America? 
What pro\-i*ions of the Stamp Act are named ? 

5. What opposition did the Stamp Act meet with ? 

6. How were the operations of the Stamp Act prevented? What wa5 the 
con=eciuence ? 

* See Appendix for Patrick Henry, pa^e 6S, topic TO. 



1T67.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 67 

nies, passed a bill, in 1767, for levying duties on glass, 
paper, painters' colors, and tea. The news of this and 
other obnoxious measures of the British government, pro- 
duced a revival of the feelings which had been caused 
by the passage of the Stamp Act ; and non-importation 
associations were formed. 

8. The opposition of the people of Boston being par- 
ticularly bold, two regiments were ordered by Gen. Gage 
from Halifax to overawe them. The presence of the 
troops exasperated the people ; and affrays ensued, in one 
of which, called the " Boston Massacre," occurring on the 
5th of March, 1770, the soldiers fired upon the populace, 
killing three men and wounding others. 

9. The opposition to the revenue measures induced 
Parliament to revoke all the duties laid in 1767, except 
that of three pence per pound on tea ; but as the peo- 
ple were contending against the principle of " taxation 
without representation," and not against the amount of 
taxes imposed, tho concession was not satisfactory. 

10. The tea for New York and Philadelphia was sent 
back : that for Charleston being stored in damp cellars, 
perished. At Bosfon a party of men, since known as the 
" Boston Tea Party," disguised as Indians, boarded the 
ships on a moonlight night in December, 1773, broke 
open the chests of tea, and emptied their contents into 
the water. 

11. For the purpose of punishing the Bostonians, Par- 
liament passed the Boston Port Bill, which prohibited all 



7. What rig:ht did Parliament still claim ? By what act was the claim made 
known ? What was the eft'ect ? 

8. What military measure was adopted? What was the effect? Give an 
account of the '' Boston Massacre." Where is Halifax ? (Map, p. 61.) 

9. What concession was made by Parliament? Why was not the concession 
satisfactory to the colonists ? 

10. What was done with the tea brousjht to America? Where is Phila- 
delphia ? (Map, p. 43.) Where is Charleston ? (Map. p. 40.) 

1 1 . What retaliatory measure did Parliament adopt ? What generous con- 
duct did the people ©f Salem manifest? Where is Salem ? (Map, p. 24.) 

Note.—" The whole number of white inhabitants in all the thirteen colonies 
was, in 1774, about 2,100,000 ; of blacks, about 500,000."— if awc/o/Y. 



68 THE AMERICAN EEVOLUTION. [1774. 

intercourse with Boston by water, and removed the cus- 
tom-house to Salem. But the people of Salem generously 
refused to thrive at the expense of their neighbors, and 
the wharves of that town were oifered for the use of the 
Boston merchants, free of charge.* 

12. A general Congress, known as " The First Conti- 
nental Congress," with Peyton Randolph, of Virginia, as 
president, met at Philadelphia, in September, 1774. All 
the colonies, except Georgia, were represented. After 
due deliberation, a Declaration of Rights was made ; 
the suspension of all commercial intercourse with Great 
Britain recommended ; and addresses were voted to the 
king and the people of Great Britain and Canada. 

13. A conflict with Great Britain seemed inevitable. 
The men in Massachusetts capable of bearing arms were 
daily trained in military exercises, and pledged to take 
the field at a minute's notice, — hence their name of " Min- 
ute Men." Military measures Avere also adopted in other 
colonies, and a general determination was manifest to 
resist, even with arms, the new oppressions attempted to 
be imposed by Great Britain. 

14. EvEN-Rg OF 1775.— On the night of the 18th of 
April, 1775, Gen. Gage dispatched eight hundred troops, 
under Col. Smith and Major Pitcairn i^pit! -karne) ^ to de- 
stroy some military supplies which the Americans had 
collected at Concord, a town in Massachusetts, about six- 
teen miles from Boston. 

15. The patriots of Boston, having had a suspicion of 
such a movement, were on the alert. By preconcerted 



1 2. What convention was held by the colonists ? Give an account of its or- 
ganization and doings. 

1 3. What seemed inevitable ? What is said of the " Minute Men ?" What is 
said of military preparations? 

Map Questions.— (Map, p. 24.) How is Boston situated? Newburyport^ 
Newport ? New Bedford ? New London ? In which direction is Lexington 
from Boston ? Concord from Boston ? Salem from Boston ? 

14. What was Gage's first important measure against the Americans ? 

* The people of Newbiiryport made a similar offer. 



1775.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 69 

signals, the alarm was given, and when the British reached 
Lexington, early on the following morning, April 19th,- 
about seventy of the militia were drawn up under arms. 
The king's troops fired upon them, killing and wound- 
ing several. Then was shed the first blood of the Rev- 
olution. 

16. At Concord some of the supplies were destroyed ; 
but the militia beginning to assemble, a skirmish took 
place, in wliich several were killed on both sides. On 
their way back to Boston, the British were re-enforced at 
Lexington, but during their retreat, as far as Charles- 
town, the Americans pursued, keeping up a constant and 
destructive fire upon them. The loss of the British dur- 
ing the day was over two hundred ; that of the patriots 
was about ninety. 

17. When the news of the day's contest spread, the 
militia from all parts of New England hastened to join 
those of Massachusetts in forming a camp near Boston, 
where General Ward, of Massachusetts, was exercising 
a limited command. It being deemed important to 
possess Ticonderoga and Crown Point, both places were 
captured in May by Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold, 
and a large supply of military stores secured for the 
patriots. 

18. Upon the arrival of re-enforcements from England, 
under Generals Howe, Bur-goyne', and Sir Henry Clin- 
ton, Gage issued a proclamation declaring all Americans 
in arms rebels and traitors, but offering pardon to those 
who should return to their allegiance. John Hancock 
and Samuel Adams, whose offences were pronounced 

15. What action did the patriots take ? Give an account of what occurred 
at Lexington. Where is Lexington ? (Map, p. 24.) 

16. Give an account of v.-hat took place at Concord. Of the other events of 
the day. Where is Charlestown ? (Map, p. 70.) 

17. What effect did the news have ? What success did Allen and Arnold 
have ? Where is Ticonderoga ? (Map, p. 38.) Crown Point ? 

18. What re-enforcements came to Gates ? What proclamation was issued ? 
Who were excepted ? Why were they excepted ? 



70 



THE AMERICAN REYOLUTION. 



[1775. 



too great to admit of pardon, were 
offer.* 



excepted from this 



BOSTON 

AND 
TTCUSTTT 



19. It becoming 
evident that the 
British meditated 
offensive operations, 
Col. Prescott was 
sent, on the evening 
of the 16th of June, 
with a detachment 
of one thousand men 
to fortify Bunker 
Hill ; but, on attain- 
ing the heights, he 
concluded to fortify 
Breed's Hill instead, 
this being nearer to 
Boston. When the 
British, on the fol- 
lowing morning, dis- 
covered the redoubt which the Americans had constructed 
during the night, they commenced a cannonade upon it. 

20. This failing, three thousand men, under Howe, were 
sent to dislodge the patriots. Twice did the British ap- 
proach within a few rods of the redoubt, but they were 
each time repulsed with heavy loss. Clinton arriving, 
the third charge was more successful ; and the Americans, 
their ammunition being exhausted, were forced to retreat. 

21. The British lost, in killed and wounded, more than 
a thousand men ; the Americans, less than half that num- 




Map Questions— How is Boston situated ? In what direction is Boston 
from Bunker Hill? From Breed's HiO? From Charlestown? From Cam- 
Dridcre ? Where was Copp's Hill ? Where are Dorchester Heights ? Where is 
South Boston ? Ans. On and about Dorchester Heights. Of what city does 
South Boston now form a part ? Ans. Boston. 

19. What defensive measures did the patriots adopt? 

19, 20. Give an account of the battle of Bunker Hill. 



* See App., p. 62, topic 2 (Adams) ; also App., p. 68, topic 6S (Hancock). 



1775.] 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



71 



ber, but among their slain was the distinguished pa- 
triot, Joseph Warren.* Though the British had gained 
the hill, the victory to them was more disastrous and hu- 
miliating than an ordinary defeat ; while, to the Ameri- 
cans, the defeat had the effect of a triumph. 

22. On the very day of the capture of Ticonderoga, 
May 10th, the second Continental Congress convened at 
Philadelphia. That body decided to raise an army of 
twenty thousand men ; and, on the 15th of June, by a 
unanimous vote, elected George Washington commander- 
in-chief of " the forces raised or to be raised in defence 
of American liberties." 

23. Lord Dunmore, the governor of Virginia, took a 
decided course against the patriots; but, owing to the 
activity of Patrick Henry and others, he was compelled 
to make compensation for a quantity of powder which he 
had seized. Some months later a force of tories and ne- 
groes which he had collected attacked a body of Virgin- 
ians near Norfolk ; but the assailants 
were repulsed with great loss. In 
revenge, Dunmore, on the first day 
of the new year, redncod Norfolk to 
ashes. 

24. To prevent the use of Canada 
by the British as a place of rendez- 
vous and supply, an invasion, by two 
forces, was determined upon. Ac- 
cordingly, Gen. Schuyler {ski' -lev), 
commanding one, was sent by the 




PART OF THE SOKEL 11. 



21. What losses did each party sustain? How did the victory affect the 
British ? How did the defeat affect the patriots ? 

22. When and where did Congress, a second time, meet? What measures 
were adopted by Congress ? 

23. Give an account of the difficulties in Virginia, with Dunmore. Where 
is Norfolk ? (Map, p. 120.) 

24. What plan of action against Canada was adopted ? Describe the Ken- 
nebec River. (Map, p. 61.) How did Montgomery get the command? What 
Huccess did Montgomery have ? 



* For account of Warren, see App,, p. 74, topic 165. 



72 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 11775. 

way of Lake Champlain ; while the other, under Gen. Ar- 
nold, took the route by the Kennebec River. Schuyler 
proceeded but a short distance when, sickness compelling 
him to return, the next in command, Gen, Montgomery, 
gained possession of Fort Chambly (sham -hie) , St. John's, 
and Montreal, and then moved against Quebec. 

25. Arnold, having performed a tedious march through 
the wilderness, effected a junction of his force with that 
of Montgomery's, and, with the latter officer in the chief 
command, Quebec was besieged for three weeks. Finally, 
at dawn, on the last day of 1775, and during a violent 
snow-storm, the American army, in four columns, ad- 
vanced to assail the city ; but the attempt was unsuc- 
cessful. Montgomery was among the first who fell, and 
Arnold was severely wounded.* 

26. Arnold, though wounded, took command of the 
troops that had effected a retreat, and, in an encampment 
a short distance from Quebec, passed a rigorous winter. 
In the spring, Gen. Woos'-ter arrived and took the com- 
mand ; and he, in turn, was succeeded by Gen. Thomas. 
By the middle of June, 1776, the Americans had aban- 
doned one place after another, and entirely evacuated 
Canada. 

27. Events of 1776. — Washington, who had arrived 
at Cambridge about three weeks after his appointment 
as commander-in-chief, and had there taken command of 
the army, determined to drive the British from Boston ; 
but no plan of operations was fully determined upon before 
the early part of March, 1776. Then, in one night, intrench- 
ments were thrown up on Dor'-ches-ter Heights, which 
completely commanded the city and harbor of Boston. 

25. What did Arnold accomplish ? Give an account of the operations against 
Qnebec. Where is Quebec ? (Map, p. 61.) 

26. What did Arnold do after the battle ? How was the design against Que- 
bec terminated ? 

27. At whatplace did Washington take command of the army? What wno 
hie first aim ? What means did he adopt ? 

* For account of Montgomery, see App., p. 70, topic 102. 



1776.] 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



73 



28. Gen. Howe, who had succeeded Gage in the com- 
mand, being unable to dislodge the Americans, informally 
agreed to evacuate the city without setting fire to it, upon 
condition that, while doing so, his army should not be 
molested from the batteries on the heights. Accordingly, 
on the IVth of March, 1776, the British troops, accompa- 
nied by fifteen hundred families of loyalists, embarked on 
board the ships in the harbor, and sailed for Halifax. 

29. Surmising that an expedition, conducted by Clin- 
ton, which had been previously sent from Boston, was des- 
tined to attack Xew 



York, Washington 
sent Gen. Charles 
Lee to protect that 
city. It happened 
that on the very day 
of Lee's arrival 
there, Clinton ar- 
rived off Sandy- 
Hook. Thus foiled 
in his attempt 
against New York, 
Clinton sailed to 
the South, and was 
joined by Sir Peter 
Parker and Lord 
Corn-wal'-lis, with 
a fleet and troops 

from England, when the w^hole force proceeded against 
Charleston. 




CHARLESTON 



28. What a^eement was made between the two parties ? Give an account 
of what followed. Where is Halifax ? (Map, p. 61.) 

Map Questions.— How is Charleston situated? Sullivan's Island? What 
fort is on Sullivan's Island ? What other forts defend Charleston ? Where ia 
Sandy Hook ? (Map. p. 43.) 

29. What can you state of an expedition against New York ? What was 
then done by Clinton ? What was done by Clinton and Parker ? 

Note.— For account of General Lee, see Appendix, p. 69, topic 96. 



74 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. [1776, 

30. The people of Charleston had made preparations 
agamst an attack, by erecting a fort of palmetto-wood 
on Sullivan's Island, which commanded the channel lead- 
ing to the town. This Avas garrisoned by five hundred 
men, under Col. Moultrie [mole'-tre). On the morning 
of the 28th of June, the fleet approached Sullivan's Island; 
but, after a conflict of nine hours, during which Clinton was 
defeated in an attempt to reach the island, the ships, much 
shattered, drew oflj and afterward sailed to the North. 

31. In the mean time. Congress, then in session at Phil- 
adelphia, was preparing to declare a separation of the 
political relations existing between Great Britain and the 
colonies. A resolution to that efl*ect, having been offered 
by Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia, on the Tth of June, 
was passed by a large majority on the 2d of July. Two 
days after, Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia, in behalf of a 
committee of five members, presented a document which 
he had prepared; and then, July the 4th, 1776, this docu-. 
ment, the Declaration of Independence, was unani- 
mously adopted by Congress. (See note, App., p. 8.) * 

32. In the beginning of July, Gen. Howe arrived from 
Halifax and took possession of Staten Island, at the en- 
trance of New York Bay. Here he was joined by his 
brother. Admiral Lord Howe, by Clinton, and by a large 
body of hired troops, from Germany. These last were 
called Hessians, because the most of them had been fur- 
nished by the landgrave of Hesse-Cassel. While Howe 
soon had an army of thirty-five thousand men, Washing- 
ton's effective force, in New York and vicinity, did not 
exceed seventeen thousand. 

30. How were the people of Charleston prepared? Give an account of the 
battle fought there. 

31. What was Congress doing in the mean time ? What is said of a resolu- 
tion ? What afterward took place ? 

32. Where, meanwhile, were the British concentrating a large force ? What 
troops joined Howe there ? What is said of the Hessians ? 

* For the Declaration itself, with the names of the signers, see App., p. 3. 



1776.] 



THE AMEKICAN EEVOLUTION. 



75 




NEW YORK yAT. 

Some of the putriots 



33. Howe's troops were landed 
on the western end of Long Isl- 
and, and, in three divisions, by 
three difterent roads, advanced 
toward the American camp at 
Bi'ooklyn, then in command of 
Gen. Putnam.* While two of the 
divisions, Aug. 27th, were en- 
gaging the Americans, the third, 
under Clinton, having taken a 
circuitous route, fell upon their rear, 
cut their way through the host of foes, but nearly two 
thousand were killed, wounded, or taken prisoners. The 
British lost less than four liundred. 

34. The British encamped in front of the American 
lines, but made no attack during two days, their design 
being to await the arrival and co-operation of the fleet. 
Washington, perceiving that his army in Brooklyn might 
be surrounded and entrapped, began a movement on the 
night of the 29th ; and, favored by a fog which hung over 
the city, succeeded in getting all his troops to Kew York. 

35. Influenced by his oflicers, Washington retreated to 
the northern part of New York island, and then to White 
Plains. Here a partial engagement, to the disadvantage 
of the Americans, took place on the 28th of October, when 
they withdrew to North Castle. Instead of following, 
the British general turned his attention to the forts on the 
Hudson. 

36. Leaving one detachment, under Lee, at North Cas- 



33. What movement did Howe first make from Staten I. ? Give an account 
of the hattle. By what name is it known ? Ans. The Battle of Long Island. 

34. Give an account of Washington's masterly retreat. 

35. What course did Washington then adopt ? Give an account of the battle 
of White Plains. To what objects did Howe next turn his attention ? 

Map Questions.— (Map, p. 29.) Where is Brooklyn ? North Castle ? Sagg 
Harbor? Esopus (now Kingston)? West Point? Tarrytown ? Where was 
Fort Washington ? Fort Lee ? Fort Clinton ? Fort Montgomery ? 



* See Appendix, pa^e 72, topic 136. 



76 THE AXEEICJLS RFVOLmON. [IT 7 6, 

tie, another, under CoL Magaw, at Fort Washington, and 
a third, under Gen. Heath, at PeekskilL "Washington 
crossed the Hudson and entered Xew Jersey. On the 
16th of Xovember, the British attack evl Fort Washington, 
and, although they were successful, the victory cost ^em 
a thousand men. 

f ^. To the number of sLs: thousand, with Lord Com- 
.waUis in command, they crossed the Hudson, and took 
possession of Fort Lee, which the ^\mericans had aban- 
doned on their approach. Closely pursued by ComwaULs, 
Washington retreated through New Jersey, and, on the 
Sth of December, crossed the Delaware with his dimin- 
ished and disheartened army. Congress, then in session 
at Philadelphia, soon after adjourned to Baltimore. 

3Sw Lee, who had been urged to hurry to the support 
of the main army, instead of obeying, at first delayed, 
and then advanced leisurely. Having incautiously taken 
quarters at a distance firom Ins detachment, he was sur- 
prised and taken prisoner. Sullivan, who had been made 
a prisoner at the battle of Long Island and recently ex- 
changed, then promptly conducted the detachment to 
Washington's camp. 

S9l a feeling of despondency, occasioned by the many 
disasters, prevailed among the patriotSw This was dis- 
pelled by a bold enterprise aeeompUshed by Washington. 
On Christmas night, he crossed the Delaware, and on the 
following morning, Deo. 26th, attacked a body of Hessians 
stationed at Trenton. Kahl, their commander, was mor- 
tally wounded, about thirty were slain, and nearly a thou- 
sand taken prisonersw The Americans lost only four men. 



3S.. Wlia« £d Wi 



asyuBSUa 



37. care an afccwut of WaskiBi; 



38- ^ 

39. ^re am accout of the battle oc . ^ Ximmf ^i^ 

9.77.) Ptmo^oB? MomstowB* 



ITTT.] 



THE AMEBICAN REVOLUTION. 



77 



40. Washington recrossed the Delaware with his pris- 
oners, but, encouraged by his success and finding his 
army strengthened by recent recruits, he again crossed 
the river, and took post at Trenton, resolved to act on 
the ofiensive. This was a bold movement, for the enemy 
were assembled in great force at Princeton, only ten miles 
distant. 




CENTRAL PART OF NEW JERSEY. 



41. Events of 1777. — 
Though Washington had 
been joined by troops un- 
der Generals Mifilin and 
Cadwallader, the whole 
force with him, on the 1st 
of Jan., 1777, did not exceed 
five thousand men. Toward 
the evening of the 2d, Corn- 
wallis reached Trenton, and 
after making several unsuc- 
cessful attempts to cross the 

stream which runs through the town, concluded to defer 
hostilities till the morning, feeling sure of then capturing 
Washington and his entire arm}'-. 

42. The position of the American army was critical. 
Any attempt to cross the Delaware, then obstructed by 
floating ice, would undoubtedly end in disaster ; while to 
remain and risk a battle with a force so much superior to 
his own, appeared to Washington equally dangerous. In 
this emergency a bold expedient was adopted. Leaving 
his camp-fires burning, he marched by a circuitous route 
toward Princeton, intending to surprise the enemy at that 
place. 



40. What movement did Washington next make ? 

4 1 . What force did he have at Trenton ? State what occurred there on the 
evening of Jan. 2, 1777. 

42. Describe the situation in which Washington was placed. How did he 
extricate himself from the danger ? 



78 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. [1777 

43. At sunrise, January 3d, the van of his forces en- 
countered, near Princeton, a division of the British troops 
ah'eady on their march to join Cornwallis. At first the 
American miUtia gave way ; but Washington coming up 
with a select corps, turned the tide of battle and routed 
the enemy. The loss of the British in killed, wounded, 
and prisoners, was about four hundred men ; that of the 
patriots did not exceed thirty, but Gen. Mercer was 
among their mortally wounded.* 

44. Early in 1776 Congress sent Silas Deane to France 
to solicit aid. Deane was afterward joined by Dr. Frank- 
lin and Arthur Lee. Though France hesitated to extend 
the aid solicited, the Marquis de Lafayette {lah-fd-ett') 
and other citizens of that country acted generously. At 
his own expense, Lafayette fitted out a vessel, and, in the 
spring of 1777, arrived in America. lie joined the army 
as a volunteer without pay, but was soon after appointed 
a major-general. (See App., p. 70, topic 98.) 

45. Toward the close of April, Gen. Try'-on, late royal 
governor of Xew York, proceeded against Danbury, and 
after destroying the stores there, burned the town. On 
his retreat back to his shipping, he was harassed by the 
militia, commanded by Generals Wooster, Arnold, and 
Silliman. His loss, during the expedition, amounted to 
nearly three hundred men : that of the patriots was not 
so large, but Wooster was among their slain. 

46. Two small expeditions on the part of the Ameri- 
cans were successful. Col. Meigs, at the head of one, 
destroyed the British stores and shipping at Sag Har- 
bor ; and Col. Barton, at the head of the other, captured 

43. Give an account of the battle of Princeton. 

44. VV^hat efforts were made to secure the aid of France ? Success ? 

45. Give an account of Tryon"s first expedition. Whereis Danbury ? (p. 29.) 

46. How did the Americans off^^et Tryon's wantonness ? 



* "His career as a general had been brief, but long enough to secure him a 
lasting renown. His name remains one of the consecrated names of the Revo- 
lution."— /?Ti«9''s Washington. 



1777.] 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



79 



GeD. Prescott, the commander at Rhode Island. Pres- 
cott, in 1778, was exchanged for Lee. 

47. Washington's army was encamped at Morristown 
during the early j^art of 
1777; but in the spring he 
removed to Middlebrook. 
Howe having failed to draw 
Washington from this latter 
place, and bring on an en- 
gagement, withdrew his 
troops to Staten Island, thus 
leaving the Americans in 
complete possession of New 
Jersey. 




48. The British troops, to the number of eighteen thou- 
sand men, then embarked on board the fleet of Lord 
Howe, and the vessels put to sea, leaving Clinton in com- 
mand of a large force at New York. The destination of 
the fleet being unknown to Washington, he remained for 
many days in painful uncertainty about it. 

49. At last the enemy's expedition was heard from. 
Their fleet had sailed up Chesapeake Bay, the troops had 
been landed, and a march commenced against Philadelphia. 
Washington hastened to dispute the progress of the Brit- 
ish, and, with the main part of his army, took a position 
at Chad's Ford, on Brandy wine Creek, where^ on the 11th 
of September, a battle was fought. 

50. The enemy advanced in two divisions, and while 
one made a direct attack upon the left wing of the 
Americans, the other crossed the stream above, and un- 



Map Questions.— Where is Paoli ? Chad's Ford ? Gerraantown ? Fort Mer- 
cer ? Fort Mifflin ? Red Banlc ? Valley Forgre ? Readin<r ? 

47. What scheme did Howe endeavor to carry out in Ne\v Jersey? What 
movement did he next malte? 

48. What further can vou state of Howe's movements ? 

49. In what way did Washinsfton try to save Philadelphia? 
49, 50. Give an account of the battle of Brandywine. 



80 THE AMERICAN KEVOLUTION. [1777. 

expectedly fell upon their right. The patriots defended 
themselves with great valor, but were at length forced 
to give way. The loss of the Americans, in killed, 
wounded, and prisoners, amounted to twelve hundred 
men ; that of the British to about five hundred. Among 
the wounded was Lafayette. Pulaski {pic-las' -ke), a Po- 
lish nobleman, was also in the battle, doing brave ser- 
vice for the cause of liberty. (See p. 91, ^ 88.) 

51. Washington in vain endeavored to save Philadel- 
phia. The two armies again met, but a violent storm 
prevented a battle ; and Gen. AVayne (iccme), who had 
been detached with fifteen hundred men to hang upon 
the rear of Howe's army, was attacked at night near 
Paoli (pd-o'-le), and defeated. On the 26th Howe entered 
Philadelphia, but the main body of his army encamped 
at Germantown.* 

52. Seven or eight miles below Philadelphia, the 
Americans held two forts on opposite sides of the Dela- 
ware, and thus commanded the river. Learning that a 
strong detachment of the British had left for their re- 
duction, Washington attacked the force remaining at 
Germantown, Oct. 4th ; but the patriots, although at 
first successful, were finally repulsed, with the loss of a 
thousand men. 

53. Both forts were attacked, Oct. 2 2d ; — Mercer, by a 
force of two thousand troops, under Count Do'-nop ; and 
Miftlin, by a number of frigates and other vessels. But 
the assailants were repulsed with heavy loss. Donop 
was mortally wounded, about five hundred Hessians and 
marines were killed or wounded, and two large ships were 
destroyed. 

5 1 . What next occurred ? Give au account of the battle of Paoli, When 
did Howe enter Philadelphia ? 

52. What induced Washington to go against the enemy at Germantown? 
Give an account of the battle that followed. 

53. What took place on the 22d of Oct. ? Give an account of the operations. 

* Germanto\ATi is now a part of Philadelphia. 
Note.— The United States flag was adopted in July of this year. See App., 
p. 76, topic 194. 



1T77.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 81 

54. On the 10th of November a second attempt to re- 
duce Fort Mifflin was commenced. After a heroic de- 
fence of five days, during which the British kept up a 
destructive fire from a battery and also from their ships, 
the garrison evacuated the fort, and crossed to Red 
Bank. A force aj^pearing before Fort Mercer soon after, 
it, too, was abandoned. 

55. During the winter of 1777-78, Washington's troops 
were quartered in huts at Valley Forge. The position, 
besides being easy of defence, enabled Washington to 
watch Howe's movements and protect his own military 
stores at Reading (red'-ing). But the patriots suffered 
greatly from ins-ufficient food, clothing, and shelter ; and 
many of the ofiicers resigned in consequence of not re- 
ceiving their pay.* 

56. Burgoyne's Invasion. — During the early part of 
the summer of 1777, an army of ten thousand men, Brit- 
ish and German troops, Canadians and Indians, was fitted 
out in Canada for the invasion of the United States. 
The design of Gen. Burgoyne, the commander of this 
large force, was to efiect a junction of his own army 
with another from New York, and thus cut ofi* Washing- 
ton's communication with the Eastern States. 

57. After taking possession of Crown Point, Burgoyne 
proceeded to invest Fort Ticonderoga, then garrisoned 
by three thousand men under Gen. St. Clair. St. Clair 
had determined upon a resolute defence, but discovering, 
to his dismay, that the enemy had erected batteries on 
Mount Defiance, a rocky height commanding the fort, he 
made a hasty retreat. 

54. Give an account of the nest attempt against Fort Mifflin. 

5 5. Wkatcan you state of Washington's army during the winter? 

56. What invading army at the North in 1777 ? Burgoyne's design ? 

57. First movements of Burgoyne ? His success at Ticonderoga ? 

* " That winter they lay on the ground. So scarce were blankets, that many 
were forced to sit up all night l)y their fires. At one time more than a thousand 
soldiers had not a shoe to their feet. You could trace their march by the blood 
which their naked feet left in the \ce.''—Theo. Parker's Historic Americans. 



82 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



[1T17. 



58. The retreating army crossed over to Mount Inde- 
pendence, and took a road through the woods toward 

Fort Edward, the headquar- 
ters of Gen. Schuyler, who 
then commanded tlie Ameri- 
can forces at the North ; but, 
at Hubbardton, the rear divi- 




sion Avas overtaken, on the 
morning ol the 7th of July, 
and routed with considerable 
loss. The ammunition and 
stores, which liad been sent 
by water, were also overtaken, 
and were destroyed. 

59. Schuyler, deeming his 
force inadequate to make a 
successful stand against the 
invaders, gradually fell back 
to the islands at the mouth 
of the Mohawk. Burgoyne 
reached the head of Lake 
Champlain, and thence his 
march to Fort Edward was 
slow and difficult, owing to 
the impediments which Schuy- 
ler had placed in his way, by 
destroying the bridges and 
felling immense trees across 
the roads. 

60.. The story of the murder of Miss McCrea, about 
this time, excited wide-spread abhorrence, and had the 

Map Qt^ESTioNs.— Where is Crown Point ? Ticonderoga ? Mt. Defiance T 
Mt. Independence? Hubbardton? Ft. Edward? Bennington? Stillwater? 
Albany ? Saratoga ? Into what river does the Mohawk flow ? 

58'. Give the particulars of the disasters that followed St. Clair's retreat. 

59. What retreat and advance next took place ? 

60. Relate the story in relation to Jane McCrea. 



..■MASS. 



1777.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 83 

elFect of greatly increasing the number of Schuyler's 
troops. The lady, it appeared, had been captured by 
some Indians attached to Burgoyne's army, during a visit 
ehe was making at the house of a friend ; and while they 
were conducting her to his camp, she met her death. 
Accounts differ as to how she was killed ; but the savages 
brought her scalp into Burgoyne's camp, and the opinion 
prevailed that they were her murderers.* 

61. Burgoyne had previously sent a detachment under 
Col. St. Leger (lej'-er) to capture Fort Schuyler. On 
reaching the place and finding it resolutely defended, St. 
Leger determined upon a siege. While this was in pro- 
gress. Gen. Her'-ki-mer, in advancing to the relief of the 
garrison, fell into an ambuscade, August 6th, and was de- 
feated, he being mortally wounded. At last the Indian 
allies of St. Leger, hearing that Arnold, who had been 
dispatched by Schuyler, was approaching with a large 
army, fled in great haste, and the siege was consequently 
abandoned. 

62. Burgoyne, having arrived at Fort Edward, and 
finding himself in want of supplies, sent five hundred 
men, under Col. Baum (bou7n), to seize the stores which 
the Americans had collected at Bennington. Baum was 
met near Bennington by the New Hampshire militia, 
under Gen. Stark, and defepted; and, on the same day, 
August 16th, a detachment which had been sent to the 
aid of Baum, was also defeated. 

63. The i^re verses experienced by the British at Fort 
Schuyler and Bennington embarrassed the movements of 
Burgoyne, and weakened and dispirited his army. Just 
then, when the Americans were in good force to confront 

61. Give the particulars of St. Leber's operations. Where was Fort Schuy- 
ler ? (Map, p. 38.) By what name is Herkimer's battle known ? Am. O-ris'-ka-ny, 

62. Give an account of the battle of Bennin^^ton. 

63. How did the reverses of the British affect them ? What change in com 
manders took place ? 

* See Appendix, page 75, topic 190. 



S4 THE AMEEICA^' BETOLmON. 117 IT. 

the enemy. General Gates, by act of Congress, \ras ap- 
pointed to succeed Schuyler. 

m. Gates advanced to Bern -is Heights, near Stillwater, 
and Burgoyne crossed the Hudson. On the Idth of Sept. 
was fought the tirst battle of Stillwater, sometimes called 
the battle of Bemis Heights, in which Arnold displayed 
great bravery. Both parties claimevi the victory; but, 
though the British remained on the field of battle, their 
progress towani Albany was elfectually checked. 

€i^ The two armies remained in sight of each other for 
more than two weeks. Burgoyne, in the mean time, 
strengthened his position, to await the co-operation of 
Clinton Irom X ew York ; but, at last, despairing of aid 
firom that quarter, he determined, if possible, to cut his 
way through the American line& This broiight on, Oc- 
tober 7th, the second battle of Stillwater, often called the 
battle of Saratoga. 

Ml After a fierce conflict of several hours, in which the 
loss of the British was severe, they were compelled to 
give way. Arnold again distinguished himself though 
fighting without any assigned command, and was severely 
wounded- Burgoyne retired to Saratoga, where, finding 
himself so surrounded by the Americans that all chance 
of retreat was cut ofil and being without provisions, on 
the 1 7th of October he surrendered his whole army, num- 
bering more than five thousand men, prisoners of war. 

67. Clinton, in the mean time, had ascended the Hudson 
as far as forts Clintc«i and Montgomery, and captured 
both forts : but instead of hastening to the ccM>peration 
of Burgoyne, he sent an expedition to devastate the coun- 

64. Give an. accnant of tlie first barrle of Scill-waier. 

6^. Whic po*itio£LJ did tlie two armies tiien hold ? "Whi: c.e:cr~iiLanoa 
did Boriorne at last tbrm ? 

65. 66. Give an accoont of the second battle of StiHwarer. Give aii accccr.: 
€if Bojgoyne's final movem^its aad ssireiMier. 

677 What had Clinton been doing Bteaavbile ? Wluu did tie Biia^ii do on 
Wenng of BozgOTibe's aurcaader ! 



1778.] THE AMEKICAN KEVOLUTION. 85 

try. The British, on the northern frontiers, upon hearing 
of their disaster at Saratoga, abandoned Ticonderoga and 
other forts ; and Clinton's expedition, after burning Kings- 
ton, returned to New York. 

68. In November of this year Articles of Confedera- 
tion for the government of the United States were adopted 
by Congress. These, however, in consequence of not 
being ratified by all the states till 1781, did not go into 
eifect before that time. (See Appendix, p. 76, topic 192.) 

69. Events of 1778. — The success of the Americans at 
Saratoga decided the negotiations which had been set on 
foot in 1776. France acknowledged the independence of 
the United States, and an alliance was concluded between 
the two nations. The French government at once fitted 
out a squadron, of which Count D'Estaing {des-tap^g') 
was given the command, and, about the middle of April, 
the fleet sailed for America. 

70. In England the tidings of Burgoyne's surrender 
produced alarm ; a more conciliatory spirit began to pre- 
vail; and two bills, in keeping with this feeling, were 
passed by Parliament. Commissioners were sent to Amer- 
ica to negotiate a restoration of peace ; but Congress re- 
fused to treat with them until Great Britain should with- 
draw her fleets and armies, or acknowledge the independ- 
ence of the United States. 

71. In the mean time, Gen. Howe having resigned his 
command. Gen. Clinton was appointed his successor ; and 
the British government^ fearing for the safety of their 
army at Philadelphia, ordered Clinton to proceed to New 
York. In July D'Estaing arrived in Delaware Bay, but 

68. What is stated in relation to the Articles of Confederation ? 

69. What effect did Burgoyne's surrender have in France ? 

70. What effect did the surrender have in England ? How did Congress re- 
ceive the commissioners ? 

71. What change in commanders was made? What instructions were Bent 
to Clinton ? What escape did the British fleet make ? 



86 THE AMERICAN EEVOLUTION. [1778. 

not in time to capture the British fleet, as Lord Howe 
had sailed a few days before. 

72. On the ISth of June Clinton evacuated Philadel- 
phia, and commenced his march through New Jersey to 
Xew York. The Americans gave pursuit ; and at Mon'- 
mouth, on the 28th, a severely contested battle was 
fought. In the early part of the conflict Lee's division 
fell back, and was in full retreat just as Washington 
came up. Lee was rebuked by the commander-in-chief, 
and directed to assist in further operations : he complied, 
and, during the rest of the battle, displayed both faith- 
fulness and courage. 

73. Though, at the close of the day, the result of the 
engagement was indecisive, the advantage was with the 
Americans, and they slept on their arms, intending to 
renew the contest on the following morning ; but Clin- 
ton silently departed before dawn. The loss of the Brit- 
ish in the battle and by desertions during the march, 
amounted to flfteen hundred men. The patriots lost 
more than two liundred, many of whom fell from the ex- 
cessive heat and fatigue of the day. 

74. Lee's pride having been wounded by the rebuke 
which he had received, he addressed two disrespectful 
letters to AVashington. For this disrespect and his con- 
duct on the battle-field, he Avas tried by a court-martial, 
found guilty, and sentenced to be suspended from command 
for one year. He, however, never rejoined the army, but, 
just before the close of the war, died in Philadelphia. 

75. A combined attack by D'Estaing and Gen. Sullivan 
was planned for the expulsion of the British from Rhode 
Island, where, under Gen. Pig'-ot, they had established a 

72. Give an account of the battle of Monmonth. 

73. Give the result and consequences of the battle. Where is Monmouth? 
(Map, p. 43.) Morristown ? 

74. What offensive course did Lee take ? Give an account of the trial and 
consequences. 



1778.^ THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 87 



military depot. Tempted by the hope of a victor^', 
D'Estaing sailed from Newport to meet Lord Howe, who 
had heard of Pigot's danger and hastened to his relief; 
but a furious storm having disabled the two fleets just 
as they were about to engage, he returned to Newport, 
and soon after departed for Boston, to repair his ships. 

76. Sullivan, finding himself thus deserted, witlidrew 
to the northern })art of the island ; and, being followed 
by the enemy, an engagement took place, August 29th, 
resulting in a loss of over two hundred on each side, and 
in the repulse of the British. Learning that a fleet with 
troops was coming to the aid of Pigot, Sullivan gained 
the mainland just in time to avoid being intercepted by 
Clinton. 

77. An expedition, commanded by Gen. Grey, commit- 
ted great destruction at New Bedford and other places ; 
but no acts of the enemy during the entire war were con- 
sidered more atrocious than those of which they w^ere 
guilty at Wy-o'-ming, in Pennsylvania, and Cherry Val- 
ley, in New York. 

78. Early in July a large force of tories and Indians, 
under Col. John Butler, entered the valley of Wyoming, 
spread desolation in every direction, and slaughtered a 
body of the inhabitants who had marched against them. 
In November a party of the same mixed character fell 
upon the settlement of Cherry Valley, and killed or car- 
ried into captivity many of the settlers. 

79. Toward the close of the year Clinton sent an ex- 
pedition of two thousand men to invade Georgia. CoL 

75. What enterpripe was planned for D'Estaing and Sullivan ? Give an ac- 
count of I)"Estaint,''H movements. 

76. Give an account of the land battle and Sullivan's movements. By what 
name i« that battle known '; Aits. Quaker Hill, or Batt's Hill. 

7 7. What account can you f?ive of Grey's expedition ? 

77. 78. Give an account of the " Massacre of Wyominj?." Also ot" the at- 
tack upon C'iierr" Valley. Where is Wyominij? (Map, p. .38.) Chem Vel'.ey ? 

79. What expedition was sent against Georgia? What did the litrliisb ,„<> 
complish in Georgia '/ 



88 THE AMEBICAN REVOLUTION. [1719. 



Campbell, its commander, proceeded against Savannah, 
then defended by a small force under Gen. Robert Howe, 
and, on the 29th of December, made an attack. The 
Americans were defeated witli much loss, and, in conse- 
quence, Savannah fell into the hands of the British, and 
was retained by them till 1783. 

80. Events op 1779. — At the beginning of 1779 only 
one post in Georgia, that of Sunbury, remained in pos- 
session of the Americans. This was captured on the 9th 
of January by Gen. Pre-vost', who had arrived with troops 
from Florida. Assuming the command of the British 
forces in the South, Prevost ordered Campbell to occupy 
Augusta, his object being to encourage the tories in that 
region to join the royal standard. 

81. The tories along the western frontiers of the Caroli- 
nas were thus induced to organize themselves into a body, 
with Col. Boyd in commatid. They then marched to- 
ward the Savannah, committinor crreat devastation and 
cruelties as they proceeded ; but, at Kettle Creek, Feb. 
14th, they were attacked by a force of Carolina militia, 
under Col. Pickens, and utterly defeated. Boyd was 
among the slain. 

82. Encouraged by this success, Gen. Lincoln, then in 
command of the American forces at the South, sent Gen. 
Ashe (ash) to aid in driving the enemy from Augusta. 
The patriots having concentrated a force opposite that 
town, Campbell fled. Ashe pursued, but at Brier Creek, 
March 3d, he was surprised by Prevost, and defeated, 
losing nearly his whole army by death, captivity, and 
dispersion. 

83. Learning that a body of British troops was sta- 



80. What did the British accomplish in Georgia, in January, 1799? 

81. Give an account of Boyd's operations and defeat. 
S'i. Give an account of Ashe's operations and defeat. 

83. Of Lincoln's operations and defeat. Of the disasters at the North 
Where is Stony Point ? (Map, p. 38.) Verplanck's Point ? 



1779. 



THE AMEIilCAN REVOLUTION. 



89 



tioned at Stono VvAvy, ten rnilcB from CharlcHton, Lincoln 
determined to drive the enemy from a position so menacing 
to the city. Accordingly the attempt was made, June 20th, 
but, after a severe engagement, tlie Americans were re- 
puls(!d. Disaster, too, attended the patriotic cause at the 
Nortii. Tryon made two nior(; (expeditions against Connec- 
ticut, and Clinton ca|>tun;d Stony Point and Verplanck's 
Point. 









J^'v3^,irv,]»'J|frTlrW| 



11 O J^ -SL 



}r'-l^' 






Kit ItLM'e Sfirr. 



V).' 



SaTiinnali. ' 



XA«TE¥OrPART 

ot llic 

CAROLINAS 

,0 3O_«0^^j^^ 



84. Washington, desiring to recapture Stony Point, 
planned an attack to Ix? conducted )>y Wayne.* At mid- 

Map (iUKKTioNS.— What State ih on thf; South of Viminia? On the South of 
North Ciirolina V On th<! Kouth and west of South f-ardina? Where ifl Savan- 
nah? Siinhiiry? Aii{^n>-ta? Monk'n Corner? Ninety-six? Itocky Mount? 
IIanKin<,' Koek ? Kint^'s Mountain ? Cowr»cMK? f;nilford Court HoiiHe? Wil- 
min^^ton ? (.'amden? IIobkirk'H Hill ? Eutaw SprinifK ? Into what river df)e!i 
Brier Or(!ek How ? Waxhaw Creek? SanderH Creek ? Catawba K. ? Yadkin 
K. ? Dan J^ ? 



* Cell. CFiarleH Lee, when he heard of Wayiui's achievement, wrote to him as 
foIlowH : "I flo mo-t HJncerely declare that your aH^aiilt <m Stony Point is not 
only the moHt brilliant, in my opinion, throiit^liout the whole coiirne of the war, 
on either Bide, but tliat itia the mobt brilliant I am acquainted witli in hlHtory." 



90 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. [1779. 

night, oil the 15th of July, the Americans, in two cohimns, 
forced their way into the fort from opposite sides, and, 
meeting in the centre of the works, the garrison surren- 
dered at discretion. The entire loss of the patriots in this 
brilliant success, achieved at the point of the bayonet and 
without firing a gun, was fifteen killed and eighty-three 
wounded. The enemy lost upward of six hundred in 
killed and prisoners. 

85. About a month after (Aug. 19), another brilliant 
exploit crowned the eflTorts of the patriots. The British 
post at Paulus (/)«<!/;'-/?r6) Hook, in New Jersey, opposite 
the city of New York, was surprised at night by Major 
Lee, and one hundred and fifty of the garrison were made 
prisoners. 

86. Sullivan, who had been sent against the Indians 
of Western New York to check their depredations and 
avenge the " Massacre of Wyoming," was completely 
successful. He defeated a body of Indians and tories in 
the battle of the Chemung [she-mung')^ August 29th, and 
then destroyed forty Indian villages, and a vast amount 
of corn. 

87. In September an obstinate engagement took place 
oflf the eastern coast of England, between a small squad- 
ron of French and American vessels, commanded by Puul 
Jones, and two British frigates. It lasted from seven till 
ten at night, Avhen both frigates surrendered.* 

88. D'Estaing, as has been stated, sailed from Rhode 
Island to Boston. Thence he went to the West Indies. 
In September, 1V79, he appeared before Savannah, and 
prepared to co-operate with Lincoln for the recovery of 



84. Give an account of the battle of Stony Point. 

85. or the exploit at Pauhis Hook. Where was Paulus Hook? 

86. Give an account of Sullivan's expedition against the Indians. Where 
was Chemunsr? (Map. p. ;».) 

87. Of Paul Jones's remarkable naval battle. 

88. Of the operations and failure of D'Estaing and Lincoln. 

* See Appendix, page 69, topic Sj. 



1780.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 9X 

the town. On the 9th of October, after a siege of about 
three weeks, a disastrous assault was made. Among 
tliose who fell was the gallant Count Pulaski. (P. 80,^50.) 

89. Events of 1780. — The principal military operations 
of 1780 were carried on in the Carolinas. Clinton, with 
a fleet commanded by Ar'-buth-not, having sailed from 
New York to the South, appeared before Charleston in 
February, r»nd, on the 1st of April, commenced a regular 
siege. The forces defending the city were commanded 
by Lincoln. 

00. While the siege was in progress, an American corps, 
stationed at Monk's Corner to keep open a communica- 
tion between the city and the interior, was surprised by 
Col. Tarleten (tarl'-tioi) and put to flight. On the 12th 
of May, after a heroic defence of about forty days, Lincoln 
surrendered ; and six thousand prisoners fell into the hands 
of the British. 

91. To complete the subjugation of South Carolina, as 
Clinton contemplated, expeditions were sent into the inte- 
rior. One of these captured the post of Ninety-Six ; and 
another, commanded by Tarleton, pursued a body of 
troops, under Col. Buford {biX' -furcl) . At Wax'-haw 
Creek, Tarleton overtook the patriots, and, falling upon 
them impetuously, massacred or maimed nearly every man. 

92. Clinton, believing South Carolina to be subdued, 
sailed for New York, leaving Cornwallis to carry the war 
into North Carolina and Virginia ; but Generals Sumter 
and Marion [mar' -e-un) ^ and other patriot leaders, by their 
partisan warfare, still kept alive the spirit of freedom at 
the South. Though Sumter met with a repulse at Kocky 

89. How were the operations of 1780 commenced ? 

90. Oive an account of the battle of Monk's Corner. 

89, 90. Give an account of the sicjje and surrender of Charleston. 

91. What post in South Carolina did the British then capture? Gi\e an 
account of Tarleton's success and inhumanity. 

93. At this sta(,'e what course did Clinton pursue ? What ':an you ttule oi 
the doiiiirs of Sumter and Marion ? 

93. Give an account of ti'o baltU' of Sanders Creek. 



92 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, [1780. 

Mount, yet at Hanging Rock, only a week after, he gained 
a decided victory.* 

93. On the ICth of August occurred the battle of San- 
ders Creek. Gen. Gates, who had been appointed by 
Congress to succeed Lincoln in the command at the 
South, advanced against the British, and was met by 
Cornwallis a short distance from Camden. After a des- 
perate contest, the American regulars, being deserted by 
the militia, were forced to retreat, with a loss of about a 
thousand men. De Kalb, mortally wounded, was taken 
prisoner. (See Appendix, p. 66, topic 49.) 

94. Gates's defeat let loose the enemy against Sumter, 
who, at Fishing Creek, two days after, was surprised by 
Tarleton, and routed with great slaugnter. Believing 
South Carolina to be at last subdued, Cornwallis pro- 
ceeded to overrun North Carolina, detaching Major Fer- 
guson to precede him. Large numbers oi tories joined 
the detachment during its marcli. 

95. The excesses of which Ferguson's troops were 
guilty so exasperated the inhabitants, that a hastily- 
formed force, under Col. Campbell, attacked them at 
King's Mountain, Oct. Tth, and killed Ferfruson and one 
hundred and fifty of his men. The remainder, number- 
ing more than eight hundred, surrendered. The loss of 
the Americans was only twenty. 

96. Arnold's Treason. — The year 1780 is particularly 
memorable for the "Treason of Arnold.*' In 1778, after 
the British had evacuated Philadelphia, Arnold was put 
in command of that city. Here he lived at an expense 
beyond his income, and, to meet the demands of his cred- 
itoi-s, appropriated public funds to his own use. Charges 

04. What disaster was a sequel to that of Sanders Creefe ? What did Corn- 
wallis proceed to do then ? 

94, 95. Give an account of the battle of Kind's. Mountam. 

96. For wh<it is the vear 17S0 particularlv remarkable ? How was Arnold 
led to take the sten in treason r 



^: See App., page 70, topic 103 iMarion) ; also App., p. 73. topic 154 (SnmterX 



1780.1 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



93 



were preferred against him, and, in conformity with the 
decision of the court, he was reprimanded by Washing- 
ton. He felt the disgrace, and 
determined to wreak his ven- 
geance. 

97. Having secured the com- 
mand of West Point, he offered, 
by means of a correspondence 
which he had carried on several 
months, to betray it into the 
liands of Clinton. Major An'-dre, 
aid-de-camp to Clinton, was sent 
to finish the plan of treason and 
adjust the traitor's recompense. 
Andre proceeded up the Hud- 
son, and at a place six miles be- 
low West Point, met Arnold, 
and completed the bargain. 

98. Instead of returning by water, as had been pre- 
viously arranged, Andre was compelled by circumstances 
to cross to the east side of the Hudson and proceed by 
land. When near Tarrytown, he was stopped by three 
militiamen,— Paulding, Williams, and Van Wart,— who 
conducted him to North Castle, the nearest military sta- 
tion of the Americans. 

99. The commander at North Castle, having no suspi- 
cion of Arnold's base design, wrote to that officer, inform- 
ing him of the arrest of Andre. The traitor, startled and 
alarmed upon reading the letter, escaped on board the 
British sloop-of-war Vulture, the vessel which had been 




Map CJuk?tion«.— Whpre if Stony Point ? Verplanck'p Point ? West Point ? 
Tarrytown ? Tappan ? Whcro. waH iFort Indoponnonrc ? Fort Clinton ? 

97- I" what way did Arnold proceed? What further account can you irive? 

98. State how Arnold's desij^ was frustrated. Where is North Castle f 
(Map. p. 29.) 

99. What act of stupidity did the commander at North Castle commlf 
What was the consequence ? 



94 THE AMERICAN RETOLirriON. [1181. 

mt<?mkHl tor Andre's return, aiul took rotuo;o in Now 
York. (Soo Appendix, p. tVJ, lopio o.) 

16(K Andix* was oonvoyod lo Tappan (Ai/w/vTim'), a vil- 
lage on tlie west side of the Hudson, opposite Tarrylown, 
and was there tried by a eourt-niarlial, t'ound guilty, and, 
agreeably to the hiws and usages of iu\tions, exemited as 
a Npy. ArnoUi was made a brigadier-genenil in the Brit- 
ish serviee. (^See Appei\dix, p. Oo. topio 0.) 

101. EvKSTS OF l": Sly aud to tM l^</innhi(/ o/' Was/h 
in(jfo}i\< Adminisfratfon. — During the winter ot* 17j^i>-1, 
great diss;uist^ietion exist^nl among the trv>ops of Wash- 
ington's army, btvause they had not been paid for several 
months, and were not piwided with sutlieient elothing 
and provisions* This feeling inereasing among the Penn- 
sylvania tn,>ops, owing to a dispute alnnit the term of their 
enlistment, they let\ their eamp at Morristown, on the 
first day of 1781, to seek rvnlress of Congivss. 

10?. On the luari^h tow^uxl Philadelphia, they wore 
overtaken by two emissivries of Clinton, whom tlu\v 
seized and oondueted to Gen. Wayne, to bo treated as 
spies. At Prinoeton they wen^ met by a oommittoo of 
Congress, who satisfied their pressing wants, and tims 
suppressed the ivvolt. This 'mutiny, and another among 
the New Jersey triH>ps, whieh was speedily quelled by 
military power, quiekoned Congress to aot lor the relief 
of the army. 

103. Taxation was resorted to, an agent was sent to 
Eui\>pe for aid, and other measuivs wore adopted. Uobort 
^lorris, who had been appointed snporintenvlont of the 
national trv^isury, was very aetive in the diseharge of his 
duties ; and, by the finaneial aid whieh he rendered, en- 

1 00. Tn^-^l Hirthor can rv>u state of Andre and Arnold? 

101 NV :•..-,; .1 .ir. •.■.•. uc ovont mairkoil ihc oivniivjr of ITSl * 

102. ».'•.>;- .v.; .-.vw^unt of The miitiuv, uf a s^ocrMHi mutinv. and what fol- 
Knrtv. W;;on ;> Mv^msunvn* vMap. i». TT.^ l*rincvton * 

103. S'..s;c \v iia; iuc4$uivs were adopted by Conjrcsi. 



1 781. J 'JlIK AMEPJCAN ilKVOIXnON. 95 



ji.};lr;'J (JongfcsH to proHCCuU; tJio war. (/pori IjIh reoorn- 
ni<-ii<J>j.t.io/i thr; iiarik of Noitl) Arnf;iJca was c-Mtablinhod at 
;j. ]at,(;r period, aud this instituti<^fj proved of great service 
'Juring the r(;st of the contest. 

101. Gates, in conHequence of his defeat at Sanders 
(■|(;(;k, was superseded in the command by (ien. (ireene, 
who at oric(; sent Gen. Morgan to check the devastations 
^)i' the liiitisli in Soutfi C'arolina. At the Cow'-pens, on the 
17th of January, Tarh'ton overtook Morgan ; but, after a 
severe battle, the 15ritis}j wcra eompletely routed, losing 
about eight hundrerj n)(;ri, wPjile the loss of the Arne-ricans 
did not exc(;ed eighty. 

105. Morgan, after his victory, hurried off in a north- 
easterly direction ; and Cornwallis, on lieai-ing of 'J'arle- 
ton's def(;at, started in j>ursuit, and reached the Ca-taw'- 
ba, at ev(;ning, on the 20th, just trvo hours after the 
Americans }iad fonlfMl the river. Tie halted, inten^lini; 
to cross in th(; mornincr, l>ut, during the niglit, a lieavy 
rain set in, and, by daybreak, th(^ stream was so swollen 
as to be impassabh'. 

106. Mcsc^ on the east side of the Catawba, Greene 
canif; to the aid of Morgan, and, taking the command, 
coritinued the i-f treat. At the Yad'-kin tlie Americans 
were again favor(;d }>y a rain-storm ; and, after tliey cj'ossed 
t}je Dan, (/orriwallis gave up the pursuit. 

107. Id a U-\v days Greene recrossed the Dan into 
Korti) (Carolina. Iteceiving re-enforcement, which in- 
cn.'as(,'d liis army to ovr;r four thousand men, he no longer 
avoided a battle. At Guilford ((jldl'-fard) Court House, 
where lie had taken a position, he was attacked on the 
loth of March. The result, though unfavorable to the 

104. Wfiat wuH Ihfj roTiHCMuoTicc to Gates of his defeat at Sanders Creek? 
Givf; an uffoiuit fjfthe battle or tli',- Cowjien:-'. 

105. 100. Give an account of the memorable retreat and puraalt throir^'h 
North (^'aroliiiu. 

107. What movement unfl battle soon after took jilace ? Give an account 
of the battle and its conttequences. 



96 THE A2CERia\N REVOLUTION. [17 81 



Americans, left Cornwallis in such a disabled condition 
that, thive days alter, he ivtreaied iVoiu the tield of vic- 
tory, taking tlie road to Wilmington. 

lOS. Givene nillied his forces, and for several dnvs pnr- 
suod Cornwallis ; but not being able to overtake him, ad- 
vanceii into South Carolina to attack tlie enemy at Cam- 
den. At llobkirk's Hill, two miles from that place. Lord 
Kawdon partly surprised him on the i25th of April. The 
strniTillc was warred with varied fortune, but at length a 
rciximent of the Americans breaking, the patriots were 
forced to retreat. 

109. The battle of Kutaw [u-fatc) Springs, fought on 
the Sth of September, between Greene and Stuart, closed 
the contest in the Carolinas. This was a desperate en- 
gagement, and at one time victory seemed certain for the 
Americans: but the British n^llying, Givene drew oft' his 
troops, taking with him about live hundred prisoners. 

110. Cornwallis proceeded Vrom Wilmington to Vir- 
ginia, whei*e, during the summer, his operations were very 
distressing to the patriotic inhabitants. To Latayette 
was intrusted tlie defence of Virginia, but, owing to the 
inferiority of his force, he was not able to make a stand 
against the enemy. In August, Cornwallis concentrated 
his forces at Yorktown, and at once began to strengthen 
his position by fortifications, 

111. In the mean time Washington liad made prepara- 
tions by which a large force of French troops, co-vtperating 
■with anotlier of Americans, was to make an attack for 
the recovery of New York. On learning, however, that 

1 OS. What hold movemont did Oroono then make « Give an account of the 
b;itT!oofIlohkirk-*I!ill. 

109. Give an acctnmt of the Kettle of Eutaw Sprinci?. 

110. What movement did ConnvalHs make after leaviuc Wilmincton? 
What is svaid of Lafavette's efforts * What position did Cornwallis linally se- 
)ect and fortifv * Where is Yorktown ? v^ap, p. ri6.) Into what water docs the 
James Rivi-r Aow ? The York River ? 

111. What extensive preparations had Washington iu the mean time made ? 
Wh)- did he alter his desi^jn * 



1781.1 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 97 



a French fleet wonl^l woori arrive in the Chesapeake, 
WaHhington was iri<liH-('<l 1,o cfiari'^o }iis design, and prr>- 
cecid ui(;iirist Cornwallis. 

112. liut wliile continuing pn,'parations, as if against 
C/Iinton at New V'oi-k, Washington actually began his 
rnarcli for Yoi-ktown ; consequently, before Clinton be- 
came aware of the real intentions of the American com- 
mander, tl»e Frenf;h and Ameiican troops were well on 
their way to Virginia. 

Wi. It b(;ing too late to adopt any direct measures for 
the airl of Cornwallis, Clinton under- ^ 

took to recall Wasliington, by liurry- 
ing off an expedition under Arnold 
against New London. Fort Oris wold 
made a brave defence, but was finally 
carried by assault. Col. Led '-yard, its 
commander, was murdered with his new i.o.vi>on and 
own sword, after yielding it up, and vicinity. 

many of the garrison were also slaughtered. The town 
was reduced to asJies. 

114. Arnold's expedition failed to recall Washington, 
and Vorktown was soon invested with a large land force, 
while the F'rench fleet, commanded by Count de Grasse 
(«7'/v/.v), }>lockaded the York and .Tames rivers. On the 
9th of October, the allied armies commenced a cannonade 
so heavy that in a day or two most of the works of the 
British were demolished. At length, on the 19th, finding 
liis j)osition untenable, and seeing no prospect of relief, 
Cornwallis surrendered the place, with more than seven 
thousand soldiers, to Washington, and his shipping and 
seamen to De Grasse. 

115. The surrender of Cornwallis caused great rejoicing 




112. Statf; how Clinton became (lecfiiverl. 

I I :{. What, ronntorplot did CornwaliiH adopt ? How did Arnold execute the 
part a««li,'nod him ? 

1 14. Give an account of the 8ic{(e and Rurrender of Yorktown. 

5 



98 THE AMEKICAN KETOLUTION. ri782, 

throughout the United States, being considered a death- 
blow to the T\ar. In England, public opinion, in conse- 
quence, became so decidedly opposed to the further pros- 
ecution of hostilities, that negotiations were entered into 
for the establishment of peace. 

116. On the 30th of Xovember, 1TS2, a preliminary 
treaty was signed at Paris by commissioners from the two 
governments, those from the United States being John 
Adams, Benjamin Franklin, John Jay, and Henry Laurens. 
On the 19th of April, 1783, a cessation of hostilities was 
proclaimed in the American army ; and on the 3d of Sep- 
tember following, a deiinitive treaty was signed at Paris. 

117. By the terms of the treaty, Great Britain acknow- 
ledged the independence of the United States, and the 
boundaries were tixed at the great lakes on the north and 
the Mississippi on the west. She also conceded the right 
to iish on tlie Banks of Xewfoundland. Florida was re- 
turned to Spain. (See Appendix, p. 66, topic 54.) 

118. At the close of the war the government was una- 
ble to meet the just claims of its creditors, and the conse- 
quence was general discontent, particularly among the 
officei*s and privates of the army. Through the influence 
of Washington the ill-feeling among the troops was al- 
layed ; and Congress afterward granted five years" wliole 
pay to the officers, instead of, as by resolution passed in 
1780, half-pay for life. Four months' whole pay was 
granted to the privates. 

119. By order of Congress, the army was disbanded on 
the 3d of Xovember, 1783. On the 25th of the same 
month Xew York was evacuated by the British ; and in 
December following, Washington, " with a heart full of 



115. What was the effect in America and England ? 

116. What ?teps were taken for the establish'meut of peace ? 

117. Wh.ir term* of the treaty are mentioned ? 

lis. In what condition did the close of the war find the national finances ? 
How were the troubles with the arrav healed ? 



Note. — For Franklin, see Appendix, page 66, topic 53. 



Progressive Map ISTo. S 




17S7.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 99 

love and gratitude," took leave of his officers at that city. 
He then repaired to An-nap'-o-lis ; and there, on the 23d 
of December, in a simple and impressive address, resigned 
to Congress his commission as commander-in-chief On 
the following day he reached his home at Mount Vernon. 

120. It was found that, by the Articles of Confeder- 
ation, under which the United States had existed since 
1781, Congress had no power to raise money and pay the 
debts incurred by th'e war. The individual States were 
therefore called upon for funds ; but their efforts to raise 
them by direct taxation produced great opposition, espe- 
cially in Massachusetts, where it grew to an open insur- 
rection, known as Shays's Rebellion. This, however, was 
suppressed in 1787. (See Appendix, p. 76, topic 192.) 

121. This rebellion and other causes convinced the peo- 
ple that a more powerful general government was needed. 
Accordingly, a national- convention w^as held at Phila- 
delphia, with Washington as president, and after four 
months' deliberation, the Constitution was adopted, Sep- 
tember 17th, 1787. After being ratified by the requisite 
number of States, though not without great opposition, it 
went into operation on the 4th of March, 1789.* 



CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. 

1765. Parliament passed the Stamp Act March 8. 

The Colonial Congress met in New York Oct. 7. 

1766. Parliament repealed the Stamp Act March 18. 

1767. A bill taxing tea, glass, paper, etc., was passed June 29. 

1768. A body of British troops arrived at Boston Sept. 27. 

1770. Affray, known as the " Boston Massacre," occurred . March 5. 

119. Name some of the closinsf scenes of the war. To what place did 
Washinjiton then {jo ? Where is Mount Vernon ? (Map. p. 126.) Annapolis ? 

120. Peace beinc: established, what embarrassments beset ronjrrcss ? What 
measure for relief was adopted ? Give an account of Shays's Rebellion. 

121. To what conviction did Shays's rebellion and other causes lead ? State 
what followed. 

* See Appendix, page 9 ; and note, Appendix, page 11. 



100 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

1773. The tea in Boston harbor wt\s thrown overboard Dec 16. 

1774. The Boston Port Bill was passed by Parliament. . .Mareh 31. 
The Fii-st Continental Congress met in Philadelphia.. Sept. 5. 

1775. The war oommeneed with the battle of Lexington . .April 19. 

Allen and Arnold eaptuivd Tioctnderoga ]\[ay lO. 

Washington was eleeted eommander-in-ehief June 15. 

The battle o( Bunker Hill oeeurred June 17. 

Montreal surivndered to Montgomery Nov. 13. 

jNIontgomery was defeated and slain at Quebec Dec. 31. 

1771). Boston was evacuated by the British troops ^[arch 17. 

The British weiv repulsed at Ft. Moultrie, Charleston. June 28. 
Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence. . .July 4. 

The Americans were defeated on Long Island Aug. 27. 

AVaslnngti)n was defeated at White Plains Oct. 28. 

Tht^ British captured Fort Washington Nov. 16. 

Washington took a thousand prisonei-s at Trenton.. .Dec. 20. 

1777. Washington gained a victory at Princeton Jan. 3. 

Tryou made an expeditu^n against Connecticut April 26. 

Meigs destroyed British property at Sag Harbor. . . . May 23. 
Burgoyne commenced his invasion of New York.. . .June 16. 

Ticonderoga fell into the hands o( Burgoyne July 5. 

The Americans were defeatei.i at llubbardton July 7. 

Prescott was captured by Barton at Rhode Ishmd. . .July 10. 

Fort Schuyler was besieged by St. Leger Aug. 3. 

Herkimer was defeated at Oriskany Aug. 6. 

Stark defeated Baum at Bennington Aug. 16. 

Howe defeated Washington at Bnindywine Sept. 11. 

The battle o( Bemis Heights was fought Sept. 19. 

Grey defeated Wayne at Paoli Sept,. 20. 

Howe took possession of Philadelphia Sept. 26. 

The British repulsed the Americans at Germantowu. .Oct. 4. 
The British captured Forts Clinton and Montgomery. . Oct. 6. 

The battle of Saratoga was fought Oct 7. 

Burgoyne surrendered his army to Gates Oct. 17. 

The British weiv repulsed at Fts. fiercer and Mifflin. Oct, 22. 
Am. army went into winter-quart ei"s at Valley Foi-ge.Dec. 11. 

1778. France acknowledged the independence of the U. S. . .Feb. 6. 
The British, under Clinton, evacuated Philadelphia June 18. 

Washington deleated Clinton at Monmouth June 28. 

The battle and massacre at Wyoming occurred July 3, 4. 

Sullivan defeated the British at Quaker Hill, R L. . .Aug. 20 



THE AMERICAN DEVOLUTION. 101 

1778. Toriefl and Indians rnassacrod people at Chany V'y Nov. IL 

CaniplK;)! ca|)tured Savannah Dec. 29. 

i779. The Jiritish, under I/revoHt, captured Sunbury Jan. 9 

l^iekens d(;feated Boyd at Ketthi Creek Feb. 14, 

PrevoHt suipri.sed and defeated Ashe at Brier Creek. March ^j. 

The British repulsed Lincoln at Stono Ferry June 20. 

The Americans, under Wayne, captured Stony Point. July 15. 

The British garrison at Paulus Hook was captured. .Au^. 19. 

Sullivan n)ade an expedition against the Indians. Aug., Sept. 

Paul Jones gained a victory off the coast of P^ngland. Sept. 23. 

D'Estaing and Lincoln were reoulsed at Savannah.. . .Oct. 9. 

1780. CJharleston was besi(;ged by the British April and May. 

Tarleton defeated th(; Americans at Monk's Comer. April 14. 

Lincoln surrendered Charleston to Clinton May 12. 

Tarleton defeated Buford at Waxhaw Creek May 29. 

Corn wall is defeated CatcfJat Sanders Cieek Aug. 16. 

Tarleton routed Sumter at Fishing (Jreek Aug. IS. 

Arnold plotted to betray West Point to the Bj'itish. 

Andre was executed as a spy, at Tappan Oct. 2. 

Ferguson was defeated and slain at King's Mt Oct. 7. 

1781. The Pennsylvania troops revolted Jan. 1. 

Morgan defeated Tarleton at the Cowpens Ian. 17. 

The New Jersey troops revolted Jan. 18. 

Comwallis pursued Morgan and Greene Jan., Feb. 

The Articles of Confederation were ratified by the States. 

Comwallis defeated Greene at Guilford C. II March 15. 

Rawdon defeated Greene at Hobkirk's Hill April 25. 

Amold made an expedition against New London. . . .Sept. 6. 

The battle and massacre at Ft. Griswold occurred Sept. G. 

The battle of Eutaw Springs was fought Sept. 8. 

Yorktown w^as besieged by Americans and French . . Sept. liO. 
Comwallis surrendered at Yorktown Oct. 19. 

1782. A preliminary treaty of peace was signed at Paris. . .Nov. 30. 

1783. Savannah was evacuated by the British July 11. 

A definitive treaty of peace was signed at Paris Sept. 3. 

The American army was disl)anded Nov. 3. 

New York was evacuated l)y the British Nov. 25. 

Charleston was evacuated by the British Dec. 14 

Washington resigned his conmiission to Congress. . Dec. 23 

1787. Shays's Rebellion occurred in Massachusetts. 

Convention at Philadelphia adopted Const, of U. S..Sept. 17. 



PRINCIPAL BATTLES OF THE REVOLUTION. 

• The Riterisk indicates the successful party, t Doubtful. 



1775. 
April 19, 
June 17, 
Doc. 81, 

1776. 
June "iS, 
Aug. 27, 
Oct 28, 
Nov. 16, 
Dec. 26, 

1777. 
Jan. 8. 
July 7, 
Auii. 6. 
Aui. 16, 
Sopt 11, 
Sept 19, 
Sept. 20, 
Oct, 4, 

Oct 6, i 

Oct 7, 

Oct 22, -j 

Nov. IG, 

1778. 
June 28, 
July 8. 
A us. 29, 
Dec. 29, 

1779. 
Feb. 14, 
March 8, 
June 20, 
July 15, 
A us. 18, 
' 19, 
Aug. 29, 
SepL 23, 
Oot 9, 

1780. 
April 14, 
Mav 12, 
Muv 29, 
Juiie 28, 
July 80, 
Aug. 6, 
Aug. 16, 
Aug. 18, 
Oct 7, 

1781. 
Jan. 17, 
March 16, 
April 25, 
Sept 6, 
Sept 8, 
Oct 19, 



Lexington 

Bunker Hill 

Quebec 

Fort Moultrie 

Long Island 

White Plains 

Fort Washington. 
Trenton 

Princeton 

llubbanlton 

Oriskanyt 

Bennington 

Brandynine 

Beniis Heights. . . 

Paoli 

Germantown 

Fort Clinton 

Fort Montgomery 

Saratoga 

Fi>rt Mercer 

FortMitflin 

Fort Mifflin 

Monmouth 

Wyoming 

Rhode Island 

Savannah 

Kettle Creek 

Brier Creek 

Stono Ferry 

Stony Point 

Penobscot 

Paulus Hook 

Chemung, 

Flamboro' Head . 
Savannah 

Monk's Corner 

Charleston — 

Waxhaw 

Springfield, N. J., 

Kocky Mount 

Hanging Uock 

San iers Cteek 

Fishing Creek 

King's Mountain.. 

Cowpens , 

Guilford 0. H 

Hobkirk's Hill.... 

Fort Griswold 

Eutiw Springst... 
Yorktowu 



COMMANDERS. 



Parker 

Prescott 

Montgomery 



Moultrie* . . 

Putnam 

McDougall . 

Magaw 

Washington* 



Washington*. 

Warner 

Herkimer 

Stark* 

Washington.., 

Gates* r 

Wayne , 

Wasiiington... 
Jas. Clinton. ( 
Gov. Clinton ) 

Gates* 

Col. Greene*., 
Col. Smith* ., 
Major Thayer 



British. 



Smith* 

Gen. Howe*. 
Carleton* ... 



Parker 

Gen. Howe*. 

Leslie* 

Gen. Howe*. 
Eahl 



Mawhood . . . 

Fraser* 

St Leger 

Baum " 

Gen. Howe* , 
Burgoyne . . . 

Grey* 

Gen. Howe* , 

Sir II. Clinton* 

Burgoyne . . 

Donop 

Gen. Howe. 
Gen. Howe- 



Washington* 
Col. Z. Butler, 

Sullivan* 

Robert Howe, 



Pickens* 

Ashe 

Lincoln 

Wayne* 

Lovell 

M.njor Lee* . . 

Sullivan* 

Paul Jones*.. 
Lincoln 



Clinton 

J»>liu Butler* 

Pigot 

Calnpbell*.. 



Boyd 

Prevost*. . 
Mai tl and*. 
•Johnson •. 
McLean* . 
Sutherland 

Brant 

Pearson . . 
Prevost*. . 



linger j Tarleton* .. . . 

Lincoln 1 Clinton* 

Buford Tarleton* 

Greene* I Knyphausen. 

Sumter | Turnbull* ... 

Sumter* Brown 

Gates Cornwallis* . . 

Sumter ' Tarleton*..-.. 



MEN EMOAaBU. 



Am'ncn | British. 



unknwn 

1.500 

900 



400 

10,000 

1,600 

aooo 

2.400 



8,000 

700 

1,000 

2,000 

ll.(H)0 
2,500 
1,500 

11,000 

600 

8,000 
450 
400 

400 



12.000 

400 

6,000 

900 



1,200 
800 

1,200 
900 
850 

4,000 
squadr'n 

4.500 



Campbell*. 



Ferguson . 



800 

8,700 

400 

8,000 

600 

600 

8.000 

700 

900 



Morgan* ! Tarleton . . . 

Greene j Cornwallia* 

Greene | Rawdon* . . 

Ledyard | Eyre* 

Greene Stuart 

Washington*. . Cornwullis. 



900 
4,400 
1.200 

150 
2.000 
16,000 



1.700 
8.000 
1,200 



4,000 
20.000 
2.000 
5,000 
1,000 



1,800 
1,200 
1,500 
1,200 

laooo 

8.000 
8,000 
16,000 

8,000 

4,500 
2,000 

Mixed. 

Mixed. 



11,000 
1,100 
6,000 
2,000 



700 
1,800 
1,200 

600 
8,000 

250 
1.500 
vesselt^ 
2.900 



600 
9.00(^ 

700 
5.0(H1 

600 

500 
2.20() 

850 
1,100 



1,100 
2,400 
900 
800 
2,800 
7,500 



BEVIEW QUESTIONS. 103 



REVIEW QUESTIONR. 

PAGH 

1. What principle of taxation did (he colonists contend for ? 65, 67 

2. Of what Britinh lef^inlation did the colonists first complain ? 06 

3. Give the liiBtory of the Stami) Act 66 

4. Give the history of the next measure of Parliament 66, 67 

5. State all you can of the tea tax, and the " Tea Party" 66, 67 

6. State what you can in relation to tin; Boston Port Bill 67, 68 

7. Give an account of the military operations of April, 1775 68, 69 

8. What ten important events occurred from 1765 to 1775 ? 09, 100 

9. Give an account of the taking of Ticonderotja and Crown Point 69 

10. What occurred in and near Boston in June, 1775 ? 69, 70 

11. What three Congresses had previously met ? 66, 68, 71 

12. What did the first conjgrcss accomplish ? 66 

13. What was accomplished by the Congress of 1771 ? 68 

14. What measures did the Congress of 1775 adopt ? 71 

15. Give an account of the invasion of Canada, in 1775 71, 72 

16. Give an account of two battles before (Quebec 62, 72 

17. Name, in order, six important events of 1775 100 

18. Write an account of Washington previous to 1776 50, 55, 56, 57, 60, 71 

19. Describe three battles of 1775 68, 69, 70, 72, 102 

20. What were the first important operations of 1776 ? 72, 73 

21. Give an account of Parker's southwa-d movements 73 

22. Give an account of the attack upon Fort Moultrie 73, 74 

23. How is Fort Moultrie situated? (Map, p. 73.) 

24. How many colonies united in the Declaration of Independence? Ans. 13. 

25. Name them in the order of their colonization. (See table, end of History.) 
20. What preparations did Howe make to capture Washington's army ?. . . 74 

27. Give an account of the battle of Long Island 75 

28. What movements did Washington make from August 27"to Dec. 8 ? . . . 75, 76 

29. How did the AnK^ricans lose Forts Washington and Lee ?. 76 

30. Give an account of the events of December, 1770 76 

31. Name, in chronological order, seven events of 1776 100 

32. Name five battles that occurred in 1776 102 

33. Give the dates of their occurrence and other particulars 102 

34. Give an account of the events of January, 1777 77, 78 

35. What aid did Lafayette extend to the patriots ? 78 

36. Give an account of Tryon's three expeditions 78, 89 

37. What were the successes of Meigs and Barton ? 78, 79 

38. What army movements were made in the early part of 1777 ? 79 

39. What movements by land and water did Gen. Howe make ? 79 

40. Wliat courses and on what waters did Gen. Howe sail ? 53 

41. What four important events occurred in September, 1777 ? 100 

42. Give a full account of the battle of Brandywine 79, 80, 102 

43. What were the consequences of the battle ? 80 

44. Name five important events that occurred in October, 1777 103 

45. Give a full account of the battle of Germantown 80, 102 

46. Describe the two attacks upon Forts Merc(,"r and Mifllin 80, 81 

47. What is stated m connection with Valley Forge ? 81 

48. What invading force did Burgoj^ne command ? 61 



104 EEVIEW QUESTIONS. 



Page 

49. What plau of operations did Burgojne have ? 81 

50. What were his first two successes ? 81 

51. What two disasters next befell the patriots ? 82 

52. What I'etreating movement did Schuyler make ? . 82 

63. Give an account of Burgoyne's march to Fort Edward 82 

54. Give a fall account of St. Leger's operations S3, 102 

55. Give a full account of the battle of Bennington 83, 102 

56. What were the consequences of the British reverses ? S3, 85 

57. Give a full account of the battle of Bemis Heights 84, 102 

58. Give a full account of the battle of Saratoga 84, 102 

59. What did Clinton do up the Hudson river ? 84, 85 

60. Name, in chronological order, twenty events of 1TT7 100 

61. On what mission were Deane, Franklin, and Lee sent ? 73 

62. What success did they meet with ? 78, 85 

63. What were the other consequences of Burgoyne's surrender ? 85 

64. Give an account of D'Estaing's operations in America 85, 86, 87, 90, 91 

65. Give a full account of the battle of Monmouth 86, 102 

66. Give the history of General Lee 73, 75, 76, 86 

67. Of the attempt to drive the British from Rhode Island 86, 87 

68. Of the massacres at Wyoming and Cherry Valley 87 

69. How were the massacres subsequently avenged ? 90 

70. Give the historj- of Savannah 48, 87, 88, 00, 91, 101 

71. Name, in chronological order, seven important events of 1778 100, 101 

72. What were the events preceding the battle of Kettle Creek ? 88 

73. What occurred at the South in January and February, 1779 ? 88 

74. Give a full account of the Battle of Brier Creek 88,103 

75. What disasters befell the Americans in S. Carolina and Connecticut ? . . 88. 89 

76. Give a full account of the battle of Stony Point 89, 90, 102 

77. Give a full account of Paul Jones's victory 90,102 

78. Name, in chronological order, nine important events of 1780 101 

79. Give an account of Clinton's siege and capture of Charleston 91 

80. What events followed the loss of Charleston ? 91 

81. Give a full account of the battle of Sanders Creek 92, 102 

82. Give an account of Ferguson's expedition .92, 102 

83. Give a full history of Arnold's treason 92, 93. 94 

84. Give the history of Arnold 69, 71, 72, 78, S3, S4, 92, 93, 94, 97 

So. Give an account of two mutinies that occurred in the army 94 

86. Of the measures adopted in consequence 94, 95 

87. Of change in commanders and of the battle of the Cowpens 95 

88. Of the retreat conducted by Morgan and Greene 95 

89. Of Greene's subsequent movements 95, 96 

90. Of Cornwallis's movements from Hobkirk's Hill to Yorktown . . 96 

91. Of the siege of Yorkto\vn and surrender of Cornwallis 96, 97 

92. Of the consequences of Cornwallis's surrender 97, 98 

93. Name, in chronological order, the important events of 1781 101 

94. Give the histoiy of the Articles of Confederation So, 99 

95. What was the origin of the Constitntion of the I'nited States ? 99 

96. What battles of the Revolution Avere fought in Virginia ? 102 

97. Name twelve battles that occurred in the State of New York 103 

98. Name five battles that were fought in New Jersey 102 



WASUINGTON'S ADMINISTIIATION. 



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106 Washington's administration. li789. 



SECTION V. 

FEOM THE BEGIXXIXG OF WASHIXGTOx's ADMINISTRATION 
TO THE CLOSE OF JEFFEESOx's : 1789 TO 1809. 

1. Washington's Administration. — The first election 
for President of the United States resulted in the choice 
of George Washington, who received the whole number 
of electoral votes. At the same time John Adams of 
Massachusetts, was elected Vice-President. New York 
was then the capital; and in that city Washington ap- 
peared before the fii-^t constitutional Congress, and was 
inaugurated on tlie 30th of April, 1789. (Ap.,note, p. 11.)* 

2. Congress having created three executive depart- 
ments, — of state, treasury, and war, — the heads of which 
were to form the President's cabinet, Washington ap- 
pointed Thomas Jefferson of Virginia, Secretary of State ; 
Alexander Hamilton of Xew York, Secretary of the Treas- 
ury; and Henry Knox of ^Massachusetts, Secretary of 
War. Hamilton, by his judicious management, placed 
the public finances in a good condition ; and, upon his rec- 
ommendation, the debts of the states, contracted during 
the war, were assumed by the general government. 

3. In 1790 a law was passed establishing the seat of 
government at Philadelphia for ten years, and afterward 
locating it permanently on the Potomac. In the follow- 
ino^ year, the Bank of the United States was incorporated ; 

1. Who was the first president? First vice-president? What was New 
York City at that time ? When and where was Washin>rton inauiriirated ? 

2. What departments did Congress create? What of Hamilton and his plans : 

3. What the seat of government? Bank of the United States? Of Vermont? 



* " The oath was to be administered by the Chancellor of the State of Xew York (Robert 
R. Livingston) in a balcony in front of the Senate lUiamber (of Conjrress), and in full view 
of an immense miiltitmle occupying tlie streets (Wail and Broad), the windows, and even 
the roofs of the adjacent houses.'* * * The Chancellor advanced to administer the oath pre- 
scribed by the Constitution, and Mr. Otis, the Secretary of the Senate, held up the Bible on 
its crimson cushion. The oath was read slowly and distinctly, Washington at the same time 
laying his hand on the open Bible. When it was coucluded| he replied solemnly, ' I swear 
— so help my God.' Mr. Otis would have raised the Bible to his lips, but he bowed down 
reverently and kissed it. The Chancellor now stepped forward, waived his hand, and ex- 
claimed : 'Long live George Washington, President of the United States! ' At this mo- 
ment a flag was displayed on the cupola of the Hall (the new Federal Hall — old City Hall 
—where Congress met and the inauguration took place : it stood where the United States 
Treasury now is\ on which signal there was a general discharge of artillery on the battery. 
All the bells in the city rang out a joyful peal, and the multitude rent the air with accla- 
mations." — Irving'n Lire oKWiuihingt'on. 



1790.] Washington's administkation. 107 

and Vermont was admitted into the Union, making the 
number of states fourteen. During the Revolution, Ver- 
mont applied for admission into the Confederacy ; but as 
New York claimed the territory, the application was not 
granted. (See p. 189; also Ap]3. p. 75, topic 173.) 

4. In the summer of 1790 an Indian war was com- 
:menced by the tribes north of the Ohio. Washington at 
first used pacific means; but, these failing, he sent an 
expedition, under Gen. Harmar, against the hostile tribes. 
Harmar destroyed several of their villages, but, in two 
battles, near the present village of Fort Wayne, Indiana, 
he was defeated with severe loss. 

5. In the following year St. Clair marched against the 
Indians ; but while encamped at a place in the western 
part of Ohio he was surprised, and defeated with the loss of 
six hundred men. During the war, Kentucky, which had 
been previously claimed by Virginia, was admitted into 
the Union; and, in the same year, 1792, Washington was 
again elected president. Adams was also rechosen vice- 
president. (See p. 190 ; also App. p. 69, topic 90.) 

6. Gen. Wayne was finally sent against the Indians. 
In August, 1794, he met them near the rapids of the 
Mau-mee', and gained a complete victory. This success, 
followed up by vigorous measures, compelled the Indians 
.to sue for peace ; and, in 1 795, a treaty was made at Green- 
ville, by which a large tract of territory was ceded to the 
United States. Tennessee was admitted into the Union 
in 1796. (See p. 190; also App. p. 74, topic 160.) 

7. When France, during her great revolution, declared 
war against England, a large part of the people of this 

4 What occurred in 1790? Give an account of Harmar's expedition? 
Where is Fort Wayne? (p. 105.) . , ^.^. „,^ , . • , 4. xr . i o 

a Give an account of St. Clair's expedition. What is said of Kentucky? 
Of Washington's re-election ? . ,^, . . . -, ^ .1. ^ ^ * 

6 Give an account of Wavne's expedition. What is said of the treaty ol 
Greenville ? Where is Greenville ? (p. 105.) In what direction from Greenville 
is the battle-ground of Wayne's victory ? What is eaid of Tennessee ? 



108 JOHN ADAMS S ADMINISTRATION. [1791. 

country were in favor of helping their old ally of the Rev- 
olution. M. Genet {zhe-nd')^ the French minister in the 
United States, presuming upon the feeling in favor of his 
country, began to fit out privateers in American ports to 
cruise against British vessels. Washington, deeming it 
best to preserve a position of strict neutrality between the 
two countries, demanded his recall, and another minister 
was sent in his place. 

8. The first measure adopted by the United States gov- 
ernment for raising a revenue by internal taxation, was 
the law of 1791, imposing a duty on domestic liquors. It 
met with considerable opposition, especially in the west- 
ern part of Pennsylvania, where, in 1794, the resistance 
grew to an open rebellion, known as the Whisky Insur- 
rection. Upon the approach of a force sent by Washing- 
ton, the insurgents yielded. 

9. It was not long after the making of the treaty of 
1783, at the close of the Revolution, before the American 
and British srovernments be^an to accuse each other of 
violating its stipulations. To avert a war which seemed 
inevitable, John Jay was sent as a special envoy to En- 
gland, where, in 1794, a treaty was made. This new 
treaty met with considerable opposition m the United 
States, because its provisions were regarded as being too 
favorable to the English ; but it was at ienjrth ratified.* 

10. John Adams's Administration. — Washington, hav- 
ing declined a nomination for a third term. John Adams 
was elected to succeed him ; and the new president was 
inaugurated at Philadelphia, on the 4th of 'March, 1797. 
Washington then retired to the quietude oi his home at 
Mount Vernon. (See App. note, p. 24.) 

7. What imDrudence was committed bv the French minister ? What course 
aid Washint^ton adopt? 

8. Give an account of the Whislcy Insurrection, 

9. State the circnmstances in relation to Jay's Treaty, 

, 1 0. Who succeeded Washington as ^resident ? When and where was Adair s 
maufirurated ? Wh&i. then, did Washington d.-f ? 

* For Jay, see App., p. G9, topic 82. 



1797.] Jefferson's administration. 109 

11. The neutral position taken by the United States in 
the war between England and France, gave offence to the 
latter power; and ".lay's Treaty," ratified in 1795, so 
aggravated the unfriendly feeling, that a war seemed in- 
evitable. The president, therefore, convened an extra ses- 
sion of Congress, and defensive measures were adopted, 
Washington being appointed commander-in-chief. Hos- 
tilities at sea were commenced ; but the decided stand 
taken by the Americans had its effect, and a treaty of 
peace was made with Napoleon Bonaparte, who had be- 
come First Consul of France. 

12. Washington, however, did not live to see the trou- 
bles terminated: he died at Mount Vernon, on the 14th 
of December, 1799. His death was regarded as a national 
bereavement. Congress paid honors to his memory, and 
the whole people mourned the loss which each person felt 
that he had individually sustained. During the following 
year the " City of Washington" was made the nation's 
capital. (See App., p. 74, topic 168.) 

13. Toward the close of Adams's administration of 
four years, a fierce struggle took place between the two 
great parties of the day — Federal and Republican — in 
relation to the presidential succession. Upon counting 
the electoral votes it was found that no candidate had the 
requisite majority; therefore the election went to the 
House of Representatives, by whom Jefferson was chosen 
president, and Aaron Burr of New York, vice-president.* 

II. Jefferson's Administration. — The inauguration 
of .Tefferson took place in the new capitol, at Washington, 
on the 4th of March, ISOl.f At the expiration of his first 

11. Give an account of the tronbl(!S with France. 

1 2. What is ptared in relation to Washin'4:ron s death ? What occurred in 
1800 V Where is the city of Waehinajtoii ? (Map, p. m\.) 

13. What struggle is ppokenof? State the particulars in relation to the 
election. * Jtvfterson and Burr were the Republican candidates. 

14. When and where was Jefferson inaugurated ? 



+ See App, note, p. 



110 Jefferson's admin^istratioi^. [I802. 

term of office, he was re-elected for a second ; consequently 
he was president eight years. 

15. During his first term Ohio was admitted into the 
Union (in 1802); and an immense tract of land, including 
the present State of Louisiana and extending from the 
Mississippi River to the Kocky Mountains, was bouglit 
(in 1803) from France, for fifteen millions of dollars. By 
the purchase thus made the free navigation of the Missis- 
sippi to the Gulf of Mexico was secured.* 

10. In the same year, 1803, Commodore Preble (preb'-el) 
was sent against the pirates of the Barbary States, who 
were constantly on the alert to commit depredations upon 
the commerce of the United States. One of his vessels, 
the frigate Philadelphia, while reconnoitring in the har- 
bor of Tripoli (trlp'-o-le), struck on a rock, and was cap- 
tured, her crew being made slaves. 

17. The recapture of the frigate being considered im- 
practicable, her destruction was determined upon. Ac- 
cordingly, on a night in February, 1804, Lieut. Decatur 
(de-kd'-tur)^ in a small vessel, with about 80 companions, en- 
tered the harbor, boarded the Philadelphia, killed or drove 
into the sea every one of the Tripolitan crew, and, after 
setting the frigate on fire, escaped without losing a man. 

18. About a year later, Mr. Eaton, an agent of the United 
States, concerted an expedition with Hamet, the exiled 
though rightful heir to the throne of Tripoli. He marched 
from Egypt across the desert, and captured Der'-ne; but, 
in the midst of his successes, a treaty of peace was con- 
cluded between the bashaw and Mr. Lear, American 
Consul-General. (See p. 129, 1 57.) 

15. What is said of Ohio ? Of Louisiana ? Of the udvanttige gained by the 
purchure of Louisiaua ? 

16. What were the Barbary States ? Ans. Morocco, Algiers, Tui.Is and 
Tripoli, lying along the north coati't of Africa. What expedition was sent in 1803 ? 
Why was it sent ? What misfortune occurred ? 

1 7. Give the subsequent history of the frigate Philadelphia ? 

18. Give an account of Eaton's successs ? What followed y 

♦See for Louisiana, p. 191, also App., p. 70, topic 101, and note, p. 157; for 
Ohio, p. 190, and App., p. 72, topic 129. 



1804.] Jefferson's administration. Ill 

19. In July, 1804, the duel between Alexander Hamil- 
ton and Aaron Burr occurred. This sad affair, which re- 
sulted in the death of Hamilton, grew out of a political 
quarrel. Burr, finding that he had lost his political influ- 
ence, became engaged, two years after, in organizing a 
secret expedition at the West. He was tried on a charge 
of treason, and, though acquitted, was generally believed 
to be guilty of a design to dismember the Union.* 

20. About that time, France and England being at war, 
the latter power declared the northern coast of France in 
a state of blockade. Napoleon retaliated, decreeing the 
blockade of the British islands. In consequence of these 
and otlier " decrees" and " orders," great numbers of 
American vessels were seized by the cruisers of the bel- 
ligerent powers, and our commerce with Europe was 
nearly destroyed. 

21. But the crowning grievance of the Americans was 
the so-called "right of search." This was a claim set up 
by Great Britain, under which American vessels were 
searched, and all sailors of English birth found on board, 
were impressed as subjects of the king. (See note, p. 114.) 

22. An event occurred, in June, 1807, which brought 
things toward an issue. The frigate Chesapeake, when off 
the capes of Virginia, was fired into by the British frigate 
Leopard. The American vessel being unprepared for ac- 
tion, struck her colors, after having twenty-one of her 
crew killed or wounded. Four alleged deserters were 
then transferred to the Leopard ; but three of them, it 
was afterward proved, were native Americans, 

23. This outrage provoked the president to issue a pro- 

19. What is paid of a duel? Of Burr, his western expedition and trial? 
W liat opinicn prevailed ? 

20. What declaration and decree are mentioned ? The coneequeuce of them ? 

21 Wlial is said of the " richt of pearch" claim ? 

22 In what notable case did the British enforce their claim? 
23. To what act did the outra^re lead the President ? 

* See for Hamilton, App., p. 07, topic 65 ; for Burr, App.. p. 04, topic 2?. 



112 CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. [1807. 

clamation forbidding British armed vessels to enter the 
ports or waters of the United States. Although the act 
of the Leopard was not approved by the British govern- 
ment, no reparation was made till four years after. 

24. In consequence of the policy of the two European 
nations, so destructive to our commerce, Congress passed 
the Embarojo Act, forbiddingr American vessels to leave 
the ports of the United States. As the Act not only 
failed to produce any change in the policy of the two 
powers at war, but was ruinous in its effects upon the 
shipping interests, it became very unpopular, and was re- 
pealed — a law, prohibiting all intercourse with those coun- 
tries beinof substituted for it.* 



CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. 

1 T89. George "Washington was inaugurated President April 30. 

1790. The Indians defeated Harmar near Fort Wayne. .Oct. 17, 22. 

1791. The United States Bank was established at Philadelphia. 

Vermont was admitted into the Union March 4. 

Indians defeated St. Clair in western part of Ohio Nov. 4. 

1792. Kentucky was admitted into the Union June 1. 

1794. Wayne defeated the Indians on the Mauniee Aug. 20. 

Tiie Whisky Insurrection in Pennsylvania occurred. 

1795. Jay's treaty with Great Britain was ratified June 24. 

1796. Tennessee was admitted into the Union June 1. 

1797. John Adams was inaugurated president March 4. 

1799. Washington died at Mount Vernon, Virginia Dec. 14. 

1800. The City of Washington became the capital of the U. S. 

A treaty of peace was concluded with France Sept. 30. 

1801. Thomas Jefferson was inaugurated president March 4. 

Tripoli declared war against the United States June 10. 

1802. Ohio was admitted into the Union Nov. 29. 

1803. Louisiana was purchased of France April 30. 

Commodore Preble was sent against Tripoli. 

1804. Decatur destroyed the frigate Philadelphia Feb. 15. 

24. What was the Embargo Act? Why was the act passed? Why waa it 
repealed ? What was substituted ? 

* " It is true it (the Embargo) helped manufacturers by increasiug the de- 
maud for domestic goods." — Headley. 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 113 

1804. Hamilton and Burr fought a duel July 11 

1805. Eaton captured Derne, a Tripolitan city April 27 

A treaty of i)eace was concluded with Tripoli June '6 

1807. The Leopard attacked U. S. Frigate Chesapeake June 22. 

British armed vessels ordered to leave the U. S July 2. 

Congress laid an eml)argo on American ships Dec. 22. 

1809. Congress interdicted connnerce with Great Britain 

and France March 1 

REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGB 

1. When and where was Washington inaugurated president ? 106 

2. How was Washington's first cabinet organized ? lOrt 

3. State what you can of Vermont 82, 83, 107 

4. Whence did Vermont derive its name ? Ans. From its principal range 

of mountains. The word is derived from the French words vert, 
green, and nionf, mountain, 

5. Give an account of the three expeditions against the Indians 107 

6. Give the history of General Wayne 80, .89, 90, 107 

7. State what you can of General St. Clair 81, 82, 107 

8. Give an account of the difficulties with France lOT, 108, 109 

9. What can you state of Kentucky ? lOT 

10. How did Kentucky get its name ? A7is. The Indians called the region 

Kentucky, because it had been the scene of savage warfare. The 
word means the dark and bloody ground. 

11. Give the history of the Whisky Insurrection 108 

12. Write an account of General Washington 50, 55, 56, 57, GO, 71, 72, 75, 

76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 86, 96, 97, 98, 99, 106-109 

13. Give the history of New York City . .37, 39, 40, 66, 67, 73, 75, 79, 85, 91, 98, 106 

14. What account can you give of John Adams ? 98, 106, 107, 108, 137 

15. Give an account of Jefferson 74, 106, 109, 110, 111, 112, 137 

IG. When was Ohio admitted into the Union ? . 110 

17. W^hence did Ohio get its name ? Ans. From the river forming its 

BOUtheiTi boundary. The Indians called the river the Ohio, a term 
meaning the beautiful river. 

18. Give an account of the troubles with the Barbary States 110 

19. What account can you give of Alexander Hamilton ? 106, 111 

20. What account can you give of Aaron Burr ? 109, 111 

21. What foreign war-measures injured United States commerce ? Ill 

22. Give an account of the affair between the Chesapeake and Leopard 111 

23. Give the history of the Embargo Act 112 

24. During what period was W^ashington president ? 112 

25. Name, in chronological order, ten important events of that period 112 

26. What states were admitted during his administration ? 112 

27. During what period was John Adams president ? 112 

28 Name, in chronological order, four important events of that period. .. 112 
39. During what period was Jefferson president ? 112, 114 

Note.— In 1807, an act was passed lo prevent the importation of slaves into the 
United States after January 1, 1808 (See Ap|). p. 34, Const. U. S., Sec. III., Ist 
clause); and Fulton, in his first steamboat, sailed up the Hudson River. 



114: Madison's administration. [1809, 

section vi. 

Jladi'son'^s Adminisfn(tio?i : 1S09 to 1S17. 

1. The Second War with Exglaxd. — The fourth 
President of tlie United States, James Madison of Vir- 
ginia, was inaugurated at Wasliington, on the 4th of 
March, 1S09, at a crisis in the aftairs of the nation which 
required, on the part of the administration, the utmost 
caution, prudence, and resohition. 

2. In May, ISll, an atiair occurred which tended to 
increase the ill feeling which then existed between Great 
Britain and the United States. The British sloop-of-war 
Little Belt, while cruising olf the coast of Virginia, fired 
into the American frigate President ; but her fire was 
returned with such heavy broadsides, that, in a few min- 
utes, thirty-two of her crew were killed or wounded. 

3. Before Madison became President, the Indians on 
the western frontiers, influenced by the appeals of Te- 
curaseh [te-kuni-se), one of their ablest warriors, began 
to form a hostile confederacy. Their hostility increasing, 
Gen, Harrison marched against them in 1 SJ. 1 . 

4. Harrison approached the Indian town of Tip-pe-ca- 
noe', and encamped for the night. Early on the following 
morning, Xovember 7th, the Indians made a furious at- 
tack upon the camp, but, after a bloody contest, were 
repulsed. This conflict, known as the Battle of Tippe- 
canoe, ruined the plans which Tecumseh had formed. 

1 When was Madison inaugurated F*re*ident ? 

2. What naval ailair intiamed the war spirit of the Americans? 

3. Who attempted to unite the Indians in a lea>rue aq:ainst the whites ? 

3, 4. Give an account of the battle of Tippecanoe. Where was the battle 
fousrht ? I p. li>5."> What was the consequence of the battle ? Was Tecumaeh in 
the 'battle ? An^. He was not. 

Note.—'' Upward of sis thousand cases of alleged impressments were re- 
corded (at Washington'*. * * * It was admitted (by the British govern- 
ment) that there murht have been, at the commencement of tlu^ year iSll, six- 
teen hundred bona tide American citizens serving by compulsion in the 
British fleet. * * * Upon the breaking out of hostilities, twenty-tive hun- 
dred impressed sailors, still ciaimiiiir to be American citizens, and refusin^r to 
licht ai.'aiust their country, were committed to Dartmoor and other prisons (iu 
England^ where most of them were detained to the end of the war."— Si/d -'>"'/* i 
tiatory of the United States. 



1812.] 



MADISONS ADMINISTRATION. 



115 



5. Events of 1812. — The government of the Uniterl 
States having in vain endeavored to induce the British 
to abrogate their restrictions so injurious to American 
commerce, and also to cease their impressment of our 
seamen, war was declared against that power on the 19th 
of June, 1812. 

6. The invasion of Canada by Gen. Hull (.July 12tli) 
was the first hostile movement on the part of the Ameri- 
cans ; and the capture of Fort Mack'-i-naw, five days after, 
the first on the part of the British. Hull crossed the Detroit 
River, intending to go against Fort Maiden {mawl'-den)^ 
but, instead of doing so, encamped at Sandwich. 

7. A detachment 



which Hull had sent 
to convoy a supply 
train for his army, 
was met near 
Brownstown, on the 
5th of August, and 
utterly defeated. 
Four days after, a 
second detachment, 
under Col. Miller, 
encountered and 
routed the enemy. 
In about a month 
Hull recrossed the 
river, and took post 
at Detroit. 




Map QuKSTiONS.— What two lakes does the Detroit River connect? Name 
four places t>ituated on the Detroit River. Name four rivers that flow into Lake 
Erie. Where was fort Mei<;:s ? Fort Maiden ? Fort Stei)henson ? Where is De- 
troit? Sandwich? Brownstown? Frenchtown? Name two rivers that flow into 
Lake St. Clair. What battle was foni,'ht on one of these rivers? Who fjained a 
victory on Lake Erie ? Who, in 1704, gained a victory on the Maumee ? Where 
is Fort Mackinaw ? (p. 105.) 

5. How did the " War of ISl*?" have its origin ? 

6. What were the first hostile acts of the war ? What movement did Hull 
make in Canada ? 

7. Give an account of the two battles near BrownetovkTi. 



116 



MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 



[1812. 



8. To this place he was soon after followed by Gen. 
Brock, commanding thirteen hundred British and Indians. 
The Americans were confident of victory in the battle 
which seemed about to take place, yet, to their great in- 
dignation, Hull ordered a white flag to be shown, in 
token of submission. By this act, not only Detroit, but 
the whole territory of Michigan passed into the hands 
of the enemy. The surrender took place on the 16th of 
August. (See App,. p. 68, topic 73.) 

9. A second invasion of Canada was made in October 
of the same year. Gen. Van Rensselaer {van ren -se-ler) , 
in command of a body of troops, mostly New York 
militia, was stationed at Lewiston. On the 13th, a de- 
tachment of this force crossed the Niagara, and carried a 
battery on the heights of Queenstown. 

10. The enemy, re-enforced by Brock, attempted to re- 
gain their lost bat- 




tery, but were re- 
pulsed, and Brock 
was killed. On the 
afternoon of the same 
day, the 13th, they 
made a second at- 
tempt with fresh 
troops, and this time 
with success. Van 
Rensselaer, retiring 
from the service, was 
gucceeded by Gen. 
Smyth ; but the lat- 
t e r accomplished 
nothing, and also 
resigned. 

Map Questions.— What two lakes does the Niagara River connect ? Name 
sereu towns situated on the Niagara River. Name lour forts that Avere on that 
river. Where is Lewiston ? Queenstown? Chippewa? Lundy'sLaneV York 
fp.cw Toronto)' 



1812.1 Madison's administration. 117 

11. The triumphs of the Americans on the ocean during 
1812 were as decided as then- reverses on the land. There 
were live important naval battles, in every one of which 
the Americans were victorious. The first was the cap- 
ture, August 13th, of the sloop Alert, by the frigate Es- 
sex, Captain Porter. (Page 128, ^ 53.) 

12. On the 19th, six days after, the frigate Constitu- 
tion, Captain Hull, captured the Guerriere {gdre-e-are')^ 
after an action of about forty minutes. In October, the 
sloop Wasp, Captain Jones, captured the Frolic ; but 
scarcely had the prize been taken possession of, when an 
English ship of seventy-four guns hove in sight, and 
captured both vessels. (See App., p. G8, topic 74.) 

13. Just one week after, October 25th, the frigate 
United States, Commodore Decatur, after an action of 
nearly two hours, west of the Canary Islands, comj^elled 
the Macedonian to surrender. A little more than two 
months later, the Constitution, then commanded by Com- 
modore Bainbridge, gained her second victory, in the 
capture of the Java {jah'-vah). The action took place off 
the coast of Brazil, Dec. 29th, and lasted nearly two hours. 

14. American privateers, too, scoured the ocean, and 
British commerce suffered in every direction. Durino- 
the year more than three hundred vessels, with not less 
than three thousand prisoners, besides valuable cargoes, 
were taken by the Americans. The presidential election 
engaged the attention of the people toward the latter 

8. What next followerl. includinc: the surrender of Detroit ? 

9. What second invasion of Canada was marte? 

9, 10. Give an account of the battle of Queenstown. What is said of Van 
Rensselaer and Smvth ? 

11. Compare the land and naval battles of 1812? What was the first im- 
portant naval victory jrained by the Americans? 

12. State what you can of the capture of the Guerriere. (See, also, table, 
p. l'^2.) State what you can of the Wasp. 

1 3. State what you can of the capture of the Macedonian. Of the capture ot 
the Java. 

14. What is said of the privateers and their successeB ? What is said of the 
presidential election of 1812? 



118 Madison's administration. [is 13. 

part of Madison's first term, but, though he was opposed 
by those who condemned the war, he was chosen for a 
second term. 

15. Events of ISlo. — For the campaign of 1813, tliree 
armies were raised. That of the West, near the liead of 
Lake Erie, was commanded by Gen. Harrison ; that of 
the Centre, on the Niagara frontier, by Gen. Dearborn ; 
and that of the JVo?'th, near Lake Champlain, by Gen. 
Hampton. 

16. Harrison's first object was the recovery of Michigan. 
A division of his army, mostly Kentuckians, commanded 
by Gen. Winchester, reached the Maumee, whence a de- 
tachment was sent forward, which drove a body of British 
and Indians from Frenchtown. Winchester soon after 
arrived. On the 22d of January, he was attacked by 
fifteen hundred British and Indians, under Gen. Proctor. 

17. The Americans made a brave defence; but Win- 
chester, who liad been made a prisoner, agreed upon a 
capitulation, though at the time he was in the hands of 
the enemy, and his troops surrendered upon condition 
that they should be protected. But Proctor failed to 
keep his promise, and many of the wounded Americans 
were murdered by his savage allies. 

18. Harrison, who was at the rapids of the Maumee 
when the news of Winchester's defeat reached him, 
selected a position for defence, and there built Fort 
Meigs {megz). On the 1st of May a large force of British 
and Indians appeared before the place, and at once com- 
menced a siege. Four days after, Gen. CLay arrived with 
twelve hundred Kentuckians, and successfully attacked 



1 5. What preparations were made for the campaisn of 1S18 ? 

16. What was Harrison's first object ? State what occurred previous to the 
2-M of January. 

16. 17. Give an account of the battle and massacre at Frenchtown. 

18. Where was Harrison when the news of Winchester's defeat reacnnd 
him ? What measures of defence did he then adopt ? Slate what followed. 



1813.1 Madison's administration. 119 

the besiegers ; but Proctor continued operations until the 
9th, when, deserted by his Indian allies, he made a dis- 
orderly retreat. 

19. lie again threatened Fort Meigs, but, finding it 
well defended, terminated a brief siege by suddenly leav- 
ing. His next move was against Fort Stephenson, then 
garrisoned by one hundred and fifty men, under the 
command of Major Croghan [krd(/-a)i)^ a young man 
not twenty-two years old. Croghan had but one cannon, 
a six-pounder. (See App., p. 65, topic 3 7.) 

20. A cannonade was directed against the fort until a 
breach was made, when the enemy, Aug. 2d, attempted 
to carry the place by assault ; but they were met by a 
volley of musketry and a discharge from the six-pounder 
with such terrible effect, that, panic-struck, they fled in 
confusion, leaving one hundred and fifty of their number . 
killed or wounded. 

21. During the summer, an American and an English 
squadron were fitted out on Lake Erie — the former com- 
manded by Commodore Perry, and the latter by Commo- 
dore Barclay. They met on the 10th of September, near 
the western extremity of the lake, when a hard-fouo-ht 
battle of four hours took place, resulting in a brilliant 
victory to the Americans, every vessel of the enemy hav- 
ing surrendered. In dispatching information of his vic- 
tory to Harrison, Perry wrote : " We have met the enemy, 
and they are ours." * 

22. The consequences of the victory were highly im- 
portant. The Americans established their naval suprem- 
acy on Lake Erie, Detroit was evacuated by the British, 
and the Indians of Michigan were intimidated. Harrison 

19. 20. State what afterward occurred at Fort Meiers. Oive an account of 
CroijanV heroic conduct. Where was Fort Stephenson 'i (Map. p. 115.) What 
town now occupies the site of Fort Steplienson V Am. Fremont. 

21 . Give an account of Perry's victory on Lake Erie. 

22. Name tliree consequences of Perry's victory. What movement did Jlar- 
riBon make ? What movement did Proctor make ? 



Perry and Barclay, at the time, held the rank of Captain. 



120 



MADISON 8 ADMINISTRATION. 



[1813. 



seeing his opportunity for success, crossed the lake in 
Perry's fleet, and landed near Fort Maiden. But the 
fort was deserted, and Proctor and Tecumseh were in 
full retreat. 

23. Harrison followed in eager pursuit, and, on tlic 5th 
of October, overtook the eneniy at a place on tlie Thames 
(temz). The Americans charged, breaking the lines of 
the British, and soon compelling them to surrender; but 
the contest witli the Indians was more obstinate. At 
lengtli Tecumsoli foil, and the savage warriors fled. The 
war on the western frontier was terminated. 

24. In the spring of 1813, several months before the 
successes of Perry and Harrison, the Southern Indians 

were visited by Te- 
cumseh, and in- 
duced to take up 
arms against the 
whites. On the last 
day of August, lif- 
teen hundred of 
their warriors sur- 
prised Fort JNIims, 
and massacred near- 
ly three hundred 
men, women, and 
children. 

25. This unpro- 
voked attack arous- 
ed the whole South, 
and volunteers as- 



ALABAMA >-^^.., tjw^/T^ 
1 30 SO W O ' ^'^--s:^!;^ ' 







Map QiTESTioNS.-What state is on the north of Alahamft ? On the oast ? 
On the west? On the south? Name six rivers |)artly or wholly in Alabama. 
Where was Fort Minis (also written Mimms) ? Tohopeka ? 

2.1. Give an account of the battle ot" the Thames. 

24. How were the Creek Iii(ii;i>>« itKiiieed to make war upon the whites? 
vJive an account of the massacre at Fort Mima. 

25. Give an account of what followed. Give an account of the battle of To- 
Uopeka. What were the couBequences ? 



1813.) Madison's administration. 121 

scmblcd to avenge the deed of horror. Scverul Imttles 
were fought in quick succession, in every one of which 
tlie Indians were defeated. At lengtli a thousand war- 
riors made a final stand at To-ho-pe'-ka, wliere they were 
defeated by Gen. Jackson, on the 27th of March, 1814, 
witli great slaughter. Their subjugation was complete. 

26. Toward the latter part of April, 1813, Gen. Dear- 
boi-n, commanding the Arivj/ of the Centre^ left Sackett's 
Harbor, in Commodore Chauncey's {chah)i'-se\s) fleet, 
crossed Lake Ontario, and proceeded to attack York, now 
Toronto. On the 27th, the troops landed, led by (ien. 
Pike, and Avere carrying everything before them, when, 
the enemy's magazine exploded, mortally wounding Pike, 
and making sad havoc among his men. After a moment's 
])anic they moved on, and were soon in possession of the 
town.* 

27. Just one month later, May 27th, the fleet with 
Dearborn and his army, appeared off Fort George. The 
l^ritish made but a bnef defence of the place, and tlien 
fled. A detachment, under Generals Chandler and Win'- 
der, sent in j^ursuit, was unsuccessfully attacked on the 
night of the 6th of June, though both generals were made 
])risoners. 

28. The British in Canada, on being informed that 
Dearborn with a large body of troops had sailed from 
Sackett's Harbor, sent a thousand men across the lake to 
attack the place. Gen. Pre-vost', the commander, effected 
a landing; but was met, May 29th, by a small body 
of regulars and some militia, under Gen. Brown, and 
repulsed. 

29. Dearborn, having resigned his command, was suc- 

26. Give an account, of the battle of York. 

5J7. What lort did the Americans capture ? Chandler and Winder ? 
28. WJiat lemoted tlie British to go aguiuHt Sackftt'w Harbor? Give an ac- 
count of the battle* fought there. Where is Sacketts Harbor 1' (Map, p. m.) 



* "Pike was carried on board the commodore's phip. and the lant act of his 
life wa"( to make a sign that the Briti-h flag, wiiich iiad been broii!.dit to him, 
i-hould be placed under his hiiud.''''—HeacUei/8 Second War with Enr/lanU. 



122 Madison's administration. [i«is. 

ceeded by Gen. AVilkinson. A plan for the invasion of 
Canada was devised by the Secretary of War, by which 
the Army of the Ce)Ui\\ under Wilkinson, and the Ari)n/ 
of the North ^ under Hampton, were to form a junction 
on the St. Lawrence, and i)roceed au:ainst ^Montreal. 

30. Ih passing- down the St. Lawrence, Wilkinson hnuled 
a detachment near Williamsbuiix, to cover tlie descent of 
the fleet. On the 11th of November a severe though 
indecisive engagement took place, known as the battle of 
Chrysler's {kris -ler'' s) Field, in which the Americans Avere 
the greater suflerers. Wilkinstui proceeded some dis- 
tance further, but, Ilanipton failing to co-operate with 
liim, the design against ]Montreal Avas abandoned. 

31. Though the American seamen, during 1813, were 
not unifonnly successful, their gallantry still continued to 
be the theme of admiration. 0\\ the 24th of February, 
the sloop-ot'-war Hornet, Captain Lawrence, eneouniered 
the Ib-itish brig IVacock, otf the coast of Guiana {(je-ah'- 
7t(t)^ and in tit'teen minutes compelled her to strike her 
colors. The captured vessel sank in a few minutes at\er, 
carrving down with her nine ot* her own crew and three 
of the Hornet's. 

32. On his return to the Ignited States, Lawrence was 
})ronu^ted to the command of the frigate Clu>sapcake, 
then Iving in Boston harbiu". In the tbrenoon ot' June 
1st the British frigate Sliannon, Captain Broke, appeared 
oft' the liarbor to meet the Chesapeake. Thougli the 
American vessel had imperfect equipments, and an ill- 
assorted crew, while the British shij) had a select crew 

29. Who Puccoedecl Dearborn in the command ? What plan of action was 

* ^^30^ Oivo an'aroouut o»" the battle of Chryslor's Field. Where is Williams- 
bur" ^ iMan p ;!S ^ What were the lurlher movements of Wilkinson* 

31. Wh/vt is said of the naval operations of 1S13? Give an account of the 
action between the Hornet and the reacoek ,. ,^, , , 

32. What took place preliminary to the Ivittlc between the Chesapeake and 
the Sliannon ? 



1813.] 



MADISON 8 ADMINISTRATION. 



123 



and was in tlie best possible condition, Lawrence still 
felt impelled to j^o out and engage her. 

33. Toward evening the two vessels met, and a terrific 
contest of fifteen minutes ensued. Lawrence was mor- 
tally wounded in the early part of the action, but his 
last injunction as he was borne below was, " Don't give 
up the ship." The Chesapeake, after having all her su- 
perior ofHcers either killed or wounded, was boarded by 
the enemy, and her flag hauled down. 

34. The brig Argus, Captain Allen, made a daring 
cruise in the waters about England, capturing a large 
number of vessels. While in the English Channel, Al- 
len fell in with the brig Pelican ; and, in the action which 
ensued, and whi(;h resulted in the capture of the Argus, 
was mortally wounded. 

35. Fortune next favored the Americans. Off the coast 
of Maine, Sept. 5th, the brig Enterprise, Lieut. Burrows, 
met the British brig ]>oxer, Capt. 
Jilythe, and, after an action of forty 
minutes, captured lier. Both com- 
manders fell in the eng^igement, and 
then* bodies were buried side by side, 
at Portland, with the honors of war. 







PART OF HOItKL JUVKK. 



36. Events of 1814, and close 
OF THE Wak. — During the winter of 
1813-14, the army of Gen. Wilkin- 
son was quartered at French IVIills. 
Early in 1814 a detachment, under 
Gen. Brown, was sent to Sackett's Harbor ; and, toward 
March, the main body removed to Plattsburg. In the 

3.3. Givfi an account of tho action between the Chesapeake and Shannon. 
In what afl'air did wc liear of the Chesapeake before? (p. 111.) Did Perry's vic- 
tory occur i)efore or after the Iohh of tlie (^'hcsupeake ? 

31. Give an account of thi; cruine and loss of the Aryus. 

3.5. Give an account of the captun; of the Boxer, and Hubnequen* events. 

3kJ. When; did WilkiuHoii'H army (piarter durintr the winter of 1813-14? 
Wh(;re is French Mills? (p. .'i.S.) What army movementH are mentioned ? Whai 
e,vent8 closed Wllkineon'M military career? Where is La CoUe? (Map, p. 12.T) 



124: MADISOX'S ADMINISTRATION. [1814. 

same month, Mareli, Wilkinson marched into Canada, but 
being repulsed at La Colle (k6ll)y he returned to Platts- 
burg. He was soon after superseded in the command by 
Gen. Iz'-ard. 

31. BroAvn did not remain long at Sackett's Harbor, 
but, having been appointed to the command of an army 
on the Niagara frontier, he hastened to carry out the 
views of the Secretary of War for another invasion of 
Canada. On the 3d of July his advance, consisting of 
two brigades under Generals Scott and Ripley, crossed 
the Niagara, and captured Fort Erie without a struggle. 

38. Tlie Americans, with Brown in command, pushed 
forward along the western bank of the river, and, at 
Chippewa (c/iip'-pe-icmc), on the 5th, gained a brilliant 
victory over the enemy, under Gen. Ki'-all. The British 
retired to the shores of Lake Ontario, and there were re- 
enforced by Gen. Drummond, who took tlie command. 

39. Drummond marched against the Americans, and, 
on the 25th, the battle of Lundy's Lane, the most obsti- 
nate of the war, occurred. Scott, who led the advance, 
bravely contended against superior numbers, until the 
arrival of Brown ; but, it soon becoming evident that a 
battery which the enemy held on a height, and which 
swept all parts of the field, must be captured or the 
Americans be defeated. Col. Miller was asked if he could 
take it. He promptly answered, " I'll try, sir." 

40. He did try, and was successful. Three times the 
British attempted to regain their lost battery, but were 
repulsed at every assault. Finally, at midnight, after a 
contest of six hours, they withdrew, each party losing 
about eight hundred men. Brown and Scott being se- 

37. Who, in 1S14. commanded an expedition for the invasion of Canada? 
Wii:U were the first movement* ? 

38. Give an account of the battle of Chippewa? What did the British do 
after the hattle? 

39. 40. Give an account of the battle of Lundy'8 Lane. What is sHid o( 
Bn>\vn, Scott, Ripley, and Gaines ? 



1814.] Madison's administration. 125 

verely wounded, Gen. Ilipley conducted tlie army to 
Fort Erie, where Gen. Gaines soon after took command. 

41. On the 4th of August, Drummond laid siege to 
Fort Erie, and, on the loth, in attempting to carry the 
place by assault, was repulsed with the loss of about a 
thousand men. On the 1 7th of September, Brown being 
then in command, the Americans made a -sortie from the 
fort, and destroyed the advanced works of the besiegers. 
Drummond, on being informed that Izard was approach- 
ing, retired northward ; and, in November, the Americans 
destroyed the fort and crossed over to New York. 

42. Izard, when he started from Plattsburg, left Gen. 
Macomb {pid-komh') in command there, with only a few 
hundred men. In September, Sir George Prevost, at the 
head of fourteen thousand men, marched against Ma- 
comb, and, at the same time, the British fleet on Lake 
Champlain, commanded by Commodore Downie {dowu'-e), 
sailed to attack the American fleet under Commodore 
MacDonough (mak-don'-o). 

43. The battle of Plattsburg and of Lake Champlain 
took place on the 11th. While the British, from their 
batteries, commenced the one on the land, their fleet en- 
gaged MacDonough's vessels which were at anchor in the 
bay of Plattsburg. In a little more than two hours Mac- 
Donough gained a complete victory. The fire from the 
land batteries then slackened, and, at nightfall, Prevost 
made a hasty retreat, having lost in killed, woun(ied, and 
desertions, about twentj^-five hundred men. 

44. During the greater part of 1814, the whole Atlantic 
seaboard was locked up by British cruisers, from which 



41 . What was the next movement of the British ? What occurred more than 
a month later? How wa? the Piejje brontrht to a close ? 

42. Who. after Izard, had the command at Lake Champlain? What forces 
threatened the army and fleet there? 

42. 43. Give ah account of the two battles that occurred Sept. 11th. Where 
l8 Lake Champlain ? (Map, p. 53.) Plattsburg? (Map, p. 82.) 



126 



MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 



[1814. 



descents were made upon 
small towns. In August, 
Stonington was bombarded, 
but without success. A lit- 
tle later in the month, a 
squadron entered the Pa- 
tux -ent, and, at Benedict, 
landed live thousand men, 
commanded by Gen. Ross. 

45. An American flotilla 
was then lying in the Pa- 
tuxent, but, rather than 
have his boats fall into the 
hands of the invaders. Com- 
modore Barney burnt them. 
Ross's object was the cap- 
ture of Washington. In- 
stead, however, of making a 
direct march, he proceeded 
by the way of Bla -dens- 
burg, where he met, Aug. 
'24th, with some opposition from the militia, under Gen. 
Win'-der, and a body of seamen and marines, under 
Barney. 

46. On the same day, Aug. -24111, he reached Washing- 
ton, and destroyed a large amount of property. The 
capitol, with its library, the president's house, and other 
buildings were burned, and, next day, the British made 
a hasty retreat. In the mean time a division of the ene- 





a-?.-»ci-o^J^ 


^O T FORT MCHENSya 

v^HSHlNGTO^^® •r*^ N'S 1 

*i.£XAM}ffioM >.a 1 

^ 11 


W. ■WcHe:sT£K 


< f V 


^•^v^ 




p 


X^fCHMOIMD <\ % 


^:^i; 




ii 


^=^\^)\ 





Map QrE?Tioxs.— Name six rivers that flow into Chesapeake Bay. Describe 
the Patuxont. Where is Beuedict * Bladensburi; * Washington * Alexandria? 
Baltimore ? Fort McIIenry * North Point * 

44. What did British cruisers accomplish? What is said of Stoninirton ? 
Where is Stonin^ton ? (Map, p. W.^ What took place at Benedict * 

45 What action did Barney take ? What was Ross's object ? State what 
happened at Bladensbunr. 

46. What destruction was efl"ecte<i at Washington ? What did the British 
eflfect at Alexandria * 



1814.] 



MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 



127 



my's fleet ascended the Potomac to Alexandria, and com- 
pelled the inhabitants of the town, on threat of bombard- 
ment, to surrender their merchandise and siiipping. 

47. Koss next proceeded against Baltimore. On the 
12th of September he landed his troops at North Point, 
several miles from the city, while sixteen of the enemy's 
ships sailed up the Patapsco to bombard Fort McIIenry. 
On his march, Iloss was killed in a skirmish, and the 
progress of the troops was then disputed, for more than 
an hour, by a body of militia under Gen. Strick'-er. Next 
day the enemy encamped near the defences of the city, 
to await the movements of the fleet. 

48. The bombardment of Fort McIIenry commenced 
on the morning of the 13th, and continued till near the 
following morning, but Avithout making any serious im- 
pression * Gen. Brooke, lloss's successor, seeing no pros- 
pect of success against the city, embarked his troops, and 
the whole force of the enemy withdrew. 

49. During the summer, the authorities of Pensacola, 
then a Spanish port, alh^wed the British to take possession 
of their forts and flt out expeditions 

against the United States. On the 
15th of September, Fort Bowyer 
(bo'-yer), now Fort Morgan, was 
attacked by a British fleet, aided 
by a force of Indians and marines, 
but the assailants were repulsed, 
losing one of their ships and many 
men. The other ships efiected their 
escape to Pensacola. 

47. Against what place did Itos8 next proceed ? What further can you state 
of Koss y What took place on the 12th, after Ross's death ? 

48. The attack upon Port McIIenry. lirooke'a subsequent movements. 

49. What wrong did the authorities of Pensacola permit ? Tlie attack upon 
Fort Bowyer. Where i:< Fori Morgan V (Map, p. 120.) Mol)ile ? Pensacola? 

* During the bombardment, Francis S. Key, an American detained on board 
one of the bombarding vessels, wrote the national ode, The Star-Spangled 
Banner. 




MOBILE AND VICINITY. 



128 Madison's administration. [is 14. 

50. Jackson being in command at Mobile, marched to 
Pensacola at the head of three thonsand men ; and, nego- 
tiations failing, seized the town and compelled the British 
to leave. He then retnrned to Mobile, whence, learning 
that the British were preparing to invade Lonisiana, he 
hastened to put Xew Orleans in a condition of defence. 

51. Toward the middle of December, a British squadron 
entered Lake Borgne [boni), carrying twelve thousand 
troops, commanded by Sir Edward Pakenham (pak'71-mn), 
the first object of the expedition being to capture New 
Orleans. On the 14th, a flotilla of American gunboats 
W'as compelled to surrender, and, on the 23d, Jackson 
made a spirited though ineffectual attack upon an encamp- 
ment of the enemy's vanguard. On the 28th, and again 
on the first day of the new year, tlie British w^ere unsuc- 
cessful in cannonading the intrenchments which Jackson 
had thrown up four miles from the city. 

52. On the 8th of January, 1815, the British made a 
general advance against the American intrenchments ; 
but volley after volley was poured upon them with such 
terrible effect, that they were compelled to flee. Paken- 
ham was slain, and two thousand of his men were killed, 
wounded, or taken prisoners. The Americans lost only 
seven killed and six wounded.* 

53. Although, during 1814, the Americans w^ere gener- 
ally victorious on the ocean, 3^et the frigate Essex, Capt. 
Porter, after a successful cruise of more than a year, was 
attacked in the harbor of Valparaiso (vahl-pah-rl'-so), 
March 28th , by two British vessels, and forced to surrender. 
The conflict was one of the most desperate of the war. 

50. Jackson's procedure aszainst Peiisaeola y Jackson's next niovement ? 
5 1 . What invasion in Dec. ? Where is L. Borgne ? (p. 120.) New Orleans ? 
Mislortune on Lake Borsne ? Attack by Jackson ? Two attacks by Pakenham ? 

52. Give an account of the battle of New Orleans ? 

53. Give an account of the cruise and loss of the Essex. 



* '' O Morse. O Cyrus Field, whv were vou not ready with your Oceanic Tele- 
graph then, to tell those men of both armies, when they swore ihat they were 
not enemies, but friends and brothers, and send them joyful into each other's 
arms, not in madness a<;ainst each other's arms."— Pardon'*' Life of Jackson. 



1814.] Madison's administration. 129 



51. A large number of citizens of the United States, 
mostly residents of New P^ngland, had been opposed to 
the war from its very commencement. They regarded it 
as entirely unnecessary ; besides, the losses which they 
were sustaining in their commerce and fisheries, were not 
without influence upon them. 

55. For the purpose of considering their grievances and 
devising means of redress, delegates met at Hartford, in 
December, 1814. The friends of President Madison and 
of the war looked upon this assemblage, commonly known 
as the " Hartford Convention," as a treasonable body ; 
but the doings of the members were, to say the least, 
harmless, their principal act being the recommendation 
of several amendments to the Constitution. After three 
weeks of secret session, the convention adjourned. 

56. In February, 1815, the joyful tidings reached the 
United States that a treaty of peace had been signed at 
Ghent ((/e?it, not Je/it) on the 24th of December, 1814. 
The two great points of dispute — the encroachments upon 
American commerce, and the impressment of American 
seamen — were left untouched by the treaty. The omis- 
sion, however, was not important, inasmuch as, by the 
termination of the European war, all encroachments upon 
American commerce ceased ; and, by the great success of 
the American navy, the impressment question was effectu- 
ally disposed of. 

57. War with Algiers. — In 1795 a treaty was made 
with Algiers, in which it was stipulated that an annual 
tribute should be paid to that power, to secure American 
vessels from seizure by the Algerines. The tribute was 

54. By whom, and why were perpon? opposed to the war? 

5 5. Give what account you can of the Hartford Convention. 

56. When did hostilities between Great Britain and the United States cease ? 
In what respect was the treaty incomplete ? What rendered the omission of no 
consequence? 

57. What treaty was made in 1795 ? How long did the United States pay the 
trilmte ? What practice did the Algerines resume ? 



130 Madison's administration. 

accordingly paid until 1812, when the Algerines, believ- 
ing that the Americans, because of their war with the 
English, would not be able to protect their commerce, 
resumed their old practice of piracy against United States 
vessels. (See page 110.) 

58. After peace with England was established, a naval 
force, commanded by Decatur, was sent to the Mediter^ 
ranean. Decatur captured the largest frigate in the Al- 
gerine navy, and another vessel with more than five hun- 
dred 251'isoners, and then appeared before Algiers. The 
terrified Dey was compelled to liberate the American 
prisoners in his hands, and relinquish all claim to tribute 
from the United States for the future. Decatur also made 
satisfactory treaties with Tunis and Trij^oli.* 

59. The charter of the first Bank of the United States 
having expired in 1811, a second bank of the same name 
was incorporated in 1816. During Madison's adminis- 
tration two states were added to the Union : — Louisiana, 
previously the Territory of Orleans, in 1812 ; and Indiana, 
formerly a part of the Northwest Territory, in 1816. 



CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. 

1809. James Madison was inaugurated President March 4. 

1811. The U. S. frigate President defeated the Little Belt. May 16. 
Harrison gained a victory at Tippecanoe Nov. 7. 

1812. Louisiana was admitted into the Union April 8. 

United States proclaimed war against Great Britain. June 19. 

General Hull made an invasion of Canada July 12. 

Fort Mackinaw was surrendered to the British July 17. 

The British defeated the Americans near Brownstown. Aug. 5. 
The Americans defeated the Britisli near Brownstown .Aug. 9. 
The American frigate Essex captured the Alert Aug. 13. 

58. Upon what expedition was Decatur sent ? Give an account of Decatur's 
successes. 

59. What is said of the Bank of the United States ? What is said of Louis- 
iana ? Of Indiana ? 

* See App., p. 66, topic 45. 



Madison's administration. 131 

1812. Hull surrendered Detroit to Brock Aug. 16. 

American frigate Constitution took the Guerriere. . .Aug. 19. 

The Americans were defeated at Queenstown Oct. 13. 

The American sloop Wasp captured the Frolic Oct. 18. 

American frigate United States took the Macedonian . Oct. 2o. 
Tlie American frigate Constitution took the Java. , .Dec. 29. 

1813. Winchester was defeated at Frenchtown Jan. 22. 

The American sloop Hornet captured the Peacock. .Feb. 24 

The Americans captured York (now Toronto) April 27. 

Proctor laid siege to Fort Meigs May 1. 

Harrison and Clay defeated Proctor at Fort Meigs May 5, 

The Americans, under Dearborn, took Fort George. May 27. 

Brown repulsed the British at Sackett's Harbor May 29. 

The British frigate Shannon took the Chesapeake.. . .June 1. 
Croghan repulsed the British at Fort Stephenson. . . .Aug. 2. 

The British sloop Pelican captured the Argus Aug. 14 

Creek War began by the massacre at Fort ]Mims. . .Aug. 30. 
The American brig Enterprise captured the Boxer. .Sept. 5. 
Perry gained his victory over Barcla}- on Lake Erie. . Sept. 10. 
Harrison defeated Proctor at the battle of the Thames. . Oct. 5. 
Battle of Williamsburg or Chiysler's Field was fought. Xov. 11. 

1814. The battle of Tohopeka ended the Creek War. .\ .March 27. 

Two British vessels captured the Essex March 28. 

The British defeated Wilkinson at La Colle March 30. 

Scott and Ripley captured Fort Erie July 3. 

Brown defeated the British at Chippew^a July 5. 

Battle of Lundy's Lane or Bridgewater was fought. .July 25. 
The Americans repulsed the British at Fort Erie. . .Aug. 15. 

Ross defeated the Americans at Bladensburg Aug. 24 

Ross entered Washington and tired public buildings. Aug. 24 
MacDonough defeated the British on L. Champlain. .Sept. 11. 

Macomb defeated the British at Plattsburg Sept. 11 

Battle of North Point, near Baltimore, was fought. .Sept. 12. 
The Americans repulsed British fleet at Ft. McHeniy . Sept. 13. 
The Americans repulsed the British at Fort Bowyer. Sept. 15. 
Brown made a sortie upon British works at Ft. Erie. . Sept. 17. 
Jackson compelled the British to leave Pensacola. . .Nov. 7. 
British squadron on Lake Borgne capfd U. S. flotilla. Dec. 14 

The delegates to the Hartford Convention met Dec. 15. 

The treaty of peace was signed at Ghent Dec. 24 

1815. Jackson defeated the British at New Orleans Jan. 8 



132 



MADISON S ADMIXISTRATIO:?!. 



ISlo. Congress declared war against Algiers March 0. 

Decatur was sent against the Algeriues May '21. 

1816. The Bank of U. S. was rechartered for twenty yeai-s. April 10. 

Indiana was admitted into the Union Dec. 11. 



PRINCIPAL NA\'AL BATTLES OF THE SECOND WAR )^^TH 

ENGLAND. 

• The asterisk indicates the successful party. 



WHERE FOUGHT. 



COMMANDERS. 



isia. 

Auii. 13. 

Aug. 19. 

OcL IS, 

Oct. 35, 

Dec. 29, 

1S13. 
Feb. 24, 

June 1, 

Aujr. 14. 

Sept. 5, 

Sept. 10. 
1S14. 

Mar. 28, 

Apr. 29. 

JaneSS, 

Sept. 1, 

I Sept. 11. 

I Dec. 14, 

1S15. 

Jan. 15. 

Feb. 20. 

Mar. 23, 



Off Newfoiindlaud . . ^ 
Off Massachusetts ... - 
Off North Carolina . . .! 
Near Canary Islands. ^ 
Off San Salvador . . . . .! 



Off Demarara . 



Massachusetts Bay. 
British Channel . . . 
Off coast of Maine . . 
Lake Erie 



Harbor of Valparaiso -\ 

Off coast of Florida. . •> 
Near British Channel] 

Near Africa > 

Lake Champlain ■■ 

Lake Bonme •, 



Am. Frig. Essex ' Porter.* 

Br. Sloop Alert Lauchame. 

Am. Frii:. Constitution Hulf.* 

Br. Fri^rT Guerriere Dacres. 

Am. SUhh) Wasp , Jones.* 

Br. Brii: h rolic Whinyates. 

Am. Frii: United States. .. Pecatiir.* 

Br. Frii:. Macedonian Carden. 

Am. Friir. Constitution. .. Biiinbridge. 
Br. FriiT.' Java I Lambert! 



Am. Sloop Hornet 

Br. BriiT Peacock. . . 
Am. FriiT. Chesapeake . 

Br. FriiT. Shannon 

Am. BriiT Anrus 

Br. Sloop Pelican 

Am. BriiT Blnlerprise .. 

Br. BriiT Boxer 

Am. 9 vessels. 54 <tuus 
Br. 6 vessels. H3 iTUUs. . 



Lawrence.* 

Peake. 

Lawrence. 

Broke.* 

Allen. 

Maples.* 

Burn.>ws.* 

Blvthe. 

Pecrv.* 

Bi\rclav. 



Am. Frier. Essex Porter. 

Br. BrisT Ph(vbe Hillvar.* 

Br. SK>op Cherub Tucker. 

\m SkHip Peacock Warrington.* 

Br. Bri>T Epervier I Wales. 

Am. Sloop Wasp , Blakely.* 

Br Sloop Reindeer Manners. 

Am. Sloop Wasp . . Blakely.* 

Br. Sloop Avon Arbuthnot. 

Am. 14 vessels. S6 suns McDonough.* 

Br. 17 vessels. l>5guns.. .. Dowuie. 

Am. 5 iTunl)oals. .^ Jones. 

Br. 40 banres Lockyer.* 



Off New Jersev 



Off Island of Madeira- 



Off Brazil 



( Am. FriiT. President . . 

"i Br ^Squadron^ . . 

\ Am. FriiT Constitution 

Br. Ship Cvane 

/ Br. Ship Levant 

\ Am. Sloop Hornet .. ., 

1 Br. Brig Penguin 



Decatur. 

Haves.* 

Stewart.* 

Falcon. 

DouiTlass. 

Biddle.* 

Dickenson. 



Note.— During the battle on Lake Erie. "Captain Perry, finding himself in a 



MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 



133 



PRINCIPAL LAND BATTLES OF THE SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. 

* The asterisk indicates the successful party. 



r 

DATES. 


BATTLES. 


COMMANDERS. 


MEN ENGAGED. 


American. 


British. 


Amor' n 


British. 


1812. 
Aug. 5, 

Aug. 0, ] 

Oct. 13, 

1S13. 
Jan. 22, 
April 27, 
May 5, 
May 20, 
Aug. 2, 
Oct. 5, 
Nov. 11, 

1S14. 
Mar. 30, 
Julv5, 
July 2.5, 
Aug. 1.5, 
Aug. 24, 
Sept. 11, 
Sept. 12, 
Sept. 13, 
Sept. 1.5, 
Sept. 17, 
Dec. 23, 

1815. 
Jan. 8, 

i 


Brownstown 

Maguaga, or 2d of 

Brownstown 

Queenstown 


Van Horn 

[Miller* 

Van Rensselaer 


Tecumseh*. . 
Tecumseh... 
Brock* 


200 

GOO 

1,200 


600 

900 

2,500 


Frenclitown 

York 

Fort Meigs 

Sackett's Harbor.. 
Fort Stephenson .. 

Thames 

Chrysler's Field . . . 


Winchester 

Pike* 

Clay* 

Brown* 

Croghan* 

Harrison* 

Boyd 


Proctor* .... 

Sheafte 

Proctor 

Prevost 

Proctor 

Proctor 

Morrison 


800 
1,700 
1,200 
1,000 

1.50 
2.500 
1,200 


1,500 
1,500 
2,(X)0 
1,(M)0 
1,300 
2,000 
2,000 




La Colle 


Wilkinson .... 

Brown* 

Brown* 

Gaines* 

Winder 

Macomb* 

Strieker 

Armistead*.... 
Lawrence*.... 

Brown* 

Jackson 


Iiancock* 

Riall 

Drummond. . 
Drummond. . 

Ross* 

Prevost 

Brooke* 

Cochrane. . . . 

Nicholls 

Drummond . 
Keane 


4,000 
l.UOO 
3,500 
2,500 
3,5(X) 
3,000 
2,000 
1,000 
120 
2.500 
2,000 


2.000 
2.100 
5.000 
5,CK)0 
5,000 
14.000 
5.000 
16 ships 

3^)0 
2,500 


Chippewa 


Luncly's Lane 

P\)rt Erie (assault). 

Bladensburg 

Plattsburg. .... 


North Point 

Fort McHenry 

Fort Bowyer 

Fort Erie (sortie) . . 
9 miles from N. 0. 


New Orleans 


Jackson* Pakenham. . . 


6,000 


12,000 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

FAGK 

1. Name the first ten important events of Madison's administration 130 

2. Give an account of the events of 1811 114 

3. What were the causes of the second war with England ? Ill, 115 

4. Give an account of the expedition under General Hull 115, 116 

5. Give an account of General Van Rensselaer's campaign 116 

6. What account can you give of General Brock ? 116 

7. Give an account of the action between the Alert and Essex 117, "i-H 

8. Of the action betwcmi the Constitution and Guerriere 117, 132 

9. Of the action between the United States and Macedonian 117, 132 

10. Of the action between the Constitution and Java 117 

11 . Now state, in chronological order, the naval events of 1812 117, 133 

12. Name, in chronological order, thirteen important events of 1812 130, 131 

vessel (his flag-ship, the Lawrence), that had been rendered nearly useless by 
the injuries she had received, and which was dropping out of tlie combat, got 
into his boat, and pulled after tlie Niagara (of his fleet), on board of wliich vessel 
he arrived at about half-past two."— Cooper's Hist, of the Navy of the U. S. 



134 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 



PAOV 

13. State what you can of General Winchester 118 

14. When, where, and why, was Fort Meigs built ? 118 

15. Give the further history of Fort Meips 118, 119 

IG. State what you can in relation to Major Croghan 119 

17. State what you can in relation to Commodore Perry 119 

18. Give an account of Tecumseh 114, 1'20 

19. Give an account of General Harrison 114, 118, 119, 12() 

20. Give a full account of the Crcok War 120, 121 

21. What movement did Dearborn make in April, 1S13 ? 121 

22. State what you can in relation to General Pike 121 

23. What success did Dearborn afterward have ? 121 

24. Now, give a full account of Dearborn's part in the war 118-121 

25. Give a full account of Wilkinson's part in the war 122-124 

2(). Of the action between the Chesapeake and the Shannon 122, 123, 132 

27. Give an account of the career of the Argus 123, 132 

28. Of the action between the Enterprise and the Boxer 123, 132 

29. Name, in order, five naval events of 1813 132 

30. Name, in order, flfteen important events of 1813 131 

31. State how the Americans captured Fort Erie 124 

32. Give a full account of the battle of Chippewa 124, 133 

3-3. Give a full account of the battle ofLundy's Lane 124, 1;» 

34. Give, as far as you can, the history of Fort Erie 124, 125 

35. State all you can in relation to General Brown 121, 123-125 

36. Give an account of the Battle of Lake Champlain 125, 132 

37. Give an account of the battle of Plattsburg 125, i;J3 

38. State what you can in relation to Sir George Prevost 121, 125 

39. Give an account of naval aflairs during 1814 125, 126, 128 

40. How and when did General Ross commence operations ? 126 

41. Give an account of his march from Benedict to Washington 126 

42. Of his acts at Washington, and death near Baltimore 12(5, 127 

43. Now give the whole account in relation to Ross 126, 127 

44. State what is said in connection with Pensacola 127, 128 

45. Give an account of the expedition against Fort Bowyer 127 

46. Of Pakenham's movements in December, 1814 128 

47. Of the disaster to the Americans on Lake Borgne 128 

48. Of the defeat and death of Pakenham 128 

49. Now give the full account of Pakenham's expedition 128 

50. Give the history and doings of the Hartford Convention 129 

51. Give the particulars in relation to the treaty of peace 129 

52. Name six naval events of 1814 132 

53. Name, in order, nineteen important events of that year 131 

54. Name three important events of 1815 131, 132 

55. Give an account of the troubles with Algiers 129, 130 

56. Give a full account of the troubles with the Barbary powers 110, 129, 130 

57. Give the history of Louisiana 110, 128, 130 

58. How did Louisiana get its name? Ans. The whole country watered 

by the Mississippi was taken possession of by the French, in 1682, 
and named Louisiana, in honor of the French king, Louis XIV, 

59. Whence did Indiana get its name? From the word Indian. It was 

first applied, in 17(58, to a grant of land near the Ohio, which a com- 
pany of traders that year obtained from the Indians. 



1817.] Monroe's administration. 135 



SECTION VII. 

JEVotn the beginning of Monroe^s Administration to the 
close of Pierce's : 1 8 1 7 ^o 1 85 7. 

1. Monroe's Administration". — James Monroe, of Vir- 
ginia, Madison's successor in the presidency, was inaugu- 
rated on the 4th of March, 1817 ; and his administration 
commenced under very favorable circumstances. We 
were at peace with all foreign powers ; our commerce 
rode every sea ; and the strife at home, between the two 
qreat political parties, Democrats and Federalists, had en- 
tirely ceased. 

2. Toward the close of 1817, the Seminoles (sern' -i-nolz) 
of Florida, joined by other Indians, commenced depreda- 
tions on the frontier settlements of Georgia. At first 
Gen. Gaines, and, afterward. Gen. Jackson, was sent 
against them. Being convinced that the Indians had 
been instigated to hostilities by persons in Florida, Jack- 
son marched into that province, though, at the time, it 
belonged to Spain; seized the fort at St. Mark's; exe- 
cuted two instigators of the war, both British subjects ; 
and sent the authorities of Pensacola to Havana. 

3. This having led to difficulties between the govern- 
ments of Spain and the United States, a treaty was finally 
made in 1819, by which Florida was ceded to the United 
States, but Spain did not surrender possession of the ter- 
ritory before 1821. The Mississippi Territory, embracing 

1 . When was Monroe inauirurated ? Condition of the country at that time ? 

2. Give an account of the troubles in Florida. 

3. State how Florida came into the post^ession of the United States. Where 
is St. Marks ? (p. 174.) What i-A said of the State of Misfsissippi 'i 

Note,— " Shortly after his inauguration, Monroe, imitating the example of 
Washington, set out on a tour through the Eastern States. His declaration of 
principles in his inaugural address had been highly satisfactory to the Federal- 
ists, and at Boston he was received with most elaborate pomp. Embittered and 
hot-tempered leaders of parties, who for the last seven years had hardly deigned 
to speak to each other, or even to walk on the same side of the street, met now 
with smiling faces, vying in extravagance of republican loyalty. The 'era of 
good feeling' having thus begun, the way was rapidly paved for that complete 
anialgaraation of parties which took place a few years after." — HUdretK's Hist. 

u. is: 



136 Monroe's administration. [is it. 

llie present states of Alabama and Mississippi, was di- 
vided in 1817, and the western portion admitted into the 
Union as the State of Mississippi. (App., p. 71, topic 109.) 

4. Illinois, which, up to 1800, was a part of the North- 
west Territory ; and then, till 1809, formed with Indiana 
the Indiana Territory ; and subsequently, by itself, was 
the Illinois Territory ; became a state in 1818. Alabama 
was admitted in 1819. In 1820, jMaine, which had up to 
that time been a district of Massachusetts, was organized 
as a state, and admitted into the Union. (P. 190, ^ 6.) 

5. The most important event during Monroe's admin- 
istration was the controversy preceding the admission of 
Missouri into the Union. The states of the North op- 
posed its admission as a slave-state, while those of the 
South favored such admission. (App., p. 71, topic 116.) 

6. In Congress the debate was long and violent ; but 
at length, in 1820, a bill, known as the "Missouri Com- 
promise," was passed, by which it was declared that, with 
the exception of Missouri, slavery should be prohibited 
in the territory of the United States north of the parallel 
36° 30', and west of the Mississippi. Under this com- 
promise, Missouri, with a constitution permitting slavery, 
was admitted into the Union in 1821. (Page 151, 1 57.) 

7. An important event of Monroe's administration was 
the recognition of the independence of the South Ameri- 
can republics. In his annual message of 1823, Monroe 
declared that the American continents " are henceforth 
not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by 
any European power." This is known as the " Monroe 
Doctrine." 

4. What is said of Illinois? Of Alabama? Of Maine? 

5. What was the most important event during Monroe's administration ? 
How were the states divided ? 

6. When was the I^Iissonri Compromise Act passed ? What declaration was 
made in the act ? When was Missouri admitted into the Union ? 

7. What other important event of Monroe's administration is mentioned? 
Wliat is the Monroe Doctrine ? 



18*5.] JOHN Q. ADAMS'S ADMINISTKATION. 137 



8. In the summer of 1824, Lafayette arrived on a visit 
to tliis country, as a guest of the nation. His tour 
through the states Avas everywhere signalized by tokens 
of respect from a grateful people. In the fall of the same 
year, the election for president took place ; but, in conse- 
quence of there being four candidates, and no one receiv- 
ing a majority of the electoral votes, the election went to 
the House of Representatives, by whom (in 1825) John 
Quincy Adams, of Massachusetts, was chosen. 

9. John Quincy Adams's Administration. — The in- 
auguration of Adams took place on the 4th of March, 
1825. His administration of four years was one of peace, 
and under it the nation made rapid increase in population 
and wealth. 

10. On the fiftieth anniversary of American Independ- 
ence, July the 4th, 1826, occurred the deaths of the two 
venerable ex-presidents, John Adams and Thomas Jeffer- 
son. When it is recollected that Adams and Jefferson 
were members of the committee to prepare the Decla- 
ration of Independence, that both had been foreign min- 
isters, vice-presidents, and presidents, the coincidence in 
their deaths is indeed remarkable. 

11. The subject of domestic manufactures engaged a 
large share of the president's attention. In 1828 a tariff 
law was passed, based upon the principle of protecting 
home manufactures by imposing heavy duties upon im- 
ported articles of the same kind. This policy, known as 
the American System^ had its friends and opponents then 
as it has now. 

12. Toward the close of the presidential term, the con- 

8. What is said of Lafayette ? State how John Quincy Adams was elected 
president. 

9. When was Adams inaugurated ? What is said of his administration ? 

10. When did Jefierson and John Adams die? What coincidence in their 
lives and deaths occurred? What toolc place on the 4th of July, just five years 
after? Ans. The death of James Monroe. 

11. What can you state of the tariff policy known as tho American system? 



138 Jackson's administration. [18«9. 

test for tlie succession was carried on with great bitter- 
ness of party feeling. Adams was a candidate for a sec- 
ond term, but was defeated by Andrew Jackson, of 
Tennessee. John C. Calhoun, of South Carolina, then 
Vice-President, having been elected four years before, 
was again cho^n to that office. 

13. Jackson's Administration. — Jackson's inaugura- 
tion took place on the 4th of March, 1829, and he at once 
commenced a series of vigorous measures, which he car- 
ried out for eight years. The practice of removing office- 
holders and appointing political friends of the president, 
was begun by Jackson. 

14. In his first annual message to Congress, the new 
president took ground against the renewal of the charter 
of the United States Bank. Notwithstanding the objec- 
tion. Congress, in 1832, passed a bill to re-charter it, but 
Jackson vetoed the bill, and the bank consequently ceased 
to be a national institution when the charter expired. 

15. In 1832 the northwest frontier suffered from Indian 
hostilities. Black Hawk, the most noted of the savages, 
and from whom the contest that followed took its name, 
was taken prisoner. The Indians finally gave up a large 
tract of territory and removed further west. 

16. The tariff law of 1828 caused dissatisfaction among 
the people of the cotton-growing states ; and though, in 
1832, an act was passed removing some of the duties on 
foreign goods, the feeling was greatly increased, A con- 
vention in South Carolina declared the tariff acts uncon- 
stitutional, and therefore null ; and proclaimed that if any 

12. What is stated of the presidential canvass of 1828? Give the result. 

13. When was Jackson inaugurated ? What is said of hia measures ? What 
is said of the practice he began ? 

14. What is stated in relation to the United States Bank? 

15. Give an account of the Black Hawk War. 

16. What is said of the tarift" act of 1828? Of the act of 1832? What was 
done, in consequence, in South Carolina? 

Note.— Durins: Jackson's term, France, after a long and troublesome dehi}', 
paid to the United States five millions of dollars for injury done to American 
commerce by the French. 



1835.1 



JACKSON S ADMINISTRATION. 



139 



attempts were made to collect the duties, the state would 
secede from the Union. 

17. Jackson acted with promptness and firmness. He 
sent Gen. Scott to Charleston, and issued a proclamation 
against the " nuUifiers." A "compromise bill," providing 
for the gradual reduction of the duties, was offered by 
Henry Clay, and passed by Congress. It was accepted 
by Calhoun, Hayne, and the other South Carolina leaders, 
and thus quiet was restored. 

18. Toward the close of 1835, the Seminoles became 
hostile, in consequence of an attempt to remove them to 
lands west of the Missis- 
sippi, in accordance with 
a treaty which had been 
made with some of the 
chiefs, but which others 
did not consider binding. 
Osceola {os-e-o'-lah)^ their 
most noted chief, having, 
in his opposition, used 
threatening language. Gen. 
Thompson, the govern- 
ment agent, put him in 
irons ; but by feigning 

penitence and making promises, he soon obtained his 
liberty. 

19. On the 28th of December, Osceola, resolved upon 
vengeance, approached a house in which Thompson and 
others were dining, and, making a sudden attack, killed 
five of the party, including Thompson. On the same 
day, Major Dade, while marching with more than a hun- 
dred men to join Gen. Clinch, at Fort Drane, was at- 




PART OF FLORIDA. 



17. Oive the puhpftqnont hintory of the attempt at " Nullification.''' 

18. What trouhlep commenced in 1835? How was Osceola treated? How. 
did he resrain his liberty ? 

19. How was Osceola revenged? How was he revenged at Fort Drane ? 



140 TAN BUREN's administration. [1837. 

tacked, and, with his -whole force except four men, was 
massacred. 

20. A number of battles were fought during the follow- 
ing year ; but in none could the Americans claim a de- 
cided victory. In October, 1837, Osceola appeared in 
the American camp with a flag of truce, when Gen. Jessup 
seized the chief, and sent him to Fort Moultrie. Two 
months later, Col. Taylor, afterward president of the 
United States, defeated the Indians near Lake 0-kee-cho'- 
bee, in the most desperate battle of the war; and though 
they continued hostile till 1842, they never again rallied 
in large force. 

21. Van Buren's Administration. — Jackson was suc- 
ceeded in the presidency by Martin Van Buren, of New 
York. Van Buren served only one term, or four years, 
extending from the 4th of March, 1837, to the 4th of 
March, 1841. (See App., p. 75, topic 172.) 

22. Soon after his inauguration, a revolution in mone- 
tary affairs took place, producing great distress in all 
branches of business throughout the country. Merchants 
failed, commerce and manufactures were prostrated, and 
the crash was finally consummated by the suspension of 
specie payments on the part of the banks. 

23. In the latter part of 1837 a rebellion broke out in 
Canada, which enlisted the sympathies and engaged the 
active co-operation of many citizens of the United States. 
A proclamation, issued by the president, forbidding inter- 
ference in the aflairs of Canada, together with the decided 
measures of the British authorities, had the effect intend- 
ed, and the attempt at insurrection was suppressed. 

20. What is said in relation to the battles fought in 1836 ? What took place 
in October, 183" ? What further can you say of Osceola ? Ans. He died about 
three months after, while at Fort Moultrie. Give an account of the battle of 
Okeechobee. What were the consequences ? 

21. Who succeeded Jackson in the presidency? When was Van Buren in- 
augurated •? 

22. Give an account of the revolution in monetary affaire. 

23. Give an account of the insurrection in Canada. 



1841.] Harrison's and tyler's administrations. 141 

24. Harrison's and Tyler's Administrations. — Van 
Buren's successor in office was William Henry Harrison, 
of Ohio, the "hero of Tippecanoe and the Thames." The 
cabinet of the new president was judiciously chosen, and 
the people anticipated for him a successful administration ; 
but, on the 4th of April, 1841, just one month after his 
inauguration, he died ; and the vice-j^resident, John Tyler, 
on taking the oath of office two days after, became presi- 
dent. (See App., p. 68, topic 69.) 

25. In 1842 serious difficulties occurred in Rhode 
Island, growing out of a movement to substitute a con- 
stitution extending the right of suffrage, in place of the 
charter granted by Charles II., in 1663, and which had 
been the " fundamental law of the land" the greater part 
of two centuries. The " suffrage party" attempted to 
effect the change without regard to existing laws, even 
resorting to force; but the legitimate power prevailed. 
A constitution, the one under which the state is now gov- 
erned, was soon after adopted. (See p. .31, ^ 44.) 

26. A proposition for the admission of Texas into the 
Union caused an excited discussion throughout the 
country during the closing months of Tyler's administra- 
tion. Those who objected to an increase of the slave- 
power in the government, opposed the proposition ; while 
those who favored such increase, advocated it. Three 
days before the expiration of his term of office, the presi- 
dent signed a bill for the annexation of Texas to the 
United States. (Florida was admitted in 1845 : Iowa in 
1846.)* 

a4. Who succeeded Van Buren in the precidency? When was Harrison 
inau<,'urated ? What further can you state in relation to Harrison ? When was 
Tyler inau'^u rated '; 

25. Give, an account of the "Dorr Rebellion" in Rhode Island 

2G. What proposition caused excited discussion? How were the peonle di- 
vided •? What did Tyler do on the 1st of March ? 

26. 27. Who succeeded Tyler in the presidency? When was Polk iijau- 
gurated ? State how Texas was made a member of the Union. 

* See App., p. 74, topic 161, for Texas ; App., p. 66, topic 54, for Florida : and 
p. 191, \ 8, as well as App., p. 68, topic 78. for Iowa. 



142 Harrison's and tyler s administrations. 




1845. 



POLK S ADMINISTRATION. 



143 



27. War with Mexico. — Polk's Administration. — 
Tyler's successor in office was James K. Polk, who was 
inaugurated on the 4th of March, 1845. His adminis- 
tration continued during only one term, but it was an 
eventful one. On the 4th of July, 1845, the Legislature 
of Texas approved the " annexation bill" passed by the 
United States Congress, and, by this act of approval, 
Texas became one of the United States. 

28. Texas had been 




a province of Mexico, 
but, in consequence 
of the arbitrary pol- 
icy of the Mexican 
rulers, the Texans re- 
volted, and, in 1836, 
set up a government 
of their own. The 
annexation of Texas 
to the United States 
led to a war with Mex- 
ico ; for Mexico still 
claimed Texas as a 
part of her own ter- 
ritory, and consid- 
ered the act of an- 
nexation a sufficient cause of war. (See Note, next page.) 
29. Events of 1846. — For the protection of the new 
state. Gen. Taylor proceeded, by order of President Polk, 



TAYXOB.' 

CAMPAI GN 

Scale 

"I — , I I I I I— I i—f 

XO 30 50 SO lOO 



28. What can you state of the previous history of Texas ? To what did the 
annexation of Texas lead ? Why did Mf'xico feel injured ? 

Map Questions.— (Maps, pp. 143, 143.) Into what waters does the Rio 
Grande flow? The Nneces (?iMw'-se.f) ? What conflicting claims to territory were 
made? Ans. The United States claimed the Rio Grande as their boundary, 
while the Mexicans asserted that the western limits of Texas never extended 
beyond the Nueces. Where i« Corpus Christi? Point Isabel ? Matamoras ? 
Saitillo ? Monterey (Mexico) ? Monterey (California) ? Buena Vista ? Fort Brown ? 
Where was the battle of Palo Alto fought ? Of Resaca de la Paima ? Of Bracito ? 
Of Sacramento ? Where is Tampico ? Leavenworth? Santa Fe ? New Mexico? 
California? Vera Cruz? Jalapa? Puebla? City of Mexico ? 



144 folk's ADMINISTEATION. [1846. 

to the Rio Grande [re-o grahn'-da)^ opposite Mat-a-mo'- 
ras, where he erected a fort, which was afterward named 
Fort Brown. Learning that tlie Mexicans were assem- 
bling troops at a point higher up the river, Taylor sent 
Capt. Thornton, with sixty-three dragoons, to reconnoi- 
tre. This little force was attacked on the 26th of April, 
1846, and, after a loss of sixteen men, was compelled to 
surrender. 

30. The Mexicans, in large force, having crossed the 
Rio Grande, for the purpose, as was supposed, of moving 
against Point Isabel, where the Americans had established 
a depot of supplies, Taylor marched to the relief of that 
place. After putting the Point in a good state of defence, 
he set out on his return to the river. 

31. His progress was disputed at Palo Alto {pah'-lo 
ahl'-to) and Resaca de la Palma [rd-sah'-kah da lah pahl'- 
niah) by Gen. Arista {cih-rees -tah) ; but, in both battles, 
the Mexicans were defeated with severe loss. In the first, 
fought on the 8th of May, the Mexicans numbered six 
thousand men, while the Americans consisted of but 
twenty-three hundred. The loss of the former exceeded 
five hundred. That of the latter was scarcely fifty, but 
among their mortally wounded was the brave Major 
Ring '-gold. 

32. The battle of Resaca de la Palma took place on the 
following day. May 9th. The action was commenced on 
both sides by the artillery, but the Mexican guns, well 
aimed and rapidly discharged, were holding the Americans 
in check, when Capt. May was ordered to silence them. 
At the head of his dragoons he charged with great fury, 

29. Wliat order did Polk send to Tavlor t Why was the order given '' Give 
an accoiinr of the mii^fortnue to Tliornto"n. 

30. Why did the Mexican:? cross the Kio Grande ? Tajior's movements 

31. 3i. Battle of Palo Alto. Battle of Resaca de la Palma. 

Note.— The United States, hy tlie annexation of Texas, claimed the Rio 
Grande as their boundary, while the Mexicans maintained that the western 
limits of Texas never extended beyond the Nueces (noo-d'-ceei<) ; consequently, 
when Taylor crossed the latter river into the disputed territory, the advance 
was treated by the Mexicans as the actual commencemeni of hostilities. 



1846.] folk's administration. 145 

killed or dispersed the gunners, and captured Gen. La 
Yega {lah vd'-gah). 

33. During the most of Taylor's absence from the fort 
on the Rio Grande, a period of nearly eight days, it had 
been subjected to a bombardment from the enemy's bat- 
teries at Matamoras. The garrison made a successful 
defence, though their heroic commander, Major Brown, 
was mortally wounded by the bursting of a shell. 

34. On the 18th of May, Taylor took possession of 
Matamoras, and in August he marched to attack Monterey 
{mon-tCi-ra')^ a city strong in its natural defences, and then 
garrisoned by ten thousand troops under Gen. Ampudia 
{ani-poo'-de-ah). After a series of assaults, in which 
Generals Worth and Quitman rendered brilliant service, 
Monterey capitulated on the 24th of September, and 
Taylor agreed to an armistice. 

35. Having received orders from Washington directing 
him to renew offensive operations, Taylor sent a division 
of his army, under Gen. Worth, to Saltillo {sahl-teel'-yo). 
Here Worth was joined by Gen. Wool, who, with an 
army of three thousand men, had marched from San 
An-to'-ni-o, designing to penetrate Chihuahua {che^wah'- 
icah)^ but, after crossing the Rio Grande, had been or- 
dered to abandon the design. In November, Commodore 
Conner, commanding the American fleet in the Gulf of 
Mexico, captured Tampico {tam-pe' -ko) . 

36. In an expedition which set out from Leavenworth, 
Gen. Kearny (>^«r'-??e)*entered Santa Fe and gained pos- 
session of the whole of New Mexico without opposition. 
After organizing a government, he left the main body of 



33. What, meanwhile, took place at Fort Bro\Vn ? 

34. What city did Taylor then take popsession of? Aeainst what city did 
he afterward march ? Give an account of his Huccess at Monterey. 

3. 5. Bv whom was Saltillo occupied? What march had Wool performed ? 
What did Wool do after his march ? What can you say of the capture of Tam- 
pico ? 

36. Give an account of Kearny's successes. * Stephen W. Kearny. 



116 pole's administration. [1847. 

his army under Col. Don'-i-plian, and crossed the conti- 
nent to California. 

37. With less than a thousand men, Doniphan start- 
ing from Santa Fe, marched more than a tbousand 
miles, and arrived at Saltillo. During the march he 
fought two battles, and was victorious in both. The first 
was at Bracito {brah-se'-to), December 25th ; and the 
second was at the Sacramento {sak-rah-men-to), February 
28th, 1847. 

38. Before the breaking out of the war, Captain Fre- 
mont' was sent to make western explorations. After suf- 
fering great hai'dships, he made his way into California, 
then a department of Mexico. Learning that Gen. Cas'- 
tro, the governor of the province, was mustering a force 
to come against him, he took a position on a mountain 
peak, thirty miles east of Monterey, where, in March, 
1846, he built a fort and hoisted the American flag. But 
the governor made threats instead of attacks. 

39. Taking a northern route, Fremont passed through 
the valley of the Sacramento, but was overtaken by an 
order from Washington, directing him to protect the in- 
terests of the United States in California. Retracins: his 
steps, he found Castro already marching against the 
American settlements on the Sacramento. The settlers 
flocked to liis standard with such alacrity, that he soon 
found himself able to confront the Mexicans, whom he 
defeated in several skirmishes, and finally compelled to 
retreat toward the southern part of the province. 

40. On the 5th of July, 1846, California was declared 
to be independent. A few days later. Commodore Slote, 

37. Give an account of Doniphan's successes. 

38. On what expedition had Fremont been sent? Give an account of his 
first troubles in California. 

39. Give an account of Fremont's successes in California. 

40. What declaration was made by the American settlers in California ? 
What did Commodore Slote do? What further is said in relation to Slote. 
Stockton, Fremont, and Kearny ? 



1847.1 folk's administration. 147 



commanding the Pacific fleet, having received informa- 
tion that hostilities had commenced on the Rio Grande, 
took possession of Monterey. Toward the latter part of 
the month, Commodore Stockton superseded Slote in com- 
mand ; and, with Fremont's co-operation, in a few months 
gained possession of the whole of California. Kearny 
arrived and took part in the final battle, January 8th, 
1847. (See App., p. 66, topic 55.) 

41. Events of 184*7. — It having been decided by the 
authorities in Washington, that, in order to " conquer a 
peace," the Mexican capital would have to be menaced. 
Gen. Scott was sent to march through Mexico against 
the capital. This plan not only deprived Taylor of a 
large portion of his best troops, but it gave to Scott the 
chief command of the American forces, he being the 
senior officer. 

42. Taylor's last engagement in Mexico was the battle 
of Buena Vista {bwd'-nah vees'-tah)^ fought on the 23d of 
Feb., 1847. His force of less than five thousand men was 
attacked by one nearly four times as large, under Gen. Santa 
Anna ; but, after a contest which lasted from morning till 
night, the Mexicans were driven in disorder from the field. 

43. On the 9th of March, Scott landed his army of 
twelve thousand men near Vera Cruz, and, on the 22d, 
aided by the fleet, he opened so destructive a fire upon 
the city and the fortress of San Juan de Ulloa [saiiv^hahn 
da ool-yo'-ah)^ that, on the 27th, both places were com- 
pelled to surrender. 

44. The march toward the interior was commenced on 
the 8th of April, but, at the mountain pass of Cerro Gordo 
(sdr'-ro gov' -do) ^ Scott found Santa Anna prepared to resist 



41. What plan of action was decided upon in Washington ? How did this 
afTect Taylor ? 

42. Give an account of the battle of Buena Vista. 

43. Give an account of Scott's success at Vera Cruz. 



us 



POLKS ADMINISTRATION. 



[184- 




^ t-Qiuruh 





Pcrote^ 

J ^^■ 

SanXuan. de Tit 

VERA CRUi 
LAPUEBLA 



w 



Xeliuacaii. 

SCOTT'S 
CAMPAIGN 



his advance. On the morning of the ISth, a daring assault 

was made upon the 
works of the enemy, 
and, before noon, 
the whole were in 
possession of the 
Americans. Besides 
losing their artillery, 
the Mexicans had 
one thousand of their 
number killed or 
wounded. 

45. On the next 
day the Americans 
entered Jalapa {hah- 
lah'-pah) ; further on 
they took, without 
opposition, the 
strong castle of Perote {pCM'(?>'-ta) ; and, on the loth 
of ^lay, they occupied tl^i^iciem a^^ populous city of 
Puebla [poo-d'-blah). jpere they Imlted nearly three 
months for re-enforcem§^ts, and then resumed their 
march, reaching Ayotla {cih-yot'-Jah), a town fifteen miles 
from the city of Mexico. 

46. Finding that the direct route thence was strongly 
fortitied, and anxious to spare the lives of his men, Scott 
turned southward, and encamped at San Augustin {san 
aic-g US-teen) J about ten miles from the capital. The ap- 
proaches to the city of Mexico thence were guarded by 



Map Questions. — How is Vei-a Cruz situated ? What fort protects the city ? 
On the national road from Vera Cniz to Mexico, what towns do you pa"ss 
throuirh ? In what direction is the city of Mexico from San Aiicnstin ? From 
San Antonio * From Contreras ? From Cliurubnsco ? From Chapultepec ? 

44. Give an account of Scott's march to and success at Cerro Gordo. 

45. Give an account of Scott's success from Cerro Gordo to Ayotla. 

46. What route did Scott take from Ayotla * Why did he chaiipe his roate ? 
Where did he encamp ? How, thence, were the approaches to the city Ov" Mexico 
guarded ? 



1847.] folk's administration. 149 

batteries at Contreras {con-tra-ras) and San Antonio, and 
by the strong forts of Churubusco (choo-roo-boos'-ko) and 
Chapult epec (c/i ah-pool-td-pek). 

47. At sunrise, on the 20th of August, tlie Americans 
attacked Contreras, and, in less than twenty minutes, car- 
ried the batteries. They were also successful at San An- 
tonio. On the same day Churubusco was attacked : the 
defence was obstinate, and the conflict bloody, but, at 
length, the Mexicans were driven from the fort and com- 
pelled to flee. 

48. At the request of Santa Anna, an armistice was 
granted, during which Scott endeavored to bring about 
a peace ; but finding that the Mexican commander was 
violating the truce by strengthening his defences, he or- 
dered Gen. Worth to storm the Molino del Rey (nio-le'- 
7id del m), an outer defence of Chapultepec. The attack 
was made on the 8th of September, and, although the 
Mexicans defended themselves desperately, inflicting a 
loss of six hundred upon their assailants, they were driven 
from their position. 

49. Chapultepec itself, a strongly fortified castle, situ- 
ated on a lofty hill, was yet to be taken before the capital 
could be reached. Batteries were erected to bear upon 
it : from these a fire was opened which made breaches 
through the stone wall defences, and, on the 13tli of Sep- 
tember, the place was carried by assault. During the 
night Santa Anna and his army fled from the capital, and, 
on the following morning, September 14th, Scott made a 
triumphant entry into it. 

50. The Mexicans, taking advantage of the weakness 
of the garrison Avhicli Scott had left at Puebla, laid siege 

47. What three successes did the Americans have in one day ? 

48. What request did Santa Anna make ? How did Scott endeavor to im- 
prove the armistice ? Why did he order Worth to make an attack ? Give an 
account ol" Worth's success. 

49. Give an account of the success against Chapultepec. What were the 
immediate consequences of the victory ? 



150 Taylor's AND Fillmore's ADMINISTRATIONS. [i848. 



to the place ; and Santa Anna, after his flight from the 
capital, joined the besiegers. Learning, however, that 
recruits were on their march to re-enforce Scott, he at- 
tacked them, but, as usual, met with defeat, and the siege 
of Puebla was raised. (App., p. 73, topic 156.) 

51. On the 2d of February, 1848, a treaty of peace 
was signed, by which all the territory north of the 
Rio Grande, together with the Avhole of New Mexico 
and California, was relinquished to the United States. 
On the part of the United States, it was agreed that 
$15,000,000 should be paid for the territory acquired, and 
that debts due from Mexico to American citizens, amount- 
ing to $3,000,000, should be assumed. Peace was pro- 
claimed by President Polk, on the 4th of July, 1848.* 

52. Taylor's and Fillmore's Administrations. — 
Polk's successor in the presidency was Gen. Zachary Tay- 
lor, the hero who had achieved such brilliant victories in 
the war with Mexico. His inauguration took place on 
the 5th of March, 1849, the 4th being Sunday. 

53. During the early part of 1848, gold began to be 
found in California in large quantities. The news at once 
spread with wonderful rapidity, and thousands of emi- 
grants from all parts of the world rushed thither. So 
rapidly did the territory become populated, that in the 
fall of 1849, there was a sufficient number of settlers there 
to constitute a state; and an application for admission 
into the Union was consequently made. (P. 193, ^ 13.) 

54. As the constitution which California had adopted 

50. What took place at Puebla ? Of Santa Anna's last defeat. 

51. How was the war brought to a close? What territory did the Uaited 
States acquire? What did the United States agree to do in return? What 
States were added to the Union during Polk's administration? An$. Texas, 
Iowa, and Wisconsin. 

52. Wlio, next after Polk, was president? When was he inaugurated ? 

53. What excitement, with regard to California, soon broke out? What is 
said of the growth of California? What application to Congress was made by 
the Californians ? 

* The treaty was made by commissioners who met at Guadaloupe Hidalgo 
(gwah-dah-loo'-pd he-dald'-go), a small town about four miles from the City of 
Mexico ; but the boundary between the two countries soon became a subject of 
dispute, which was not settled till 1853, when the United States purchased the 



P*rogressive Map ISTo. 3, 




1850.1 tierce's administration. 151 



excluded slavery from her territory, a violent dispute coni- 
nicnced in Congress, and throughout the United States, 
which continued several months, the friends of the slave- 
power opposing the admission of California as a free state. 
Jk'ibre the dispute was settled, Gen. Taylor died, after an 
administration of only one year, four months, and four 
days ; and the vice-president, Millard Fillmore, thereujjon, 
became president. (See App., p. 74, topic 163.) 

55. Other cpiestions, growing out of the subject of sla- 
very, having been introduced into Congress, live acts were 
passed in conformity with the spirit of a compromise of- 
i'ered by Henry Clay. These provided for the admission 
of California as a free state ; the organization of territo- 
rial governments for New Mexico and Utah {yoo'-tah), 
without mention of slavery; the establishment of the 
boundary of Texas ; the abolition of the slave-trade in the 
District of Columbia , and the surrender to their masters 
of slaves escaping to free states — this last bill being known 
as the " Fugitive Slave Law." (App., p. 64, topic 32.) 

5^. Pierce's Administration. — During the administra- 
tion of Franklin Pierce, who succeeded to the presidency 
on the 4th of March, 1853, the controversy between the 
slaveholding and non-slaveholdino: sections of the Union 
was renewed, the one being in favor of and the other op- 
])osed to the extension of slavery into the territories of the 
United States. 

57. This fresh outbreak had its origin mainly with Con- 
gress, in the introduction there of what is known as the 
" Kansas-Nebraska Bill." By the " Missouri Compromise 

54. What, dii?piite of national importance soon occurred ? What loss did the 
nation .siiRtuin at thai time ? Who, then, became president ? 

55. Give a full account of what was done before California gained admission 
to tlit^ Union? Now, repeat the provisions of the live acts. By what name 
was Mr. Clay's bill known? Am. Tlie Omnibus Bill. 

56. Who succeeded Fillmore in the presidency? When was Pierce inau- 
gunif (id ? How did the slavery question in another shape appear ? 

57. Origin of the new outbreak? Give the history of the trouble. 

jVf.HUa VaUey, or, as it is called, the Gadsden Purcliase. lor $10,000,000. General 
Gadsden having been the agent of the United States Government in liie iiego- 



152 riEECE'S ADMINISTRATION. [1854. 

Bill," passed in 1S'20, slavery was prohibited in all the 
territory bouglit of Franoe, north of the sonthern bound- 
ary of 3lissouri — Missouri excepted. By the " Kansas- 
Nebraska Bill,*' which Congress passed in 1854, this pro- 
hibition was repealed, and the two territories of Kansas 
and Nebraska were duly organized. (See p. 13(5, •y 0.) 

58. No sooner had tlie bill passed than emigrants from 
both seciions of the Union began to pour into Kansas, 
those from the North being determined to make it a free 
state, Avhile those from the South were equally resolved 
the other way ; and Avith such undue zeal was the strife 
carried on, that frequent collisions took place, in which 
blood was sometimes shed. 

59. As the time for the next presidential election ap- 
proached, three candidates were put in nomination. .Tames 
Buchanan was the choice of the Democratic party ; mill- 
iard Fillmore, of the American: and John C Fremont, 
of the organization opposed to the extension of slavery, 
known as the Republican party. After an exciting can- 
vass, during which the repeal of the "Compromise of 
IS'JO," the troubles in Kansas, and the "Fugitive Slave 
Law,*' entered largely into the subjects of discussion, 
Buchanan was elected. (Sec p. 163, •y 23.) 



CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. 

1817. James >tonrv>e was m:mirun\ted president March 4. 

Mississippi was admitted into the Union Dec. 10. 

The SeminoU^s connneneed depivdatious. 

1818. Jackson went ainunst the Seminoles ^March. 

lUinois was admitted into the Union Dec. 3. 

1819. Alabama was admitted into the Union Dec. 14. 

1820. Maine was admitted into the Union March 15. 

.'S Oivo an sccomit of the i?trifo that followed. 

,!*> What oaudui.Hte? wonMiominated 'o succeed Pion:o? Give an account 
c( the CAuvass. WhAt was the n^:?ult of the election • 



CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. 153 



1820. The " Missouri Compromise Bill" was passed March 3. 

1821. Spain surrendered Florida to the United States July 1. 

Missouri was admitted into the Union Aug. 20. 

1824. Lafayette visited the United States Aug. 15. 

1825. John Quincy Adams was inaugurated president. , . March 4. 

1826. John Adams and Thomas Jefferson died July 4. 

1829. Andrew Jackson was inaugurated president March 4. 

1832. The Black Hawk War occurred. 

South Carolina declared the doctrine of Nullification. Nov. 24. 

1835. The war with the Seminoles commenced Dec. 28. 

Seminoles massacred Thompson's and Dade's party. .Dec. 28. 

1836. Arkansas was admitted into the Union June 15. 

1837. Michigan was admitted into the Union Jan. 26. 

Martin Van Buren was inaugurated president March 4. 

Taylor defeated the Indians at Okeechobee Dec. 25. 

1841. William Henry Harrison was inaugurated president. March 4. 

The death of President Harrison occurred April 4. 

John Tyler was inaugurated president April 6. 

1842. The war with the Seminoles terminated. 

The Dorr Rebellion in Rhode Island occurred. 

1845. Tyler signed the bill for the annexation of Texas.. .March 1. 

Florida was admitted into the Union March 3. 

James K. Polk was inaugurated president March 4. 

Texas w^as admitted into the Union Dec. 29. 

1846. The Mexicans captured Thornton's party April 26. 

The Mexicans bombarded Fort Brown May, 

Taylor defeated the Mexicans at Palo Alto May 8. 

Taylor defeated the Mexicans at Resaca de la Palma. .May 9. 
Congress declared " war existed by the act of Mexico".May 11. 
Taylor crossed the Rio Grande and took Matamoras . May 18. 

Taylor defeated the Mexicans at Monterey Sept. 24. 

Doniphan defeated the Mexicans at Bracito Dec. 25. 

Iowa was admitted into the Union Dec. 28. 

1847 Taylor defeated the Mexicans at Buena Vista Feb. 23. 

Doniphan defeated the Mexicans at Sacramento Feb. 28. 

The Mexicans surrendered Vera Cruz to Scott March 27. 

Scott defeated the Mexicans at Cerro Gordo April 18. 

Scott took Contreras and Churubusco Aug. 20. 

The Americans were victorious at Molino Del Rey. . Sept. 8. 
The Americans were victorious at Chapultepec. , . . Sept. 13. 
Scott entered the city of :Mexico Sept. 14. 

7* 



154 



CHEONOLOGICAL EECAPITUIATION. 



1848. 

1849. 
1850. 



1853. 
1854 



A treaty was made between tlie U. S. and Mexico . . . Feb. 2. 

Wisconsin was admitted into the Union May 29. 

Zachary Taylor was inaugurated president Marcli 5. 

The death of President Taylor occurred July 9. 

Millard Fillmore was inaugurated president July 10. 

California was admitted into the Union Sept. 9. 

Franklin Pierce was inaugurated president March 4. 

Congress passed the Kansas-Nebraska Bill May 31 



PRINCIPAL BATTLES OF THE WAR WITH MEXICO. 
(The Americans were successful in every battle.) 



DATES. 


BATTLES. 


COMMANDERS. 


FORCES ENGAGED. 


American. 


Mexican. 


Amer'n Mex"n 


1S46. 
Mays, 
May 9, 
Sept. 24, 
Dec. 25, 

1S47. 
Feb. 23, 
Feb. 28. 
March 27, 
April IS, 

Aug. 20, ■} 

Sept. S, 
Sept. 13, 
Oct. 9, 


Palo Alto 


Tavlor 


Arista 


2,300 

2,200 

C,«00 

500 


6.000 

5,000 

10,000 

1,200 


Resaca de laPalrra 

Monterey 

Bracito 


Tavlor .... 
Taylor .... 
Doniphan.. 


Arista 

Ampudia 

De Leon 




Buena Vista.". 

Sacramento 

Vera Cruz 


Taylor .... 
Doniphan.. 

Scott 

Scott 

Scott 

Scott 

Worth 

Scott 

Lane 


Santa Anna 

Trias 

Morales 

Santa Anna.... 

Valencia 

Santa Anna.... 

Alvarez 

Bravo.. 

Santa Anna.... 


4,700 

900 

12 (KX) 


17,000 
4.000 
Rnnn 


Cerro Gordo 


8.500 1 12.000 
4.000 t nnn 


Churubusco 

Molino del Rey 

Chapultepec 

Huamantla 


S.lKM) 

3.500 

7,200 

500 


25.(XX) 

14.0(X» 

25,000 

1,000 



REATEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

Name three important events of 1S17 152 

Wliat ev&nts happened at Pensacola ? 127, 128, 135 

Give the history of Florida 11, 12, 13, 14, 63, 98, 127, 128, 135, 15.S 

What history can you give of the State of Mississippi ? 1:55, 136 

Give the early history of Dlinois 13(5 

Give the early history of Alabama 136 

Give the early history of Maine 27, 33, 136 

State what you can of the early history of Missouri 110, 136 

Give the particulars in relation to the admission of Missouri 136 

State all you can in relation to the '• Monroe Doctrine" 13(5 

Give an account of Lafayette 7S. SO, 96, 97, 137 

How was John Quincy Adams elected president ? 137 

What presidents have been elected by the House ? 109, 187 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 155 

PAGE 

14. Which three ex-presidcuts died on the 4th of July ? (See note also.) 137 

15. Name ten important events from 1818 to 1826 152, 153 

16. What can you state of the tariff law of 1828 ? 137 

17. Which of the presidents served each two terms? (See Table, end of history.) 
IS. Give the history of the United States Banks IOC, 130, 138 

19. Give an account of the Black Hawk War 1:58 

20. Give the history of the " South Carolina Nullification" 137, 138, 139 

21. Give the history of the troubles with the Seminoles 135, 139, 140 

22. Name seven events of Jackson''s administration 138, 153 

23. Write an account of Jackson 121, 128, 135, 138, 139, 140 

24. Name three events that occurred in Van Buren's term 140 

25. Give an account of the battle of Okeechobee 140 

26. What distress was produced in monetary affairs ? 140 

27. What account can you give of the Canadian Rebellion ? 140 

28. Give an account of Harrison 114, 118, 119, 120, 141 

29. Name in order the events from 1836 to 1845 . 153 

30. Give the history of Rhode Island 31, 33, 68, 74, 79, 86, 87, 141 

31. Name four important events of 1845 153 

32. What dispute was there in relation to Texas ? 141 

33. What was the cause of the war with Mexico ? 143 

34. Name, in order, nine important events of 1846 153 

35. Give the history of Fort Brown 143, 144^ 145 

36. Give a full account of the battle of Palo Alto 144, 154 

37. Give an account of the battle of Resaca de la Palma 144, 145, 154 

38. What city did Taylor soon after get possession of? I45 

39. What were Taylor's other successes during 1846 1 145 

40. What did General Wool accomplish during the war ? 145 

41. What service did Com. Conner render during the war ? 145, 147 

42. What service did General Kearny render during the war? 145, 147 

43. Give a full account of Doniphan's expedition 145, 146, 154 

44. Give an account of Fremont's movements and successes 146, 147 

45. What did Com. Slote accomplish ? 146, 147 

46. What plan " to conquer a peace" was decided upon ? 147 

47. Give an account of Taylor's successes during 1847 147, 154 

48. Of Scott's success against Vera Cruz and its fortress 147 

49. Of his march to and success at Cerro Gordo 147, 148 

50. Of his march from Cerro Gordo to Ayotla 148 

51. Of his march from Ayotla to San Augustin 148 

52. Of his march and successes during August, 1847 148, 149 

53. What can you state of the armistice granted by Scott ? 149 

'54. Give an account of the conflict at the Molino del Rey 149 

55. Of further operations and Scott's final success 149 

50. Give an account of the siege of Puebla 149, 150 

57. What were the closing acts of the war ? 150 

58. Name eight important events of 1847 153 

59. Write an account of General Taylor 140, 143, 144, 145-150 

60. Give the early history of California 150, 151 

61. Give the history of the " Kansas-Nebraska Bill" 151, 152 

02. State what you can of Kansas 110, 151, 152, 157 

63. Name eight events that occurred from iai8 to 1854 '....'.. 154 



156 



LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. 



P £ f N S\Jf |{,^auKcAjN 




PART OF 



1857.] buchan^an's admin^istration-. 157 



SECXIOI^ ^IIl. 

From the beginning of Buchana7i's Administration in 

1857, to the present time. 

1. The Great Civil War. — Buchanan's Administra- 
tion. — The inauguration of Buchanan took place on the 
4th of March, 1857. During his administration of four 
years, three states — all free — were added to the Union. 
Minnesota was admitted in' 1858; Oregon, in 1859; and 
Kansas, in 1861. (Note, p. 157, p. 192, and App., p. 72.) 

2. The slavery question continued to be the prominent 
topic of discussion ; and an event, which occurred in the 
fall of 1859, and which created intense excitement 
throughout the country, not only gave increased impulse 
to the discussion, but greatly aggravated the feeling then 
prevailing at the South against the North. This was 
" John Brown's raid." 

3. Brown's object was the liberation of slaves. With 
that in view, he and twenty-one associates seized the ar- 
senal at Harper's Ferry, for the purpose of making it 
a rendezvous ; but the movement was a total failure. 
Those engaged in it were overpowered by state and na- 
tional troops, thirteen of their number were killed, two es- 
caped, and the rest, including Brown, were tried and hung. 

4. As Buchanan's term of office drew toward its close, 

1 . When was Buchanan inaugurated ? What states were added to the Union ? 

2, What subject continued to be generally discussed? 
i2, 3. Give an account of Jolin BrowuV raid. 

4. What is said of the presidential canvass of 1860 ? What was the result ? 

Note. — " How for Louisiana extended westward when it wasceded by France 
to Spain, history oflers no means of determining. * * * In the absence oT all 
light on the subject from history, we are forced to regard the boundaries indi- 
cated by nature, namely, the highlands separating the waters of tlie Mississippi 
from those flowing into the Pacific or the Californian Gulf, as the true western 
boundaries of the Louisiana ceded to the United States by France in 1803."-- 
Greenhow''s History of Oregon and California. 

During the negotiations for the cession of Florida, in 1818, " Don Onis, the 
Spanish Minister at Washington, oftered to agree to the Sabine and a due north 
line to the Missouri, and the course of that river to its head. The American 
claim to extend to the Pacific he pronounced a novelty now heard of for the first 
Ximny—HUdreWs V. S. 



158 Buchanan's administration. [isgo. 

no less than four candidates were nominated to succeed 
him. After an exciting canvass, in which the slavery- 
question was the all-absorbing one, the election resulted 
in favor of Abraham Lincoln, the candidate of the Re- 
publican party. 

5. AVhen it became known that the party opposed to 
the further extension of slavery had been successful, and 
that Lincoln would be the next president, public meetings 
were held in South Carolina to bring about a secession 
of that state from the Union ; and, on the 20th of De- 
cember, 1860, an ordinance of secession was passed by a 
state convention held in Charleston. 

6. Six days after. Major Anderson, commanding at 
Fort Moultrie, withdrcAV his force of but eighty men from 
that fort, and established himself at Fort Sumter, a place 
of greater security. This being regarded by the South 
Carolinians as a hostile act, they at once seized the cuf- 
tom-house at Charleston, as well as other property be- 
longing to the general government, and began to make 
preparations to drive Anderson from his new position. 

7. Events of 1861. — The steamer. Star of the West, 
sent from New York with supplies and re-enforcements 
for Fort Sumter, arrived off Charleston, January 10th, 
1861 ; but, being fired upon by batteries which had 
been erected and manned by authority of South Caro- 
lina, she was compelled to put back. During this 
month, January, five of the slave states, — Mississippi, 
Florida, Alabama, Georgia, and Louisiana, — following the 
lead of South Carolina, passed secession ordinances ; and, 
on the first of February, Texas did the same. 

5. What immediate eflect did the election have in South Carolina? What 
action was talien by a state convention there ? 

6 What movement did Major Anderson make ? What were the immediate 
consequences of the movement ? Where is Fort Moultrie ? (Map, p. 73.) Fort 

7 What plan for the relief of Fort Sumter did the Confederates frustrate ? 
Which states passed secessiou ordinances in January, 1861 ? Which state fol- 
lowed next ? 



1S61.1 Lincoln's administration. 159 

8. On the 4th of P\^bruaiy, a congress, composed of 
delegates from all these states, except Texas, met at 
Montgomery ; and, four days after, organized a gov- 
ernment by the adoption of a " Provisional Constitu- 
tion," assuming the title of the " Confederate States of 
America." On the 9th, this congress elected Jefferson 
Davis " President of the Confederacy;" and, on the 18th, 
Texas being then represented, he was duly inaugurated. 

9. Forts, arsenals, navy-yards, custom-houses, and 
other property belonging to the general government, 
within the boundariesofthe Confederate states, were seized 
by state authority for the Confederacy. Fort Pickens, 
near Pensacola, which had been saved by Lieut. Slemmer, 
with Fort Sumter, and the forts at the southern extremity 
of Florida, alone remained in the possession of the United 
States. 

10. Lincoln's Administration. — In this distracted and 
sad condition were the affairs of the country when Lin- 
coln, on the 4th of March, 1861, entered upon the office 
of president. His inauguration took place " amid a 
greater display of military force than had ever before 
been witnessed on such an occasion." 

11. The president, in his inaugural address, announced 
that he had " no purpose to interfere with the institution 
of slavery" where it existed ; further stating that, in his 
opinion, he had " no right to do so." But this assurance 
had no effect whatever upon the Southern leaders. Re- 
garding their duty to the general government as second- 
ary to the obligation they owed to their respective states. 



8. State what took place at Montgomery, in February, How is Montgomery 
situated ? (Map, p. 120.) 

9. What is said of the seizure of forts, &c. ? Of Lieutenant Slemmer ? 
Where is Pensacola ? (Map, p. 120.) Fort Pickens ? 

10. When was Lincoln inaugurated ? What is said of the occasion ? 

11. What announcement did Lincoln make? What did he further state? 
Wliat is said of the effect produced ? How did the Southern leaders regard their 
duty '? What military preparations did they make ? 



160 Lincoln's administkation. [18«i. 

they organized an army, and. ordered Gen. Beauregard 
{bo'-re-(jard) to reduce Fort Sumter. 

12. Accordingly, on the mornnig of the 12th of April, 
the first sliot was tired upon the fort. Alter a bombard- 
ment of thirty-four hours, the defence being but feeble 
in consequence of the smallness of the garrison and the 
poor supply of ammunition, Anderson was compelled to 
capitulate. On the following day, April 14th, he de- 
parted with his command, and sailed for New York. 

13. The news of this event produced an almost uncon- 
trollable excitement throughout the country ; and the 
president's proclamation, issued on the loth, calling for 
troops, was responded to at once by all the free states. A 
Massachusetts regiment, while on its way to defend the 
national capital, was attacked, April 19th, in the streets 
of Baltimore, by a mob of Southern sympathizers. Two 
of the soldiers were killed, and a number wounded. 

14. Lincoln's proclamation was followed, two days 
after, by one from Davis, offering letters of marque and 
reprisal to all persons, who, in private armed vessels, 
would prey upon the commerce of the United States. 
This was followed, April 19th, by another proclamation 
from Lincoln, declaring the ports of the Confederate states 
in a state of blockade. 

15. With the exception of Delaware, not one of the 
slave states arrayed itself promptly and decidedly on 
t'r.e side of the Union. Before June, Virginia, Arkansas, 
Tennessee, and North Carolina, passed secession ordi- 
nances. Virginians seized the armory at Harper's Ferry 

l'>. Give an account of the bombardment of Fort Snmter. 

13. What effect did the new? produce? What call did President Lincohi 
make « How was the call responded to ? Give an account of the attack upon 
the Massachusetts resiment. What event took place just eighty-six years be- 
fore? (p. m.\ 

1 4. What proclamation did "Davis put forth ? By what action, on the part of 
Lincoln, was Davis's proclamation followed ? 

1 5. Which states besides those already named passed secession ordinances ? 
What seizures did the Vir<rinians make f 



1S61.] 



ltncoln's administkation. 



161 



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and tlK3 navy-yard at Norfolk, both ])laces liaving been 
abandoned by tlie Union officers in charge after a large 
])art of the property contained therein had been destroyed. 

16. It can hardly be said that the national government 
made any offensive movement before the 24th of May. 
Then Gen. Scott, commanding the 

Union army, sent troo])S into Vir- 
ginia ; and Arlington Heights, oppo- 
site Washington, as well as the town 
of Alexandria, were occupied. Some 
days after, June 10th, a force, sent 
by Gen. Butler, commanding at For- 
tress Monroe, was severely repulsed 
in an attack upon the Confederate 
Avorks at Dig ]>ethel. 

17. The Confederate army, to the number of about one 
hundred thousand men, occupied a line through Virginia, 
from Harper's Ferry to Norfolk ; their strongest position 

being on the road from Washington 

to Richmond, at a place called Ma- 
nassas Junction. Richmond was 
then the capital of the Southern 
Confederacy, the transfer from 
Montgomery having been decided 
upon in May. 

18. About the middle of July, a 
large army, commanded 1)y Gen. 
McDowell, marched to attack the Confederates, under 




Map Questions.— (Map, p. 156.) How is Baltimore situated? Norfolk? 
Harp«r'H Perry? Washington? Alexandria? Fortre.>^s Monroe ? BIl' Betliel ? 
Richmond ? Where is Manassas Junction ? Arlin<'ton Ileijrhts ? Bull Itun v Ed- 
ward's Ferry? Cedar Mt.? Ball's Blufl"? 

., \^ "^'h&i movements were made on the 24th of May ? Give an account of 
the Battle of Bi},' Bethel. 

17. What line ofdefence did the Confederates occupy? What was Richmond 

/», * ^- "^hen did the battle of Centreville occur ? How is Centreville situated ? 
(Map, p. 150.) Give an account of the buttle of Bull Run. 



162 Lincoln's administeation. [isei. 

Beauregard, at Manassas Junction. On the ISth a contlict 
took place near Centreville. On the 21st occurred the 
battle of Bull Run, a desperate conflict, in ^vhich more 
than forty thousand men were engaged. At length the 
Confederates, being largely re-enforced, prevailed ; and the 
Union troops, panic-stricken, fled in disorder toward 
Washington. The Union loss reached nearly three thou- 
sand men, while that of the Confederates did not much 
exceed half that number. 

19. On the following day, July •22d, Gen. McClellan 
was called to take command of the forces around AN^ash- 
ington, known as the Army of the Potomac, lie had just 
closed with credit a campaign in West Virginia, during 
which the Confederates were routed at Philippi (.AV//> '-/>/), 
Rich ^lountain, and other places. Congress, wliich com- 
menced an extra session on the 4th of July, appropriated 
five liundred million dollars for carrying on the Mar, 
and voted to raise five hundred thousand troops. 

20. In the mean time eftbrts had been made by the Se- 
cessionists to take Missouri out of the Union. In this, 
however, they failed, mainly through the prompt action 
of Gen. Lyon, who captured their camp near St. Louis, 
defeated them at Booneville on the 17th of June, and 
thus frustrated the designs of the disloyal governor. 

21. On the 5th of July a division of his troops, under 
Col. (afterward Gen.) Sigel {se'-(jel), made a gallant fight 
at Carthage; but on the 10th of August, having been 
confronted by a vastly superior force, and fearing that a 
retros^rade movement would be fatal to the cause, Lyon 



19. To what position was McClellan called ? What can you state of his 
previous successes ? What was done by Conj;:ress * 

Map Questions.— (.p. 'Hm.) Where is St. Louis? Booneville? Carthaire ? 
Wilson's Creek ? Spvinirfield ? Belmont ? New Orleans ? Cairo ? Lexini^tou * 

20. What had been the aim of secessionists in Missouri? What successes 
did 'Ten. Lvon havu at St. Louis ? At Booneville * 

21. Wliat account can you give of the battle of Carthage ? Of the battle of 
Wilson's Creek or SpringtiVld ? 



1861.] Lincoln's administration. 163 

made an unsuccessful attack upon the enemy at Wilson's 
Creek, near Springtield, and was killed. 

22. In a little more than a month afterward, Col. Mul- 
ligan, commanding twenty-live hundred men at Lexing- 
ton, Missouri, was attacked by a Confederate force at 
least five times as large, and, after a contest of four days, 
was compelled to surrender, September 20th. 

23. Gen. Fremont, then in command of the Western 
Department, left St. Louis for Jefterson City, and thence 
marched against Price, who was retreating in a southerly 
direction. The pursuit Avas continued only as far as 
Springtield, when Fremont, in compliance with orders, 
turned the command over to Gen. Hunter, who held it 
until the arrival of Gen. Halleck. (See ^. 146, 1 40.) 

24. In October, Gen. Stone was in command of a large 
Union force on the Potomac, in Maryland. A division 
of this force, having crossed the river to Ball's Bluff to 
make a reconnoissance, was disastrously defeated, on the 
21st, and its commander. Col. Baker, killed. Li an attack 
upon the Confederate works at Belmont, Missouri, Nov. 
Yth, Gen. Grant was at first successful, but the enemy 
having been re-enforced, he retired to his boats. 

25. Two coast exi^editions — one to North Carolina, and 
the other to South Carolina — were completely successful. 
In the first, Com. Stringham {string' -am) and Gen. But- 
ler, commanding a naval and military force, captured the 
Confederate forts at Ilatteras Inlet. In the second. Com. 
Du-pont', with a fleet of about fifty vessels, captured the 



22. Give an account of the battle of Lexington. 

23. Who, at the time, was in the chief command of the Union forces at the 
West. Give an account of the pursuit made by Fremont. Who superseded 
Fremont in the command ? Who succeeded Hunter ? 

24. Where was Gen. Stone in command ? Give an account of the disaster 
at Ball's Bluff. By what name is the battle of Ball's Bluff also known ? Ans. 
Edwards' Ferry. Give an account of the battle of Belmont ? 

25. Give an account of the expedition against the forts at Ilatteras Inlet. 
Give an account of the expedition against the forts at Port Royal harbor. What 
change in commanders waa made ? " 



164 Lincoln's administration. iisei. 

forts at Port Royal entrance. In the mean time, Gen. 
Scott, in consequence of physical infirmities, resigned the 
command of the army of the United States, and McClellan 
was appointed in his place. (App., p. 73, topic 156.) 

26. On the sea an event occurred in November, which 
produced great excitement both in the United States and 
Great Britain. Capt. Wilkes (ivilks), in command of the 
irigate San Jacinto {sanja-sin'-to)^ intercepted an English 
steamer, and took from her Messrs. Mason and Sli-dell', 
Confederate commissioners to Europe ; but as the seizure 
Avas contrary to the rights of neutral vessels, and the 
British government resented the act, the two prisoners 
were given up. 

27. This attair tended to make still less amicable the 
relations which, at the time, existed between the United 
States and England ; for before the last of the States that 
passed secession ordinances had joined the Confederacy, 
Queen Victoria (May 13th) acknowledged the South as a 
belligerent power ; and France, soon after, did the same. 

28. The Confederates fitted out a number of privateers, 
one of the most successful being the steamer Sumter, 
Capt. Semmes {semz), which ran the blockade of New 
Orleans on the last day of June. She captured a number 
of vessels, and then, crossing the Atlantic, entered the 
bay of Gibraltar. Here she was found by a United 
States gunboat, and, being unable to escape, was sold- 
Her crew went to England, where a faster steamer was 
in process of construction. This vessel the Confederates 
obtained, and named the Alabama. (See p. 181, ^ 80.) 

29. During the year 1861, the Federal government in- 
creased its navy, from less than fifty, to about two hun- 



26. Give an acconnt of the capture of Mason and Slidell. 

27. What unfriendly acts did England and France perform ? 

28. Give an account of the career of the Sumter. 

29. What addition was made to the Union navy in 1861 ? What is said o/ 
the blockade ? Of specie payments ? Of the circulating medium ? Of gold * 



Lincoln's administration. 



165 




iCy(J LINCOKS'S ADMINISTRATION. [1862. 

dred vessels. This whole force was required in block- 
ading Southern ports ; and, as it M'as increased in the 
three succeeding years, the blockade became more effec- 
tive. A general suspension of specie payments by the 
banks of the North having taken place, specie circulation 
soon gave way to that of paper, and gold became an ar- 
ticle of merchandise commanding a high premium. 

30. Events of 1862. — At Cairo (kd'-ro) the Union 
troops established a base of operations. Gen. Grant being 
in command. From a point on the Mississippi, a few 
miles below Cairo, the whole river to its mouth was in 
possession of the Confederates, and great preparations 
were made by both parties, one to retain and the other 
to gain the mastery of the river. 

31. The Confederates had also a line of defences from 
the Mississippi to Cumberland Gap, with strong positions 
at Columbus, Bowling Green, Fort Henry, Fort Donel- 
son, and near Mill Spring. In January, 1862, Gen. Buell 
was in command of a Federal department, with his head- 
quarters at Louisville. A division of his army, under 
Gen. Geo. H. Thomas, gained a brilliant victory at Mill 
Sprini^, Jan. 19th, the defeated party escaping further loss 
by crossing the Cumberland. 

32. In February, Commodore Foote, commanding a 
fleet of gunboats, sailed up the Tennessee, and, on the 
6th, reduced Fort Henry. Bowling Green was soon after 
abandoned. On the 16th, Gen. Grant, with the co-opera- 
tion of the fleet, eftected the important capture of Fort 



-(p. 1T4.> "Where is Cnmberland Gap ? Mill Springr ? Lonis- 
d ? Elizabeth Citv ? Columbns ? (p. IfiS.) Buwiing Green ? 
lonelsou ? Nashville ? Pea Ridsre ? New Madrid ? Island 



Map QrESTioNs. 
ville ? Roanoke Island ' 
Fort Henry ? Fort Donelson ' 
No. 10 ? 

30. At what western place did the Union troops establish a base of opera- 
tions ? How much of the ^Ussissippi did the Confederates hold ? What eflbrts 
were made bv both parties ? . 

31. What line of defences did the Confederates have? Where were their 
etron«r positions ? Give an account of the battle of Mill Spriuir. 

32. Of the capture of Fort Henry. Of the capture of I ort Donelson. 



1862.] 



Lincoln's administration. 



167 



Doiielson, on the Cumberland, with sixteen thousand 
prisoners. The Confederates tliereupon evacuated Cohim- 
bus and Nashville. 

33. An important success meanwhile attended the ef- 
forts of the Unionists on the Atlantic coast. A land and 
naval expedition, sailing ^^ 
from Hampton Roads, nn 
der Gen. Burnside and 
Com. Goldsborough, cap- 
tured Koanoke Island, 
Feb. 8th. This success 
was followed by the de- 
struction of the Confed- 
erate flotilla at Elizabeth 
City, by the capture of 
that and other places, and 
by a victory gained by 
liurnside at Newbern. 
An expedition, fitted out 

at Port Royal, captured Fort Pulaski {pu-las'-ke). 

34. Two important events occurred on the 8th of 
ISIarch. Gen. Curtis, ably seconded by Sigel, defeated 
the Confederates, under Gen. Van Dorn, at Pea Ridge, 
Arkansas, after three days' hard fighting ; and the ram 
Virginia, steaming out from Norfolk to Hampton Roads, 
destroyed the United States sloop-of-war Cumberland and 
the frigate Congress. 

35. This vessel, formerly the Merriniac, which had been 
sunk at Norfolk by the Union commander there at the 
beginning of the war, had been subsequently raised by 




PART OP SOUTH CAROLINA AND GEORGIA. 



33. Whore is Hampton Roads? (Map. p. 15(5.) Give an account of the ex 
pedition under Burnside and Ooldsborou<;h. Of the expedition afj;ainst Fort 
Pulaski. What city does Fort Pulaski defend? (Map. p. 167.) 

34. Give an account of the battle of Pea Rid<?e. Of the destruction elfeclcd 
by the ram Virijinia. 

35. Give the previous history of the ram Virginia. 



168 Lincoln's administration. [1862. 

the Confederates, cut down almost to the water's edge, 
covered with a phiting of h-on, and named the Virginia. 

36. Tlie night of the 8tli set in, and it was anticipated 
that next day all tlie national vessels in the vicinity of 
Fortress Monroe would be destroyed. But, during the 
night, the Monitor, a newly invented floating battery, 
commanded by Lieut. Worden (ici(r'-de/i), arrived from 
New York, and, on the folloAving day, encountered tlie 
Virginia. After a contest of several hours, the latter, in 
a disabled condition, retreated to Norfolk. 

37. The Union forces at the West, under Gen. Pope, 
were victorious in INIarch, taking New IMadrid. Again 
they were victorious, on the Tth of April, co-operating 
with Foote's gunboat fleet in the capture of Island No. 10, 
with six thousand prisoners. The gunboats then descend- 
ed the Mississippi, defeating the enemy's fleet near Fort 
Pillow. On the Cth of June, Com. Davis, Foote's succes- 
sor, gained a victory over the enemy's fleet at Memphis, 
the town in consequence falling into his hands. 

38. Gen. Grant, after his victory at Fort Doiielson, 
proceeded up the Tennessee. On the morning of the 6th 
of April, his army, encamped at Shiloh (shl'-lo)^ near 
Pittsburg Landing, was suddenly attacked by Gen. A. S. 
Johnston's army ; and, after a contest, Avhich raged till 
near nightfall, the Union troops were dra^en to the river, 
where the gunboats aided them to keep the Confederates 
in check. Johnston was killed. 

39. The arrival of re-enforcements under Buell, enabled 
Grant to assume the oftensive on the following day, and 

36. What was anticipated for tlie 9th of March ? What happened during the 
night ? Give an account of what followed. 

37. What was the Union success at New Madrid ? At Island No. 10? At 
Fort Pillow? At Memphis ? 

Map Questions.— (p. \(]5.) Tnto what river does the Tennessex^ flow ? Name 
four States in which the Tennessee runs. Where is Pittshuri: I.andint: ? What 
hattle was fought there? vl //«.•. Shiloh. Where is (\n-inth? Iluutsville? luka? 
Cincinnati? (i>- 1T4.) Frankfort? Richmond (Kentuckv)? 

38. Ciive an account of the first day's contest at Shiloh. 



1862.] Lincoln's administration. 169 

the Confederates, commanded by Beauregard, were driven 
roward Corinth {kor'-inth). The forces engaged in this 
battle, on both sides, numbered more than a hundred 
thousand men ; and the losses were severe, being not less 
than twenty thousand. 

40. Gen. Ilalleck arrived soon after, and took command 
in person of Grant's victorious army. He at once com- 
menced an advance upon Corinth, slowly progressing 
every day for nearly two months, when. May 30th, the 
place was found deserted. A body of troops, under Gen. 
Mitchell, detached from Buell's army, meanwhile marched 
from Nashville as far as Iluntsville, Alabama. 

41. In Louisiana the Union cause met with a success 
of great importance. This was the capture of New Or- 
leans, on the 25th of April. The Union fleet, commanded 
by Far'-ra-gut and Porter, ascended the Mississippi, bom- 
barding and then running past two forts. The city was 
reached, and Gen. Butler taking formal possession, placed 
it under martial law. 

42. Halleck, having been called to Washington, as com- 
mander-in-chief. Grant was left in command at Corinth. 
Gen. Rosecrans {roz'-krants)^ with a division of Grant's 
army, gained a victory at I-u'-ka, September 19th; and, 
October 4th, he was again victorious, repulsing more than 
thirty thousand Confederates who made an attack upon 
his defences at Corinth 

43. The Confederates were active in Tennessee and 
Kentucky during the summer. Gen. "Bragg being in com- 
mand with a large army. A part of this force, under 
Gen. Smith, defeated a body of Unionists at Richmond, 

39. Give an account of the second day's contest at Shiloh. 

40. Who, after the battle of Shiloh, took command of Grant's army? Give 
an account of Halleck'8 operations. Of Mitchell's operations. 

41. Give an account of the capture of New Orleans. 

42. To what position was Ilalleck transferred? Who was left in commaiKJ 
of the Western troops? Give an account of the battle of luka. of inn battlo 
of Corinth 

8 



170 LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. [1862. 



marched thence to Frankfort, and threatened Cincinnati. 
Bragg advanced almost to Louisville, but, watched and 
foiled by Buell, he retreated southward, meeting with a 
repulse at Perryville. Buell's command was afterward 
transferred to Rosecrans. 

44. Early in March, McClellan ordered an advance 
toward Richmond. A new organization of military de- 
partments assigned Fremont to West Virginia and East 
Tennessee, Banks to the Shenandoah Valley, McDowell 
to the Rappahannock, and McClellan to the command of 
the Army of the Potomac. On the 23d of March, Gen. 
Shields, commanding a detachment of Gen. Banks's divi- 
sion, gained a victory at Winchester. 

45. At Alexandria, McClellan embarked his troops for 
Fortress Monroe, whence, April 4th, he commenced his 

march up the peninsula between the 
York and James rivers. Compel- 
ling the enemy to retreat from York- 
town, after a month's siege, he 
gained a victory at Williamsburg, 
May 5th ; and then pushed on to 
within seven miles of the Confed- 
erate capital. Meanwhile, General 
Wool, proceeding from Fortress 

Monroe, took possession of Norfolk, and the Confederates 

destroyed their iron-clad vessel, Virginia. 

46. At Fair Oaks, McClellan's army was attacked on 

43 Give an account of the battle of Richmond, Kentucky. Of Bragg's ad- 
vance, and defeat at Perry ville. Where is Perryville? (p. 174.) What advantage 
did Bragg gain during his northward march? Ans. He captured Munfordsville. 
By whom was Buell succeeded in command ? 

44. What new disposition of military commanders was made ? What oc- 
curred at Winchester ? ,.„,,„ 

Map Questions.— (Map, p. 156.) Where is Alexandria ? Fortress Monroe ? 
Norfolk ? Into what Avater does the York River flow ? Into what the James 
River? Where is Yorktown ? Williamsburg? Strasburg? (p. 174.) Front 
Royal ? Cedar Mt. ? Chantillv ? Fair Oaks ? (Map, p. 170.) 

45. At what place did McClellan embark his troops ? From what place dul 
he commence his Peninsula Campaign ? What peninsula is alluded to ? What 
was done at Yorktown ? At Williamsbur- ? At Norfolk ? With the ram Virginia ? 




1862.] LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. 171 

the 31st of May, and the battle was resumed the follow- 
ing day. It was a bloody though indecisive contest. Gen. 
Joseph E. Johnston, the Confederate general-in-chief, hav- 
ing been severely wounded in the battle, was relieved 
from active duty and Gen. Lee became his successor. 

47. Banks's division, at the time, was at Stras'-burg, and 
this force the Confederates formed the plan of capturing ; 
but in consequence of the resistance which they met at 
Front Royal, Banks became aware of their pvirpose, and 
made a masterly retreat to the Potomac. Their pursuing 
general, T. J. Jackson, known as Stonewall Jackson, was 
in turn pursued by Fremont, but escaped to join Lee. 

48. Believing that the force at his disposal was not 
sufficient to protect his lines, McClellan transferred his 
base of operations to the James River ; but, while this 
movement was in progress, the Confederates fell upon the 
L^nion trooi)s, June 25th, and a series of destructive bat- 
tles took place, lasting through seven days. The con- 
tending armies numbered together not less than two hun- 
dred thousand men, and the joint losses thirty thousand. 

49. Late in June, President Lincoln ordered the forces 
of Fremont, Banks, and McDowell, to be consolidated, 
and gave the command to Gen. Pope. Lee soon began 
to menace Washington ; but, at Cedar Mountain, August 
9th, his advance, under Jackson, was defeated in a conflict 
with Banks's division. 

50. The Confederates, in full force, advanced, and from 
the 23d of Ausjust to the beirinning: of the followincr 



46. Give an account of the hattle of Fair Oaks. By what name is that 
battle also known ? A)is. Seven Pines. What did the Confederate cavalry ac- 
complish ? A7i.<!. Gen. Stuart passed north from Richmond entirely round the 
I'nion army. What chanire was made in the Confederate commanders '? 

47. Give an account of Banks's retreat and escape. What pursuit was made 
by Fremont? 

48. What transfer of base did McClellan make ? Why did he do so? What 
battles followed ? How stroiiir were liie two armies, and what were their losses ? 

49. What consolidation of forces was made? What moveT'Pjit did Leo 
make ? What occurred at Cedar Mt. ? 



172 LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. [1862, 



month the struggle between the two great armies was 
desperate. In that part of the struggle known as the 
iSecond Battle of Bull Run^ Pope was defeated. In its 
closing part, at Chan'-tii-ly, though losing Stevens and 
Kearny *two of his best generals, he was more fortunate. 

51. Lee, instead of marching to attack the fortifications 
of Washington, crossed the Potomac into Maryland, where 
he was pursued by McClellan, who had been ordered from 
the James. At South Mountain, September 14th, the na- 
tional forces were victorious ; but this success was more 
than counterbalanced, a few hours later, by the loss of 
Harper's Ferry with its munitions of war and large gar- 
rison. 

52. On the 17th, the great battle of Antietam [coi-te'- 
tam) was fought. Lee was defeated, his loss in the battle 
and during the campaign being not less than twenty-five 
thousand men. On the night of the 18th, he withdrew 
his forces across the Potomac, into Virginia. 

53. After remaining in Maryland till the latter part of 
October, McClellan crossed the Potomac, but, in Novem- 
ber, was superseded in the command by Burnside. Led 
by their new commander, the army crossed the Rappa- 
hannock, the design being to march against Richmond 
by the route from Fredericksburg. Fredericksburg was 
taken, December 12th; but, after a disastrous attempt to 
carry the works behind the city, the river was recrossed. 

54. Events op 1863. — On the 1st of January, 1863, 
President Lincoln issued his memorable proclamation, de- 
claring forever free the slaves in the states at war with 

50. Give an account of the stru?«?le between Lee and Pope. *Philip Kearny. 

51. What movement did Lee then make ? Bj' whom wats he pursued? What 
occurred at South Mountain? At Harper's Ferry? Where is Sonth Mountain? 
(0. 156.) 

52. Where is Antietam C. ? (Map, p. 174.) Give an account of the battle 
fought there. What movement did Lee make after the battle. 

53. By whom was McClellan superseded in command ? Where is Fredericks- 
burg,' ? (p. 12().) Name four rivers that tlow into Chesapeake Bay. Give an ac- 
count of Burnside'e march, repulse, and retreat. 



1863.] LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 



173 



the general government, excepting in certain designated 
parts occupied by national troops. On the same day Gal'- 
ves-ton was taken, and the naval force before the place 
was captured, destroyed, or dispersed by the Confederates. 

55. The close of 1862 witnessed a fierce struggle at 
Mur'-frees-bo-ro between the armies of Rosecrans and 
Bragg. On the 2d of .January, 1863, victory decided for 
the national cause. Nine days after, the Confederates 
lost Arkansas Post, which was taken by a land and naval 
force, commanded by (ien. McClernand and Admiral 
Porter. 

56. Burnside having, at his own request, been relieved 
ot the command of the Army of the Potomac, was suc- 
ceeded by Gen. Hooker, who, toward the latter part of 
April, crossed the Rappahannock, -and, encountering Lee 
on the 2d and 3d of May at Chancellorsville, was worsted, 
losing more than eleven thousand men, in killed and 
wounded. He then recrossed the river. 

.57. On the 9th of June, Lee, whose army numbered 
Jiearly a hundred thousand men, began a northward move- 
ment; and Hooker followed the invaders into Maryland, 
where, on the 28th of June, his command was transferred 
'to Gen. Meade. At Gettysburg (get'-tlz-hurg)^ on the 1st, 
2d, and 3d of July, one of tlie most important, as well as 
Revere and decisive, conflicts of the war took place. Lee 
was finally defeated, and, his army reduced one-third, lie 
made a rapid retreat. 

54. What can you state of Lincoln's memorable proclamation ? Otaflairs aj 
Galveston, January Is^t, 1S03 ? 

Map Questions. — (p. 1G5.) Where is Galveston ? Murfrcesboro ? Arkansas 
Post? \icksburg? Port Gibson? Port Hudson ? Into what water does the 
Rfd River flow ? Name four towns on that river. 

55. Give an account of the battle of Murfreesboro. Of the capture of Ar- 
>van.«as Post. 

56. VVho succeeded Burnside in the command of the Army of the Potomac ? 
Give an account of the biittle of Chancellorsville. Where is Chancellorsville? 
(Map. p. l.W.) 

57. What movement did Lee bejrin on the 9ih of June? By whom was he 
followed? What chan^je in commanders was made ? Give an account of tb« 
battle of Gettysburg. Where is Gettysbnrc? (Map. p. ]56.) 



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QUESTIONS ON THE PHESlDExNTS, &c 



The rullowing series of questions, with slight modifications, nmy 
be vised in connection with the administration of each of the presi- 
dents. Tiie pupils should be required to prepare written exercises, 
numbering the answers to correspond with the questions; or, if the 
teacher prefer, the exercises may be prepared in narrative form, 
tlie facts being related in chronological order. 

The answers may be gleaned from the tables at the end of the 
Histor}', from the Chronological Recapitulations, or from the topic 
matter at the end of the book. It may also be necessary to consult 
the text. 

1, Who was the lir?t presklent of the United Stat*? * 

2. When did Washinjjton become president ? 

8. In what city did his inauj|aration take place ? 

4. Was he elected a second time to the office ? 
n. What was the length of his administration ? 

6. When did his administration begin and end? 

7. Who was vice-president of the United States during the same time ? 

5. When and where was Washington born ? (Table, p. 50.) 

9. Give an account of Washington previous to his election to the presidency. 

10. How many and what States belonged to the Union when Washington 

became president? (Appendix, p. 11.) 

11. How many States were admitted to the Union while he was president? 

(See, also. Appendix, p. 11.) 

12. Give the names of those States, with the date of their admission. 

13. What territory, if any, was added to the possessions of the United States 

while Washington was president ? (In other cases, see Introduction.) 

14. What war, if any, in Mhich this country was a party, occurred while 

Washington was president ? 

15. Name, in chronological order, all the important events of Wa^^hingtnn's 

administration. 

16. By whom was Washington succeeded in the presidency * 

ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS. 

1. How many presidents of the United States have there been 5 

2. Give their names in the order of their succession, beginning at the lirst. 

:i Name them in the reverse order, beginning with the la«t and ending with 
the first. 

4. Name the presidents who served one term each. 

5. Name those who served less than one term each. 

(i. Which president served more than one term of four years, but not (luite 
two terms ? 

7. Name the presidents who served two full terms each. 

8. Name the presidents who died while in office. 

9. Name the vice-presidents who. by the death of their prednces^ors. became 

presidents. 



1363.] LINCOLN'S ADMINISTEATION. 175 



58. It was the chief object of Gen. Grant, the com 
maiider of the national forces in the Southwest, to open 
the Mississippi, his tirst point of attack being Vicksburg 
Near Port Gibson, May 1st, he gained a decided victory 
Others followed, and finally, on the 4th of July, the Con 
federate commander, Pemberton, surrendered Vicksburg 

59. The commander at Port Hudson, on learning the 
fate of Vicksburg, likewise surrendered; and thus was 
the Mississippi opened. The surrender of this last place 
held by the Confederates on the river was made to Banks, 
Butler's successor. The colored troops in Banks's army 
were commended for their bravery in the assaults which 
had been made on the place. 

60. After his victory at Murfreesboro, Rosecrans had 
no important contest with the Confederates until he was 
attacked by Bragg, near Chick-a-mau'-ga Creek, Septem- 
ber 19th and 20th; and, but for the stand made by 
Thomas, his army would have been totally routed. 

61. He then fell back to Chat-ta-noo'-ga, The timely 
arrival of Hooker and Grant, the latter of whom took 
the command, enabled the Union army to gain a decided 
victory, November 25th, after a three days' conflict ; and 
Bragg was driven back into Georgia. The killed, wounded, 
and prisoners, on both sides, numbered not less than fif- 
teen thousand. 

62. At Knoxville, November 29th, Burnside repulsed 
Longstreet. In Missouri and Kansas guerrilla bands, co- 
operating with the regular Confederate forces, continued to 
plunder and destroy. A bold raid was made into Indiana 

58. What was the chief object of Gen. Grant ? Give an account of his suc- 

cespes. 

.S9. What success did Banks afterward achieve ? What is said of the col- 
ored troops? 

60. Give an account of the battle of Chiclvamau{,'a ? Where is Chickamauiia ? 
(Map. p. 174.) Chattanootra ? Knoxville? 

61. (Jive an account of the battle of Chattanoofja. 

62. What occurred at Knoxville? What occurred in Missouri and Kansas? 
Give an account of Morgan's raid. 



176 Lincoln's administration. lisgs. 

and Ohio, by the partisan ranger Gen. Morgan. lie was 
pursued day and night, for a distance of nearly seven 
hundred miles, and his band tinally killed, eaptured, or 
scattered. He was among the prisoners. 

63. By virtue of authority vested in him, the president 
ordered a dratl of three hundred thousand men to i*e- 
eruit the army. Great opposition to the measure was at 
once excited, which culminated in a riot in the city of New 
York, commencing July l;Uh, and lasting four days. Be- 
fore the outbreak was quelled, a number of buildings were 
sacked and burned, and the most fiendish acts were com- 
mitted, particularly against the colored population. 

64. The navy of the United States was employed in 
various service during the year, and was very active. 
Tlie blockade of the Confederate ports became so effective 
as to be fully respected by the nations of Europe ; but 
Wilmington, on account of its wide and numerous inlets, 
was quite successful in maintaining an intercovirse with 
Nassau {nas-saic') and other British ports. 

65. The people in the western counties of Virginia were, 
from the beginning of the war, opposed to secession ; and 
they took early measures not only to efiect a separation 
of their part of the state from the other section of Vir- 
ginia, but to gain admission as a state into the Union. 
Their eftbrts were crowned with success, and West Vir- 
gmia was admitted in 1863. 

66. Events of 1804. — Gen. Wm. T. Sherman, in Felv 
ruary, 1804, made a successful expedition into Mississippi ; 
but this success was more than counterbalanced bv a 



63. Givo an .iccount of the riot in the citv of New York. 

GA. What is said of the service of the navv* Of the blockade in creneral ? 
Of the bliKkade of Wilmiuirton ? 

65 Give the historv of the formation of West Vin^inia. What aid did the 
Tniop cause rtnxMve fi-om private associations? An's. The Sanitary Commis- 
sion and the Christian Commission rendered important aid to the wounded on 
Uie Ivittle-lields and to the sick and wounded in the hospitals. 

66- Whore is Olustee? <Map, p. 174.) Wliat occurred there' 



IS64.] Lincoln's administration. 177 

disastrous defeat which the Union forces sustained at 
O-his'-tee, Florida, on the 20th of the same month. 

67. An expedition against Shreveport, Louisiana, con- 
ducted by Gen. Banks with the co-operation of Porter's 
tieet, met with a series of disasters that ended in the 
faihire of the movement. The loss, in men and material, 
was heavy ; and the vessels, in consequence of a fall in 
the Red River, were only saved from capture or destruc- 
tion by the construction of a dam across the river, by 
which the boats were enabled to go over the tails. 

08. The absence of troops to aid Banks in the Red 
River expedition, emboldened the Confederates under 
Gen. Forrest to make a raid into the western part of Ten- 
nessee and Kentucky. Union City was captured. An 
attack upon Fort Pillow, April 12th, was bravely i-esisted, 
but at last the place was carried by assault, and three 
hundred of its defenders, mostly colored troops, were 
massacred, 

69. The services which Gen. Grant had rendered the 
country, added to liis peculiar fitness to command large 
armies, induced the president to name him for the posi- 
tion of Lieutenant- General, and the nomination was con- 
firmed by the Senate on the 3d of ^Farch. Vast prepa- 
rations were at once begun for two campaigns — one 
against Richmond, by the Army of the Potomac, and the 
other against At-lan'-ta, to be conducted by Gen. Wm. T. 
Sherman. 

70. Sherman, with an army of a hundred thousand 

67. Where is Shreveport ? (TVIap. p. 165.) Give an account of the Red River 
expedition. What fort was captured? Ans. Do Riissy. What battles were 
fou'jfht ? Athf. Cane River, Mansfield, and Pleasant Hill. 

68. What tempted Forrest to make a raid ? What success did he have at 
I'nion City ? Give an account of the " Fort Pillow massacre." 

G9. To what position was Gen. Grant promoted ? Why was he so promoted? 
What preparations were at once be<run ? 

70. From what i)lace did Slierman advance ? By whom was his projrress 
disputed ? What were Ins successes over Johnston ? By whom was Johnston 
suj)erseded in command? Why was he so superseded? Where is Atlanta* 
(.Map, p. 174.) 



178 Lincoln's ADMIN^STRATION. lis 64, 



men, advanced from Chattanooga early in May, his pro- 
gress being disputed by Gen. Jos. E. Johnston, but in 
vain. He -^a'OU battles, outlianked his opponent, and by 
the middle of July reached the vicinity of Athmta. John- 
ston's '' retreating policy'' being condemned by the Con- 
federates, he was superseded in the command by Gen. 
Hood. 

71. From the 20th to the 28th of July, Hood made 
tliree furious assaults upon the Union lines, but each 
time he was repulsed with heavy loss. Sherman sent 
cavalry expeditions to cut the railroads by which the 
Confederates received supplies. Gen. Stoneman, com- 
manding one of these, was defeated and captured. Mov- 
ing with nearly the whole of his army westward around 
Atlanta, Sherman defeated a large division of Hood's 
army at Jonesboro, and compelled the Confederate com- 
mander to abandon Atlanta. 

72. Though Gen. Meade commanded the Army of the 
Potomac, Gen. Grant had his headquarters with that 
ai-my, and planned all the military movements. On the 
4th of May, Meade crossed the Rap-id-an'. On the fol- 
lowing day he encountered Lee in a terrific contest, 
known as the Battle of the Wilderness, which raged for 
two days. On the Vth the Confederates withdrew toward 
Richmond. 

73. Xear Spottsylvania Court House, Lee made a stand. 
Fighting occurred on the 9th ; and, from that time till 
toward the middle of June, the struggle between the two 

Map Qceptioxs.— (p. 156.) Into what river does the Rapidan flow? North 
Anna? Monocacv? Cedar Creek? Where is Spottsvlvania C. H. ? Appomattox 
C. H. ? Piedmont? (p. 174.) Chambersburo:? Fisher's Hill? Petersburir? 

71. What took place from the -mh to the 28th of July? What expeditions 
did Sherman send ? What misfortune befell Stoneman ? How, at last, did Sher- 
man irain Atlanta? Where is Jonesboro? (p 174.) 

72. Where were Grant's headquarters? What control did Grant exercise 
over armv movements ? When did Meade cross the Rapidan ? State what oc- 
curred on the followintr dav. What occurred on the 7th. 

73. What occurred" on "the <tth? What is said of the succeeding struggle? 
What battles arc mentioned ? What co-operation did Butler give ? 



1864.] Lincoln's administration. 179 

armies was more or less severe. The battles of Spottsyl- 
A'ania, North Anna, and Cold Harbor were particularly 
desperate and bloody. Butler, co-operating with Meade, 
sailed from Fortress Monroe, and secured a position on 
the south side of the James, thus favoring a movement 
l)y which the Army of the Potomac was transferred, June 
14th, to that side of the river. 

74. Petersburg was at once besieged. On the 30th of 
July a mine was exploded under one of the strongest of 
the works before that city, so that a storming party 
might rush through the gap thus formed, and the place 
be captured. The assault was made, but it resulted in 
disastrous failure.. Other conflicts took place between 
the armies of Meade and Lee, yet at the close of the 
year, the Confederates still held Petersburg and Rich- 
mond. 

75. A large force, intended for co-operation with 
Meade's army, was in the Shenandoah Valley, under 
Sigel ; but, after meeting a defeat at Newmarket, Sigel 
was superseded by Gen. Hunter. Hunter gained a vic- 
tory at Pied'-mont, June 5th, and then marched upon 
Lynchburg, but finding the Confederate force there 
strengthened by recent arrivals from Lee's army, he 
withdrew into West Virginia. The Valley being thus 
open, Lee detached twenty thousand men, under Gen. 
Early, to invade Maryland. 

76. With overwhelming numbers Early defeated Gen. 
Wallace at the Mo-noc'-a-cy River, July 9th ; and, after 
threatening Baltimore and Washington, he recrossed the 
Potomac, loaded with plunder. A body of the Confeder- 

74. What place was besieged ? Where was a mine made ? Give an account 
of the assault ? What is said of other conflicts ? 

75. Where did Sigel have a force to co-operate with Meade's army ? What 
befell Sigel? By whom was Sigel superseded in command? What success did 
Hunter have ? What were Hunter's subsequent movements ? How did the 
Confederates take advantage of Hunter's absence ? 

76. Give an account of the battle of Monocacy ? What movements did Early 
then make ? What occurred at Chambersburg ? What success did Averill have ? 



180 Lincoln's ADMiNisrRATioN. [is64. 

ate cavalry which aftenvard advanced into Pennsylvania 
and set fire to Chambersburg, while retreating was over- 
taken by Gen. A'-ver-ill and defeated. 

77. Grant hurried off troops for the defence of Wash- 
ington, and a strong force was organized for Sheridan, 
who relieved Hunter from command. On the 19th of 
September, Sheridan attacked and routed Early near 
^Vinchester; and, three cays after, at Fisher's Hill, he 
routed the enemy again. Just a month after his victory 
at Winchester, his troops, then at Cedar Creek, were sud- 
denly attacked and driven from the field, he, at the time, 
being absent. Arriving at this critical time, he arranged 
his lines, repulsed an attack, assailed in return, and, for 
the third time, routed Early's army. 

78. Leaving Thomas in Tennessee to watch Hood, 
Sherman destroyed Atlanta, and, on the 15th of Xovem- 
ber, commenced his memorable march to the sea-coast. 
Advancing through Georgia and living upon the country, 
he occupied the state capital and other large towns ; car- 
ried Fort ^IcAllister by assault ; and, on the morning of 
the 21st of December, entered the city of Savannah. 

79. In tlie mean time Hood advanced into Tennessee, 
while Thomas fell back toward Xashville. Coming up at 
Franklin, Xovember oOth, with the main part of the Union 
army. Hood niade an assault, but was repulsed ; and 
Thomas then brought his troops together at Xashville. 
Hood formed a plan to dislodge his opponent, but, before 
he could put it into execution, Thomas attacked him, on 
the morning of the loth of December, and, in a battle 

77. Who succeeded Iliintor in command? What occurred at Winchester • 
At Fisher's Hill ? Uive an account of the battle of Cedar Creek. 

7S. What did Sherman do with AtUiuta? What did Sherman then do? 
Tlirouirh what state did he march ? What fort did he capture ? What citv did 
he enter? \Miere is Fort McAllister? (^Map. p. U".) 

79. What movement did Hood meanwhile make? How did Thomas act? 
Give an account of the battle of Franklin. Who commanded the Union troop? 
in that battle? .4/),*. Gt^u. Schofield. Where is Fraukliu ? Give an account of 
the battle of Nashville. 



1865.] Lincoln's administkation. 181 



lasting two days, defeated and drove him from tlie field. 
Hood fled into Alabama. 

80. The Confederates, by means of English-built priva- 
teers, sailing under the Confederate flag, succeeded in 
destroying a large number of American merchantmen. 
Semmes, in the Alabama, resumed his career of destruc- 
tion, luring vessels by hoisting the British flag ; but the 
Alabama was at last met, June 19, by the Kearsarge 
(ke'-a/'-sarJ), Capt. Winslow, and, after a short contest, 
was sunk.' (See p. 18V, «: 101, 102.) 

81. Of all the achievements of the army or navy of the 
United States during the war, none were more brilliant 
than that of Admiral Far'-ra-gut in Mobile Bay, on the 5th 
of August. He succeeded in passing P'orts Morgan and 
Gaines at the entrance of the bay, and then gaining a 
complete victory over the enemy's fleet. The two forts 
were afterward captured. 

82. Ea'ents of 1865, AXD CLOSE OF THE AVak. — The 
active operations of 1865 began Avitli the reduction of 
Fort Fisher, the main defence of Wilmington. This was 
accomplished on the 15tli of January, by eight thousand 
men under Gen. Terry, aided by Admiral Porter's fleet. 
About a month before, Butler had made a demonstration 
against the fort, but deeming the w^orks too strong to be 
carried hy his force, returned to Fortress Monroe. Wil- 
mington was occupied by the Federal troops on the 2 2d 
of February. 

83. Sherman having halted at Savannah only long 

80. By what means were the Confederates enabled to destroy American 
merchantmen ? What course did Semmes pursue ? What was the fate of the 
Alabama ? 

81. How is Farragufs success in Mobile Bay spoken of? What was his 
achic. emeut ? Where is Mobile Bay ? (.p. Itio.") Fort Morjran ? 

82. Where did the operations of lS(io beirin ? Give an account of the suc- 
cess achieved by Terrv and Porter. What attempt had been previonslv made to 
reduce the fort ;- Where is Fort Fisher? (p. 174. t 

S3. When did Sherman move from Savannah? How did he compel the Con- 
fed'^:-ates to evacuate Charleston ? Give the account of his subsequent progress 
and successes. 



182 Johnson's administration. [ises. 

oiioiigli to refit his army, was again in motion by the 1st 
of February. On the 17th he captured Columbia, com 
pelling the Confederates, by tliis aoluevement, to evaouato 
Charleston. He entered North Carolina, fought and de- 
feated Gen. Hardee on the UUli of ^laroh, and, four days 
later, gained a victory over Gen. J. E. Jolmston. 

84. On the 29th o{ March the final movement of the 
national forces, wliich Gen. Grant had gathered around 
Richmond, commenced; and, at\er ten days' marching 
and fighting, the campaign was ended. On the od of 
April, both Petersburg and Richmond were occupied by 
the nation's victorious troops. The retreating troops were 
hotly pui-sued by Sheridan, and, on the 9th, Lee, over- 
taken and surrounded, surrendered to Grant near Appo- 
mattox Court House. From tliis period tlie history of 
the war is but a record of national successes in the sur- 
render of the several remaining Confederate commanders. 

85. The hearts of the loyal people were throbbing with 
joy because of the triumph so long struggled for, but this 
feeling was suddenly turned into mourning. In less than 
a week after Lee's surrender, and only forty days after 
he had entered upon his second term of otfice. President 
Lincoln was assassinated by a desperado acting in sym- 
pathv with the Confederate cause. He died on the fol- 
lowing morning, April loth. (App., p. 09, topic 94.) 

86. Johnson's Administration. — The vice-president, 
Andrew Johnson of Tennessee, thereupon became presi- 
dent, retaining the cabinet of his predecessor. The as- 
sassin of tlie lamented president eluded pursuit until the 
26th, when, having been tracked to his hiding-place and 
refusing to surrender, he was shot. Jetferson Davis. atYer 

84. When did the final movement of the national forces commence? Give 
an account of the ten dav?" campaiirn When. wher«\ and to whom did Lee *ur 
rondei * To whom did Johnston snri^Mider? A><.<. Sherman. 

85. How were the people's rejoicings turned into sorrow ? When did I^er- 
ident Lincoln die* 

86. Wlio. Then, became president? What was the fate of the person who 
shot Lincoln ? What is said of Jtjflersou Davis * 



Progressive Map ISTo. 4r. 




1S05.] JOHNSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 183 

abandoning Riclimond, fled to Georgia, where he was 
captured. He was then conveyed a prisoner to Fortress 
Monroe ; but, after a long continement, was released (180 7). 

87. On the 29th of April, President Johnson issued a 
proclamation removing restrictions on commerce in the 
South ; and, a month later, he addressed a proclamation 
of amnesty to all those who had been concerned in tlie 
late war, excepting certain specified classes of persons. 
A resolution of Congress, proposing an amendment to 
the Constitution abolishing slavery, having been approved 
by tliree-fourths of the states, slavery was declared consti- 
tutionally abolished on the 18tli of December. 

88. The national debt, at the close of 18G5, amounted 
to about two billions seven hundred millions of dollars. 
To raise the enormous sums required during the war, tlie 
government had oflered loans wliich were freely taken ; 
the duty on importations was increased ; taxes were im- 
posed on incomes and manufactures ; and revenue stamps 
were required to be placed upon bonds and other docu- 
ments. 

89. In March, 1865, Congress passed an act known as 
the Freedmen's Bureau Bill. By the term freed men were 
meant all the colored people of the South, who, at the 
breaking out of the late war, were slaves ; but who had 
afterward been declared free by proclamation of the 
president. The bill had for its object the supervision 
and relief of freedmen and loyal refugees. A second bill, 
amending and continuing in force the first, although 
vetoed by the president, was passed in Julv 1866. 



8 7. What proclamation in relation to commerce did Johnson issue ? What 
other proclamation did he issue? What was done in relation to the abolition 
of slavery ? 

88. What did the national debt amount to at the close of 1865? How had 
the irovornment procured money durinur the war? 

89. When was the Freedmen's Bureau Bill passed? Who were meant by 
the term freedmen? What was the object of the Bill? What is said of the 
second Freedmen's Bureau Bill ? 



134 Johnson's administkation. [ise? 

90. It soon became evident that Congress and President 
Johnson were at variance on the subject of " Reconstruct- 
ing the Union," the former being opposed to the resto- 
ration of the late Confederate states to their former politi- 
cal standing, until certain guarantees of protection should 
be extended to the colored population, and other condi- 
tions complied with by the states. A Reconstruction Act 
was, however, passed by Congress, notwithstanding the 
veto of the President, March 2d, 1867, and two Supple- 
mentary Reconstruction Acts were also passed, in like 
manner. 

91. In March of the same year a bill to regulate the 
tenure of certain civil offices was passed over the presi- 
dent's veto. By this bill it was declared that persons 
holding any civil office, by and with the advice and con- 
sent of the Senate, should be entitled to hold such office 
imtil a successor should be, in like manner, appointed and 
qualified. This bill, known as the Tenure-of- Office Bill^ 
has since been essentially modified. 

92. During the year 1867, Nebraska was admitted into 
the Union, and the territorial possessions of the United 
States were very much enlarged by the addition of Alas'- 
ka, formerly known as Russian America. This vast tract 
of land was purchased of Russia, the price agreed to be 
paid being $7,200,000, in gold. (App., p. 75, topic 179.) 

93. In August, 1867, the president suspended Mr, Stan- 
ton, the secretary of war, from office, because, "upon im- 
portant questions, the views of the secretary differed from 
his own." Gen. Grant was appointed to discharge the 
duties of the office. In December, the president notified 

90. What soon became evident as between Congress and the president ? 
What position did Conirress take? What is said of the Reconstruction Bill ? 
Of the two Supplementary Acts? 

91. State what you can in relation to the Tenure-of-Olfice Bill. 

92. What is said of the admission of Nebraska ? What is said of Alaska? 

93. From what office was Mr. Stanton suspended? By whom was the sus- 
pension made ? Why was it made ? What course, in relation to the matter, 



1868.] Johnson's administration. 185 

the Senate of the change he had made, and of his reasons 
for so doing. The Senate having duly considered the 
reasons, passed a resolution of non-concurrence in the 
suspension ; and, thereupon, January 13th, 1868, Mr. Stan- 
ton resumed the exercise of the duties of secretary of war. 

94. On the 21st of February, the president sent a mes- 
sage to tlie Senate, declaring that he had removed Mr. 
Stanton from office, and had placed Gen. Lorenzo Thomas in 
his stead until a successor should be appointed. This pro- 
duced great excitement in both houses of Congress. The 
Senate passed a resolution notifying the President " that, 
under the Constitution and laws of the United States, he 
had no power to remove the secretary of war and desig- 
nate any other officer to perform the duties of that office." 

95. On the 24th, a resolution, impeaching President 
Johnson of high crimes and misdemeanors, was adopted 
by the House of Representatives. In accordance there- 
with, nine articles of impeachment, prepared by a com- 
mittee of the House, were, on the 2d of March, adopted ; 
and seven managers were thereupon selected from among 
the members of the House, to conduct the impeachment 
before the Senate. 

96. Two more articles of impeachment having been 
added, in which the president was charged with declaring 
that Congress, as then constituted, was an illegal body, 
the trial was begun on the 30th of March. On the 16th 
of May a verdict of acquittal was declared on the eleventh 
article ; and, ten days after, a like verdict was rendered 
on two other articles, when the Senate, as a court, ad- 
journed. On the same day. May 26th, Mr. Stanton re 
signed his position as secretary of war. (Ap.,p. 69,top. 88.) 

did the president afterward take ? Wiiat course and action did the Senate take ? 
What course did Mr. Stanton take ? 

94. What course did the president take in the following February ? What 
was the eftect in Congress ? What resolution did the Senate pass ? 

95. What resolution was afterward adopted by the House of Representatives? 
What subsequent action was taken by the House ? 



186 GRAN'T'S ADMIiN^ISTRATION". [1872. 

97. Grant's Administration.^ — The presidential elec- 
tion in the fall of 1868 resulted in the choice of General 
Ulysses S. Grant, of Illinois. Though Virginia, Missis-: 
sippi, and Texas did not participate in the election, not 
having comi)lied with the "reconstruction" requirements 
of Congress, Grant received a decided majority of the 
electoral votes of all the states. His inauguration took 
place on the 4th of March, 1869. 

98. During the first year of his administration the three 
states — Virginia, Mississippi, and Texas — were restored 
to representation in Congress, and thus the " Reconstruc- 
tion of the Union" was fully accomplished. The number 
of states now (1874) composing the Union is thirty-seven, 
besides ten territories and the District of Columbia. 

99. The Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution, 
guaranteeing to all citizens of the United States the 
right of suffrage, without regard to " race, color, or 
previous condition of servitude," having been proposed 
by Congress and ratified by three-fourths of the states, 
was declared adopted, March 30, 1870. The Fourteenth 
Amendment, guaranteeing equal rights to all persons born 
ornaturalizedin the United States, had been adopted nearly 
two years before (July 28, 1868). (App., pp. 39, 40, 41.) 

too. In October of 1871, the most destructive fire in 
the history of this country occurred at Chicago, about 
eighteen thousand buildings being consumed.* Scarcely 
less destructive to property, and far more so to human life, 
were the forest fires that, during the same month, raged 
in Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. A little more 
than a year after, the election for president occurred, 
Grant being the successful candidate. His inauguration, 
for a second term, took place on the 4th of March, 1873. 

'97. Who succesded Johnson in the presidency ? What states did not vote? 
Whvnot? When was Grant inaugurated ? 
98. How was the •' Recoistmction of the Union" at lapt accomplished? 

* Note.— In a little more than a year after the Chicago fire, a fire occnrred in 
Boston (Nov. 9th, 10th, 1872), which laid waste 65 acres, dej'troying . .b huild- 
in-^s and causin^-a total loss, in houses and murchandi^e, of about $7o,000,0t 0. 



1873.] grakt's admtn-istratio:^-. 187 



101. The depredations committed by the Alabama and 
other English-built privateers during the Great Civil War 
(pages 164, 181), were a cause of much ill-feeling on the 
part of the people of the United States against the Brit- 
ish Government, and while the latter refused to make 
any reparation, the feeling continued. At length repre- 
sentatives of the respective governments met in Wash- 
ington, and concluded a treaty (1871), with a view to the 
tsettlement of " all causes of difference between the two 
countries." 

102. A tribunal consisting of five arbitrators (one from 
each of the countries: the United States, Great Britain, 
Italy, Switzerland, and Brazil), acting under the provi- 
sions of the treaty, assembled in Geneva, Switzerland, 
not long after, where they examined and decided all the 
claims submitted to them, and finally (Sept. 14, 1872) 
awarded the sum of fifteen millions five hundred thousand 
dollars in gold to be paid by Great Britain to the United 
States for the satisfaction of all the claims, " known as 
the Alabama Claims, growing out of the acts committed 
by the several vessels." That amount was accordingly 
paid a year later (Sept. 1873). 



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TEKKITORIAL GROWTH OF THE UKITED STATES. 189 



TERRITORIAL GROWTH 

OF THE 

UNITED STATES. 

1. Original Territory. — The territory of the Re- 
public, at the close of the War of the Revolution, was 
bounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the Mississippi River, 
the Great Lakes, and the Gulf of Mexico. Such were the 
limits conceded by the treaty with Great Britain (Septem- 
ber 3, 1783) ; but from the region lying within them, 
the Spanish province of Florida must be excluded, as 
well as that part of the present State of Louisiana which 
lies east of the Mississippi, in detining the original domain 
of the United States. Out of that domain many new 
States have been formed, and to it large accessions of new 
territory have been made. 

2. Vermont. — This was the first of the new States. It 
was formed from territory which had been claimed by 
New York and New Hampshire, the former founding its 
claim on the grants made by Charles IF. to the Duke of 
York, the latter on the colonial charter which it received 
at the commencement of its existence. New Hampshire 
was the most active in the settlement of the territory, 
her governor, during a period of eiglit years (from 1760 
to 1708), having made more than a hundred township 
grants within its limits. 

3. These, with other grants subsequently made, were af- 
terward known as the " New Hampshire Grants." Before 
the Revolution, however, New York succeeded in obtain- 
ing jurisdiction over the whole territory, through a de- 

1. What territory belonired to the United States when they began their ex- 
istence as a nation ? To what nation did Florida then helonij ? 

2, 3. Give the early history of Vermont. When admitted ? 



190 TERRITORIAL GRO^VTH OF THE UN"ITED STATES. 

cision of the king, to which the governor of New Hamp- 
shire assented. But the settlers refused to acknowledge 
the sway under which they were thus abitrarily placed, 
and continued their resistance until 1791, when, New 
York having relinquished her claim on the payment to 
her of $30,000, Vermont was admitted into the Union, 
making the number of States fourteen. 

4. The Northavest Territory. — The western portion 
of several of the thirteen original States extended to the 
Mississippi River : their colonial charters, indeed, named 
the Atlantic Ocean as their eastern boundary, and the 
South Sea (the Pacific) as their western ; but these limits 
were restricted by the treaty of 1783. One after an- 
other, these States surrendered their western territories 
to the general government, and, in 1787, the region north 
of the Ohio River was organized under the name of the 
N'orthwest Territory. From this territory five States 
have been successively formed: Ohio^ in 1802; Lidlana., 
in 1816 ; Illinois^ in 1818 ; Michigan, in 1837 ; and Wis- 
consin, in 1848. 

5. The Southwest Territory. — The region south of 
the Ohio, although never organized under one territorial 
government, was generally known as the Southwest Ter- 
ritory. From it have been formed four States: Ken- 
tucky (previously a part of Virginia), in 1792 ; Tennessee 
(previously a part of North Carolina), in 1796 ; Missis- 
sippi, in 1817; and Alabama, in 1819 (both the latter 
being previously a part of Georgia). 

6. Maine. — Maine, in 1783, was a district of Massa- 
chusetts, having been purchased in 1677 from the heirs 

4. What were the orii^inal lionndaries of the Northwest Territory? Give the 
previous history of that territory. What Slates have been formed from that 
territory ? „ -, ^ 

5. What was the Southwest Territory? What States have been formed from 
it? 

6. Was Maine one of the thirteen original States ? Was Vermont ? Give the 
early history of Maine. 



TERRITORIAL GROWTH OF THE Ul^^ITED STATES. 191 

of Gorges and Mason. Thus it remained till 1820, when it 
was organized and admitted as a State, in conformity 
with the formally expressed will of its inhabitants. 

7. The Louisiana Pukchase. — Though the Spaniards, 
under De Soto, were the first to discover the Mississippi 
River, they made no attempts to explore it. This was 
first accomplished by the French, who traversed its en- 
tire length, and occupied certain portions of its valley on 
both sides, giving to the whole region the name o^ Louis- 
iana^ in honor of their king, Louis XIV. At the close of 
the J'rench and Indian war (1763), France ceded to Great 
Britain all her American possessions east of the Missis- 
sippi and north of the Iberville River, having, in the pre- 
ceding year, ceded to Spain all her possessions west of 
the Mississippi, and south of the Iberville. 

8. The latter territory was retroceded to France in 1800, 
and, three years later (1803), was purchased by the United 
States for $15,000,000. From this vast region, which ex- 
tended from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains, 
besides the State of Louisiana (admitted in 1812), have 
been formed Missouri (1821), Arkansas (1836), Iowa 
(1846), Minnesota (1858), Kansas (1861), Nebraska 
(1867), and the territories of Colorado^ Wyominr/, Mon- 
tana, and Dakota^ together with a reservation for the 
Indians, known as the Indian Territory. (See note p. 157) 

9. Florida. — This was a Spanish province up to 1703, 
when it was ceded to Great Britain in exchange for Cuba, 
which the English had recently taken from Spain. By 
the treaty of 1783 this province was given back to Spain, 
to which it continued to belong till 1819, when it was 

7. Who die:overefl the Mis'^issippi ? Who explored it? What else did the 
French do? To what extent of teiritory did the French give the name of Louis- 
iana? How did they dispose of the part west of the Mississippi ? The part east ? 

8. How did we acquire the part west? What States and territories have beea 
formed from the part boii<^ht of France ? 

9. Give the early history of Florida. How did we acquire it ? 



192 TERRITORIAL GROWTH OF THE UI^^ITED STATES. 

ceded to the United States, on condition that the latter 
country would pay the claims of American citizens against 
Spain, to the amount of $5,000,000. Owing, however, to 
a delay on the part of Spain to ratify the treaty, the title 
to the territory was not acquired by the United States 
till 1821. 

10. Oregox. — The entire region west of the Rocky 
Mountains, extending from latitude 42° to about 54°, was 
long known as Oregon. It was claimed by the United 
States, because, among other reasons, its principal river 
had been discovered by Captain Gray, of the ship Co- 
lumbia, of Boston, in 1792, and because, during the ad- 
ministration of Jefferson, it was explored by Captains 
Lewis and Clark, w^ho commanded an overland expedi- 
tion sent Out by the United States government. If, pre- 
vious to 1819, Spain had possessed any title to this region, 
she abandoned it in that year ; since, by a clause in the 
treaty ceding Florida, she relinquished all her *' rights, 
claims, and pretensions" to such territory. 

11. Great Britain also claimed Oregon until 1846, when, 
by treaty, the boundary line between the possessions of 
the two nations was fixed at the 49th parallel, thus set- 
tling a controversy which had lasted several years, and 
which, at one time, threatened to produce a war between 
the two countries. The region thus finally yielded to the 
United States was first organized as a territory, under 
the name of Oregon^ but now includes the State of Ore- 
gon (admitted in 1859), and the territories of Washing- 
ton and Idaho. 

12. Texas. — This State was once a part of the Re- 

10. What region was long known as Oreson ? What gave the United States a 
right to claim it ? How did the United States get a title from Spain ? 

11. What troubles did the United States have in relation to the ownership of 
Oregon? How were the troubles settled ? What are the present divisions of 
Oregon ? 

1 2. Give the early history of Texas. How and when was it acquired by the 
United States ? 



TERRITORIAL GROWTH OF THE UNITED STATES. 193 

public of Mexico, but, becoming dissatisfied with the 
Mexican rulers, the people revolted, and, in 1836, set up 
an independent government. In 1845 Texas was annexed 
to the United States. 

13. California, etc. — The war with Mexico gave to 
the United States a vast region between Texas and the 
Pacific Ocean, which had previously belonged to the 
Mexican Republic, The conquest of this region having 
been effected during the war, its possession was confirmed 
by the treaty of Guadaloupe Hidalgo, made in 1848, as 
well as by a subsequent treaty, known as the *' Gadsden 
Treaty," made in 1853. 

14. By the terms of the first treaty, the United 
States agreed to pay to Mexico 115,000,000, and to 
assume debts due from her to American citizens to 
the amount of $3,000,000. By the terms of the second 
treaty, the United States paid an additional sum of 
$10,000,000, in order to secure a more southerly bound- 
ary. From the region thus acquired from Mexico have 
been formed the States of California (1850) and Nevada 
(1864), and the territories of New Mexico, Arizona, and 
Utah. 

15. Alaska. — The territory of Alaska, formerly known 
as Russian America, was ceded to the United States by 
Russia in 1867 for $7,200,000. The name of Alaska hav- 
ing been given to it in the treaty, it has since retained it. 

16. Thus has the national domain increased from time 
to time, spreading from one ocean to the other, and 
gradually enfolding within its embrace every district of 
country that lay as an obstacle to the mighty march of its 
destiny. That "league of love" which first only clasped 

13,14. What territory did we acquire from Mexico ? How was it acquired ? 
What States and territories have been formed from it? 

15. By what name was Alaska formerly known? How did we acquire the 
territory? 

1 6. State how and to what extent the national domain has been increased. 



194 CIVIL PROGRESS OF THE Js"A.TIOiq". 

within its folds an empire ot* thirteen sister States, with 
an area of 800,000 square miles, has been found suffi- 
ciently expansive to permit the embrace of a vast realm 
oi thirty-seven States and eleven Territories, including alto- 
gether an area of more than 3,000,000 square miles. 



CIYIL PKOGKESS OF THE NATION. 

1. CiA'iL Progress of the Xatiox. PoruLATioN. — 
The first Census — that of 1V90 showed a total population 
in the thirteen States, and the territory on each side of 
the Ohio River, of less than four millions (3,921,326). 
In tlie Northwest Territory the population was so small 
that no return was made. In the territory south of the 
Ohio, the number of inhabitants was only about 37,000. 
The city of Philadelphia, then the largest city of the 
Union, contained only a population of 43.525, that of 
New York being more than 10.000 less (33,131); Cincin- 
nati, settled in 1788, was but a small hamlet (in 1805, its 
population was only 500) ; Boston contained only about 
18,000; and New Orleans, then a French settlement, less 
than 8,000. The great western cities of the present day 
were scarcely dreamed of. 

2. The population of the Union, as shown by the cen- 
sus of 1870, is nearly forty millions (38,617,949). There 
are fourteen cities, the population of each of which 
exceeds 100,000, and seven in which the population is in 
excess of 250,000. The Metropolis contains nearly one 
million of inhabitants, having grown, during our national 
existence, to that astonishing figure from the small 

1. What was the population of the Unitod States in 1790? What was then 
tho popiilaticni of Philadelphia? of Now York ? of Boston ? 

'i. What was the population of the United States in 1S70? What is said of 
fourteen cities? Of seven? New York? Ciuciunali? Chicago? St. Louis? 



CIVIL PROGRESS OF THE NATION^. 195 

number before mentioned ; while Cincinnati has grown 
from 500 in 1805, to more than 216,000. Chicago, 
which, in 1831, contained only about a dozen families, 
before the great fire of 1871 had a population of 298,000. 
St. Louis, a small trading-village in 1803, when it came 
under the United States Government, now contains about 
313,000 people, and is the fourth city of the Union, being 
exceeded only by New York, Philadelphia, and Brooklyn. 

3. Commerce. — The commercial progress of the coun- 
try has kept pace with the vast increase in its population, 
and the amazing growth of its cities. In 1790, the total 
exports from all the ports of the United States, amounted 
to about twenty millions of dollars, and the imports some- 
what less; in 1870, the amount of exports was over five 
hundred millions ; and the imports amounted to about 
six millions more than the exports. About two-thirds 
of all the imports of the United States arrive in New 
York, and about forty per cent, of all the exports are 
shipped from that port. 

4. The tonnage of the United States has increased from 
274,377, in 1790, to 4,253,149, in 1870; while the number 
of American vessels (registered or enrolled) has increased 
during the same period to 29,015, of which about 3,500 
were steam-vessels. This is considerably less than the 
number reported previous to the Civil War, the total ton- 
nage in, 1862-3, being more than 5,000,000. The vast 
increase in population on the borders of the Great Lakes, 
and along the great navigable rivers, has led to the 
establishment of an inland and domestic trade, of greater 
proportions than the foreign commerce, immense as that 
is. The chief items of this trade are coal and lumber; 
but the cereals also constitute a considerable part. 

3. What is said in relation to the cominercial progress of the country? 

4. What, in relation to the increase in tonnage? 



196 CITIL PROGKESS OF THE XATION. 



5. ^lANUFACTrRES.— Diirino: the Colonial period, the 
maim tact uring industry of the American people was re- 
pressed by penal statutes, the seltish policy of the British 
government dictating agricultural pursuits for the pur- 
pose of benefiting the commerce of the mother-countrv. 
Ilence, a free market was opened to all the agricultural 
products, including the raw materials of manufacture; 
and sometimes bounties were ottered to stimulate still 
further their production. This policy w:\s peculi.arly 
fitted to increase the prosperity of the Southern Colonies, 
while those of the North were scarcely able to subsist- 

6. When, therefore, the nation commenced its exist- 
ence, the manufacturing interests were of little import- 
ance, indeed, they had scarcely commenced to be devel- 
oped. Before the war of 1812, nothing was accomplished 
on a great scale in this direction ; the embargo, how- 
ever, gave a great stimulus to this interest. Since that 
period, an amazing expansion has been reached in every 
department of manufactures, but especially in those of 
cottons, woollens, and iron, — the three great staples, in 
the fii*st of which this country is now exceeded by Great 
Britain alone. The principal seats of this manufacture 
are in the New Euixland States, Penusvlvania, and Xew 
York. 

7. The general use of furnaces, stoves, etc., for heating 
purposes, the innumerable applications of machinery, as a 
substitute for human labor, and for the propulsion of land- 
carriages, as well as for the purposes of navigation, ren- 
der the iro/i manfffactfur o\' great importance in this 
country, and, accordingly, it has developed into vast 
proportions. Its kindred department — niuu'>ii^ — has, of 
course, kept equal pace with it. 

5. 6. How was: tho maiiufacTurinc industry of tlio colouioi^ rx^pivssed* Wh.-it 
further ij! stated in n^spoot to m.^nufactures* 
7. What is stated of the mauufacture of iron and of mining? 



CIVIL PROGRESS OF THE NATION. 197 

8. SiiiP-iiUiLDiNcj. — The first vessel built in New England 
was built in Medtbrd, Massachusetts, for Governor Win- 
throp. She was launched on the fourth of July, 1631, 
and was called the " Blessing of the Bay," — a name 
which indicated, in anticipation, the great benefits which 
that section of our country was to experience from this 
department of industry. Up to the commencement of 
the Civil War (1861) this branch of labor was among the 
most flourishing in the country; but the operations of 
Confederate cruisers, aided, as they were, by British in- 
fluence and support, had the effect to paralyze this, as 
well as every other branch of industry dependent upon 
navigation. 

9. Printing and Book-publishing. — Under our sys- 
tem of free government and free schools, the various pur- 
suits connected with the printing and publication of news- 
papers, books, etc., have reached a condition of great 
activity and extent. The wide-spread demand for informa- 
tion has stimulated the application of science and art in 
this branch of industry to the highest degree. The pro- 
cesses in use for the purpose, a century ago, would be at the 
present time comparatively valueless. One of the earliest 
inventions for improving the old printing-press was the 
Columhian press^ invented by George Clymer of Phila- 
delphia, in 1818 ; and more recently the powerful cylinder 
presses constructed by Richard M. Iloe, of New York, 
have rendered it possible to keep pace with the daily de- 
mand for newspapers and books. By the cylinder press 
worked by steam, in connection with the stereotype pro- 
cess, as many as 40,000 impressions of a newspaper can 
be taken in an hour. 

10. Agriculture. — This, the leading pursuit of our 

8. What history can you pivo of 8hip-buil(lin<i:? 

9. State what you can of printing and book-puhliehin<2:. 

1 0. What is the leading pursuit of our country? By what means has a<jrical- 
ture made rapid strides? 



198 CIVIL PROGRESS OF THE XATIOJS". 

country during its entire history, has made vast and rapid 
strides, both in processes and results, since the commence- 
ment of our national union. The great demand for hibor 
has furnished very strong inducements for the invention 
and use of labor-saving machinery and implements, and 
the ingenuity of the American people has been strikingly 
illustrated by its innumerable achievements in this direc- 
tion. Of these the cultivator, the mowing-machine, the 
reaper, the horse-rake, the threshing-machine, etc., are 
examples. Steam has been applied to the working of 
many of these implements ; and. in this way, the work of 
one man is often made more eifective than that of a hun- 
dred a century ago. 

11. In the northern sections of the country, the chief 
staples are the cereal grains, maize, wheat, rye, oats, bar- 
ley, etc., together with potatoes and hay. In the South, 
cotton, rice, sugar, and tobacco take the lead. The in- 
crease in the production of these various articles since the 
formation of our government has been amazing. In 1790, 
the cotton raised amounted to less than 250,000 pounds; 
while in 1860, just previous to the great Civil "War, the 
quantity cultivated reached the extraordinary amount of 
more than 2,000,000,000 pounds.or nearly -)-,000,000 of bales. 
In 1870, the crop amounted to a little over one billion 
and three-quarters of pounds (1,767,000,000 lbs.) Missis- 
sippi occupies the first place as a cotton-growing State. 

12. Caxals. — In 1827, Edward Everett thus spoke of 
the internal improvements of that period : "A system of 
internal improvements has been commenced, which will 
have the effect, when a little further developed, of crowd- 
ing within a few years the progress of generations. Al- 
ready Lake Champlain from the north, and Lake Erie 

11. What are the staples in the northern sections of our country? la the 
sonrhem? What is said in relation to cotton? 

12. Repeat, in substance, what Everett stated in 1S27. 



CIVIL PROGRESS OF THE N^ATION". 199 

from the wost, have been connected with Albany. The 
Delaware and Cliesapeake Bays have been united. A 
canal is nearly finished in the upper part of New Jersey, 
from the Delaware to the Hudson, by which coal is al- 
ready dispatched to our market. Another route is laid 
out, across the same state, to connect New York by a 
railroad with Philadelphia. A water communication 
has been opened, by canals, half-way from Philadelphia 
to Pittsburgh. Considerable progress is made, both on the 
railroad and the canal, which are to unite both Baltimore 
and Washington with the Ohio River. A canal of sixty 
miles in length is open, from Cincinnati to Dayton, in the 
State of Ohio ; and another, of more than three hundred 
miles in extent, to connect Lake Erie with the Ohio, is 
two-thirds completed." 

13. The various enterprises here alluded to have all been 
completed. The Grand Erie Canal, in the State of New 
York, was opened in 1824, but not entirely completed 
till 1825. This magnificent public improvement owed its 
success to the genius of De Witt Clinton,* and contrib- 
uted in a very great degree to make New York City 
what it is at present — the great emporium of the country. 
It is 363 miles in length, and was first estimated to cost 
$5,000,000. Since its completion, in 1825, it has been 
considerably enlarged. The total length of canals in the 
United States, in 1854, was nearly 5,000 miles; but since 
that period few undertakings of this kind, of any magni- 
tude, have been commenced, their use as a means of com- 
munication having been superseded by the construction of 
railroads. Extensive river improvements have also been 
accomplished in many parts of the country. 

13. What is stated of the Grand Erie Canal? Of canals in the United 
States? 

* De Witt Clinton was born in March, 17C9, and was the son of General James Clinton, 
of Orange County, New York. He was mayor of the city of New York ten years; and 
was elected governor of the State in 1817, and again in 1820 and 1826. Ilis death occurred 
in February, 1828. 



200 CIVIL PROGRESS OF THE NATION. 

14. Railroads. — The first great internal improvement 
in this country was tlie Philadelphia and Pittsburg Turn- 
pike, which was completed near the close of the last cen- 
tury. The Cumberland Road, subsequently called the 
Great National Road, had its origin in an appropriation 
of $30,000 by Congress, in 1806, for the construction of a 
road over the Alleghany mountains, from Cumberland, in 
Maryland, to the Ohio River. Other appropriations for 
the construction of this road were made from time to 
time; and in 1820 it had been completed to Wheeling, at 
an expense of 11,700,000. Subsequently it was extended 
to Springfield, Ohio, and partially undertaken in Indiana 
and Illinois ; but being superseded by railways, it was 
never completed to the extent at one time contemplated. 

15. The first railroads constructed in the United States 
were the Quincy Railroad, used to transport granite from 
the quarries of Quincy, Massachusetts (1826), and the 
Mauch Chunk Railroad, for the conveyance of coal from 
the mines at that place to the Lehigh River in Pennsyl- 
vania (1827). The rapid construction of railroads in 
every part of the country since that time presents a very 
striking evidence of the activity and enterprise of the 
people, and the civil progress of the nation. 

16. In 1848, the number of miles of completed rail- 
ways amounted to 6,000 ; in 1860, this had increased to 
nearly 31,000, the construction and equipment of which 
cost more than one billion of dollars ($1,151,560,289). 
In 1870, it had further increased to more than 53,000. 

Of all the enterprises of this character, the Pacific 
Railroad is the most stupendous. This road extends 
from Omaha in Nebraska to San Francisco, and connects 
with the great lines from the east, bringing the great 

14. Give the history of the Cumberland Road. 

15. Which were the first railroads in this country? 

16. l"?. What further can you state in relation to raih-oads in this country? 



CIVIL PROGRESS OF THE NATION. 201 

eastern cities within a week's journey from San Fran- 
cisco. It is 1,913 miles long between the two points 
above mentioned. This great undertaking was completed 
in 1869. Other railroads are also in contemplation across 
the western part of the country to the Pacific Ocean. 
The Northern Pacific, already commenced, has its eastern 
terminus at Lake Superior (Duluth), and its western at 
Puget's Sound, in Washington Territory. 

17. Thus are the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans bound 
together by an iron band, by means of which, in connec- 
tion with the Trans-Pacific lines of steamships, China, 
India, and Japan are brought within a few weeks' travel 
of the great American marts, and the rich products of 
those realms are poured into them in boundless profusion. 
New sources of enterprise and wealth are also developed 
in our own country by the same means, and additional in- 
centives offered 'for settlement in the wild and unculti- 
vated, but richly endowed, regions of our widely-extended 
domain. 

18. Ti;legraphs. — The demand for the rapid commu- 
nication of intelligence was by no means supplied by the 
locomotive and railroad ; and the agency of electricity 
has been brought in to supplement the deficiencies of 
steam. The invention of the electro-magnetic telegraph 
is due to Prof Morse, who, in 1844, erected the first line, 
between Baltimore and Washington, a distance of forty 
miles. This line was extended northward, through Phil- 
adelphia and New York, to Boston, in 1845. From this 
comparatively small beginning a vast system of tele- 
graphic lines has been constructed, by means of which all 
the great centres of trade and population in the world 
have been brought into instantaneous communication. In 
1850, the length of telegraph lines in the United States 

18. What is said in relation to telegraphs ? 



202 CIVIL PROGRESS OF THE NATION". 

was 23,281 miles; in 1854, it had increased to 41,392 
miles; and in 1858, to more than 50,000 miles. At this 
present time it cannot be less than 100,000 miles. 

19. Atlantic Telegraph. —The first successful subma- 
rine telegraph was laid in 1851, across Dover Strait, con- 
necting Dover and Calais. Three unsuccessful attempts 
to establish a telegraphic cable across the Atlantic Ocean 
were made in 1857, 1858, and 1865. In the first and last 
of these the cable parted and was partially lost; in the 
second it was laid, but almost immediately failed to 
convey signals. A fourth attempt, in 1806, proved en- 
tirely successful. The success of this gigantic enter- 
prise, persisted in under so many discouragements, was 
due to the untiring energy of Cyrus W. Field. The suc- 
cessful cable of 1866 was laid by the Great Eastern, the 
largest steam-vessel ever constructed. She was built in 
London, and made her first trip in 1859. The Atlantic 
cable is about 2,600 miles long, and contains no less 
than 25,000 miles of copper wire in the conductor, 35,000 
miles of iron wire in the outside covering, and upward 
of 400,000 miles of strands of hemp, more than enough 
in all to go twenty-four times round the world. Its 
strength is sufiicient to bear a strain of nearly twenty- 
eight tons. 

20. Education. — The establishment of Common Schools, 
in which all classes could be educated, has been a distin- 
guishing feature in the civil progress of the country. 
Several of the States have inserted in their Constitutions 
articles requiring the maintenance of public schools. In 
New England, the principle has been ever avowed and 
sustained, that it is the right and duty of government to 



19. When and where was the first succespf nl submarine telegraph laid '? What 
further can you state in relation to tele2;raph cables? 

20. What constitutional requirements, as regards public schools, have been 
made by s.veral States? What principle has been sustained in New England? 



CIVIL PROGRESS OF THE KATION". 203 

provide tlie means for the instruction of the youth of all 
classes of society in the elements of learning. Other 
States have adopted this principle. In Massachusetts, 
by statute enacted in 1647, "each town, consisting of fifty 
householders, was directed to maintain a school to teach 
their children to read and write, and every town of one 
hundred families was to maintain a grammar school to fit 
youth for college." In the early history of Connecticut, 
similar laws were passed. 

21. It has been uniformly a part of the land system of 
the United States to provide for public schools. In the 
organization of territories and the admission of States, the 
condition has often been imposed, that a part of each 
township should be permanently applied for the use or 
support of such schools. In nearly all the States, there is 
a large fund devoted to the support of common schools, 
under provisions of State law. The special instruction 
of teachers has become a prominent feature in the educa- 
tional systems of most of the States. Several of the States 
have a Normal School fund. In most of the Slave-States, 
popular education was greatly neglected ; but since the 
close of the Civil War, strenuous efforts have been made 
in many of the southern States to provide the means of 
educating all classes, including the children of the freed- 
men. The High Schools and Colleges of the country 
have also attained a high rank for scholarship and efficiency 
of education. 

22. Literature. — During the colonial period, America 
gained no prominence in any department of literary 
effort, except, perhaps, that of theology, religious dispu- 
tation almost absorbing the intellectual energies of the 

21. What is stated of the government land system in connection with pub- 
lic schools? What condition has often been imposed? What is stated of com- 
mon s^chool funds? Normal school fund? 

22. What is stated of American literature during the colonial period? Of 
Jonathan Edwardt<? Of American oratory? 

9* 



204: CIVIL PROGRESS OF THE NATION". 

age. Jonathan Edwards, by the publication of his mas- 
terly " Treatise on the Will," at once secured for himself 
the respectful attention of thinkers in the mother-country; 
several of his sermons were rejniblished in England. 
This distinguished man died in 1786. Since that time 
American literature has been enriched by many works of 
genius in almost every department. In oratory, no nation 
can claim to have surpassed the United States ; and the 
speeches of Webster, Clay, and Everett will ever remain 
as monuments of the literary culture, as well as clearness 
and power of reasoning of those distinguished men. These 
are but the bright stars in a cluster of brilliant names. 

23. Irving's writings were the first to make American 
literature popular abroad ; their genial spirit, inimitable 
humor, and elegant style attracting all classes of readers. 
In history, independently of what has been done to illus- 
trate specially the annals of every part of our own country 
by a host of worthy writers, the works of Bancroft, Hil- 
dreth, Prescott, and Motley, have given our literature a 
high rank. In fiction, Cooper won for himself, by his 
" Leather-stocking Tales,'' a very decided pre-eminence ; 
but Hawthorne, as a literary artist, is doubtless decidedly 
superior. Paulding, Sirams, Kennedy, Neal, Brown, and 
Poe occupy conspicuous places in this field of literary 
eftbrt. 

24. The effusions of American poets have deservedly 
obtained very high commendation and favor. These 
writers are a legion in number ; and in this brief sketch, 
even a partial enumeration is impossible. The two most 
prolific branches of American literature are educational 
works and journalism, in both of which the country has 
ittained a rank which, without doubt, will compare favor- 
ably with that of any other nation. 



23. Of Irvino:'s writings? In relation to history? Fiction ? 

24. Poets and poetry? Educational works and journalism? 



CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. 205 



CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. 

1857. James Buclianan was inaugurated president March 4. 

1858. Minnesota was admitted into the Union May 11. 

1859. Oregon was admitted into the Union Feb. 14 

John Brown made a raid into Virginia Oct. 16. 

1860. South Carolina passed a secession ordinance Dec. 20. 

Anderson withdrew from Ft. Moultrie to Ft. Sumter. Dec. 26. 

1861. Mississippi (Jan. 9), Florida (Jan. 10), Alabama (Jan. 

11), Georgia (Jan. 19), Louisiana (Jan. 26), Texas 
(Feb. 1), Virginia (April 17), Arkansas (May 6), Ten- 
nessee (May 7), and North Carolina (May 20), passed 
secession ordinances. 

Kansas was admitted into the Union Jan. 29. 

The " Southern Confederacy" was formed Feb. 

Davis became " President of the Confederacy" Feb. 18. 

Lincoln was inaugurated president of the U. States . . . Mar. 4. 

The Confederates attacked Fort Sumter April 12, 13. 

President Lincoln called for 75,000 troops April 15. 

Davis offered letters of marque and re])risal April 17. 

Lincoln proclaimed a blockade of Southern ports. . .April 19. 

Volunteer troops were attacked in Baltimore April 19. 

England (May 13), France (June 10), Spain (June 17), 
and Portugal (July 29), acknowledged the Con- 
federate states as bcdligerents. 

The Confederates were routed at Philippi June 3. 

Union troops were repulsed at Big Bethel June 10. 

The Confederates were routed at Booneville June 17. 

The United States Congress met in extra session July 4. 

The Confederates were victorious at Carthage July 5. 

The Confederates were routed at Rich Mountain July 11. 

The Union army was routed at Bull Run .July 21. 

The Confederates gained a victory at Wilson's Creek. Aug. 10. 

A Union force captured the forts at Hatteras Inlet . . Aug. 29. 

Lexington, Mo., was surrendered to the Confederates. Sep. 20. 

The Confederates gained a victory at Ball's Bluff Oct. 21. 

A Union force captured forts at Port Royal entrance . Nov. 7. 

The Confederates were victorious at Belmont Nov. 7. 



206 CHRONOLOGICAL KECAPITULATION. 

1861. Mason and Slidell were taken from a Br. steamer. . . .Nov. 8. 
1863. The Confederates were defeated at Mill Spring Jan. 19. 

Fori Henrv was captured by a tieet of U. S. gunboats . Feb. 6. 

A Union force captured Koanoke Island Feb. 8. 

Fort Donelson was captured by the Unionists Feb. 16. 

The Confederates were defeated at Pea Ridge March 8. 

The ^lerrimac destroyed two U. S. vessels ^lar. 8 

Engagement between the ^Monitor and 3Ierrimac. . .^March 9. 

The Unionists captured Xewbem ^larch 14. 

The Confederates were defeated at Winchester. . . .^March 23. 

The Unionists gained a victory at Shiloh April 7. 

Island Xo. 10 was captured by the Unionists April 7. 

Fort Pulaski was surrendered to the Unionists April 11. 

New Orleans was captured by the Unionists April 25. 

The Confederates retreated from "Williamsburg ^lay 5. 

The battle of Fair Oaks was fought May 31, June 1. 

Memphis surrendered to the Unionists June 6. 

" The Seven days' content before Richmond" . .June 2o-July L 

The battle of Cedar Mountain was fought Aug. 9. 

Battles between Manassas and Washington. .... .Aug. 23-30. 

The Confederates were victorious at Richmond, Ky. Aug. 30. 

The Confederates, under Lee, invaded ^laryland Sept. 5. 

Lee's army was defeated at South Mountam Sept. 14. 

Harper's Ferry surrendered to the Confederates Sept. 15. 

Lee's army was defeated at Antietam Sept. 17. 

The Unionists were victorious at luka Sept. 19. 

The Conttxlerates were repulsed at Corinth Oct. 4. 

The L'nionists gained the battle of Periyville Oct. 8. 

The Confederates gained a victory at Fredericksburg . Dec. 13. 
1863. Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation Jan. 1. 

The Confederates captured Galveston Jan. 1. 

The Unionists gained a victory at Murfreesboro Jan. 2. 

The Unionists captured Arkansas Post Jan. 11. 

The Confederates were defeated at Port Gibson ^lay 1. 

The Unionists were defeated at Cliancelloi-sWlle May 3. 

West Virginia was admitted into the Union June 20. 

Lee made his second invasion of ^Maryland June 21. 

The Union army was ^ictol•ious at Gettysburg July 3. 

Vicksburg was surrendered to the Unionists July 4 

Port Hudson was surrendered to the Unionists .July 8. 

The great riot in New York occurred July 13-16. 



CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. 207 

I8(i8. Morgan made a raid into Indiana and Ohio July. 

Tlu! Coiiledcrates were victorious at Cliickamauga . .Sept. 20. 

The Unionists gained a victory at Chattanooga Nov. 25. 

Tiic Contl'deratc's were repulsed belbre Kuoxvilk'.. .Nov. 20. 
1864. The Unionists were defeated at Olustee Feb. 20. 

Grant was appointed Lieutenant-General March 3. 

Grant was appointed to command the U. S. armies.. Mar. 12. 

Tiie iletl Kiver Expedition was made March and April. 

The Confederates captured Fort Pillow April 12. 

The Army of the Potomac began a forward movement. May 3. 

The battle of the Wilderness was fought May 5, 0. 

Sherman began his march against Atlanta May 7. 

The battles near Spottsylvania were fought May 9-21. 

The Unionists were routed near New Market May 15. 

The Confederates were defeated at Piedmont June 5. 

The Kearsarge met and sunk the Alabama June 19. 

The Confederates, under Early, invaded Maryland . . July 4. 

The Confederates gained a victory at the Monocacy . .July 9. 

Sherman gained victories l)eforc Atlanta July 20, 22, 28. 

Chambersburg Avas sacked and partly burned July 30. 

The Unionists exi)loded a mine before Petersburg. . .July 30. 

The Unionists gained a victory in Mobile Bay A-Ug. 5. 

Sherman captured Atlanta Sept. 2. 

The Confederates were defeated at Winchester Sept. 19. 

The Confederates were routed at Fisher's Hill Sept. 22. 

The Unionists were victorious at Cedar Creek Oct. 19. 

Nevada was admitted into the Union Oct. 31. 

The Confederates were repulsed at Franklin Nov. 30. 

The Unionists gained a victory at Nashville Dec. 16. 

Savannah was occupied by Sherman's army Dec. 21. 

1805. Union troops and fleet captured Fort Fisher Jan. 15. 

Sherman captured Columbia Feb. 17. 

Charleston was occupied by Union troops Feb. 18. 

Wilmington was captured by Union troops Feb. 22. 

The Freedmen's Ikireau Bill became a law March 3. 

The Unionists were victorious at Avcrysboro March 10. 

The Confederates were routed at Bentonville March 20. 

Union troops occupied Petersburg and Richmond. . .April 3. 

Lee surrendered to Grant April 9. 

President Lincoln was assassinated April 14. 

Andrew Johnson was inaugurated president April 15. 



208 CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. 

1865. Gen. J. E. Johnston surrendered to Sherman. April 9,6 

Jefferson Davis was captured ]\Iay 10. 

Slavery was declared constitutionally abolished. . . .Dec. 18. 

1866. Congress passed 2d F's Bureau Bill over veto ..... .July 16. 

1867. Nebraska was admitted into the Union. . March 1. 

Congress passed Reconstructicm Bill over veto. . . .March 2. 
Congress passed Tenure-of-Office Bill over veto. . . .March 2. 
Alaska w^as purchased for $7,200,000 June 20. 

'1868. The House of Repre'tives impeached Pres't Johnson.Feb. 24. 
The president's trial was commenced in the Senate.. Mar. 30. 

He was acquitted on the eleventh article May 16. 

He was acquitted on two other articles May 26. 

Stanton resigned as secretary of war May 26. 

The 14th Amendment was declared adopted July 28. 

1869. Ulysses S. Grant was inaugurated president March 4. 

1870. The 15th Amendment was declared adopted 

1871. The " Alabama Treaty " was concluded May 8. 

The great fire of Chicago occurred Oct. 7, 8, 9. 

1873. Grant was inaugurated for a second term March 4. 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 209 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

1. Give the history of the slavery question .... 21, 136, 141, 150, 151, 152. 157, 158 

2. Give the account of John Brown's raid 157 

3. State the circumstances attending Lincoln's election 157, 158 

4. Give the facts in relation to the history of Fort Sumter 158-160 

5. How many and what states passed secession ordinances ? 186 

6. Give the histoiy of the formation of the Southern Confederacy 159 

7. What property did the Confederates take possession of? 159 

8. What is said in connection with Lincoln's inauguration ? , 159 

9. What, in connection with his inaugural address ? 159 

10. What three proclamations were issued in April, 1861 ? 160 

11. What occurred during that month in Baltimore ? 160 

12. How did the United States lose Harper's Ferry and Norfolk ? 160, 161 

13. What movement was made by order of General Scott ? 161 

14. Give the particulars in relation to the battle of Bull Eun 101, 162 

15. In relation to McClellan's campaign in West Virginia 162 

16. In relation to Lyon's successes, his defeat and death 162, 163 

17. In relation to Mulligan's defence and surrender 163 

18. What followed, connected with Fremont, Hunter, and Ilalleck ? 163 

19. Give the particulars of Baker's defeat at Ball's Bluff 163 

20. Of the coast expedition to North Carolina 163 

21. Of the coast expedition to South Carolina 163, 164 

22. Of the capture and release of Mason and Slidell 164 

23. Of the unfriendly action talien by England and France 164 

24. Give the liistory of the steamer Sumter 164 

25. How was the U. S. Navy increased and employed during 1861 ? 164, 166 

26. What changes in money matters took place in 1861 ? 166 

27. Name the important events of 1861 186, 187 

28. What preparations were made as regards the Mississippi ? 166 

29. Give an account of Thomas's victory at Mill Spring 166 

30. Of Commodore Foote's success against Fort Henry 166 

31. Of Grant's success at Fort Donelson 166, 167 

32. Of the success of the expedition against Roanoke 167 

33. Of events in Arkansas during March, 1862 107 

34. Of events at and near Hampton Roads, March 8th and 9th 167, 168 

35. What two successes did General Pope gain in the West ? 168 

36. What success did Com. Davis have soon after ? 168 

37.. Give a full account of the battle of Shiloh 168, 169 

38. What did General Halleck do after the battle ? 169 

39. To Avhat position was General Halleck then called ? 169 

40. Give an account of the capture of New Orleans 169 

41. Of Rosecrans's two victories— luka and Corinth 169 

42. Of Bragg's march through Tennessee and Kentucky 169, 170 

43. What new organization of military departments was made ? 170 

44. How did McClellan begin his Peninsular Campaign ? 170 

45. What success did he have at Yorktown and Williamsburg ? 170 

46. Give some account of General Wool 145, 170 

47. Give an account of the battle of Fair Oaks 170. 171 



210 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

48. Give an account of Banks's escape from capture 171 

49. Give an account of tlie " Seven Days' Battle before Richmond"' ITl 

50. What cliange did Lincoln make in army organizations ? 171 

51. Give an account of the contest between Lee and Pope — 171, 172 

52. What movement did Lee then make ? 172 

58. Give an account of the battle of South Mountain 172 

54. Of the loss (for the second time) of Harper's Ferry 172 

55. Of the battle of Antietam, and Lee's retreat 172 

5(i. Of McClellan's subsequent movements and loss of command 172 

57. Of Burnside's attempt to reach Kichmond 172 

58. Name, in order, the important events of 18(12 187 

59. What important event occurred on the 1st of January, 1863 ? 172 

60. State wliat took place at Galveston on that day 173 

<)1. Give an account of Kosecrans's victory at Murfreesboro 173 

(12. Of the capture by Union forces of Arkansas Post 173 

63. Give an account of the battle of Chancellorsville 173 

64. What march and pursuit a month afterward took place ? 173 

65. Give an account of the battle of Gettysburg 173 

66. Give an account of Grant's success on the Mississippi 175 

67. Give an account of Banks's success at Port Hudson 175 

68. Of the entire contest for the Mississippi 166, 168, 169, 175 

69. Give an account of the battle of Chickamauga Creek 175 

70. Give an account of the battle of Chattanooga 175 

71. Give a sketch of Rosecrans's military career 169, 170, 175 

72. Give a sketch of Burnside's military career 167, 172, 173, 175 

73. Give an account of Morgan's raid into Indiana and Ohio 175, 176 

74. Give an account, with the cause, of the riot in New York City 176 

75. What service did the navy render during the year 1803 ? 176 

76. In what case, and why, was not the blockade successful ? 176 

77. Give the early history of the state of West Virginia 176 

78. Name, in order, tiie important events of 1863 187, 188 

79. What disaster befell the Unionists in Florida ? 176, 177 

80. Give the full account of the Red River expedition 177 

SI. Give the full account of Forrest's raid in the West 177 

82. What two extensive campaigns were planned ? 177 

83. Give an account of the contest between Sherman and Johnston 177,173 

84. Give an account of the contest between Sherman and Hood 178 

85. Of events from the 4th to the 7th of May with the army of the Potomac 178 

86. Of the battles of Spottsylvania, North Anna, and Cold Harbor 178, 179 

87. What movement did Meade afterward make ? 179 

8S. What attempts were made to capture Petersburg ? 179 

89. Give a sketch of Sigel's military career 162, 167, 179 

90. Give an account of Early's invasion of Maryland . 179 

r.l. Give a full account of the contest between Sheridan and Early 180 

92. Give an account of Sherman's march from Atlanta to Savannah 180 

93. Give a full account of the contest between Thomas and Hood 180, 181 

94. (xive, in full, the history of the Confederate stean.c: Alabama 164, 181 

95 What did Admiral Farragut accomplisli during Jie war ? 169, 181 

96. V/hat was done by General Butler during the war ? 161, 163, 169, 179, 181 

97. Name the important events of 1864 138 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. ^H 



PA.GB 

98. Give an account of the failure and success at Fort Fisher 181 

99. Give an account of Sherman's march from Savannah 181, 182 

IfX). Of his whole march froni C;hattanooga . 177, i78, 180, 181, 18;i 

101. Give an account of the closinj^ military events of the war 184 

102. Give an account of the events of April 14th, 15th, and lUfeh 182, 188 

lO.'i. Give an account of the other events of that month 182, 183, 188, 189 

104. Give an account of the other events of the year 18G0 I8:i, 188, 189 

lO.'}. Give the important military events in Grant's life.. 163, 166, 168, 175, 177-182 
100. Name, in order, the important events of 18(55 188, 18** 

107. State all the facts in connection with the Freedmen's Bureau Bills. . .18:3, 189 

108. All, in connection with the subject of '• Reconstructing the Uuiou"' . 184 

109. All. in relation to the Tenure-of-Offlce Bill 184 

110. What can you state of Nebraska and Alaska? 184 

111. Give the facts relating to Stanton's suspension from office 1&4, 185 

112. Relate the events which grew out of the suspension 185 



Questions to be answered prom the Tables on page 212. 
1. How many presidents- of the United States have there been ?— 2. Give their 
names in the order of their succession.— 3. How many and which of them served 
two terms each?— 4. Which of them died while in office? (141, 151, 182.)— .5. By 
whom were they succeeded in office ?-f>. IIow many states belonged to the 
Union when Washington was inaugurated in 1789 ? (Appendix, p. 1 1 .)—7. When 
did North Carolina and Rliode Island adopt the Constitution of the United States ? 
(Ap., p. ll.)~8. Name the thirteen original states in the order of their settlement. 
-9. Name them in their geographical order, beginnintr with the one most north- 
easterly.— 10. How many states belonged to the Union at the close of Washing 
ton's administration ? -11 . Give the names of the three new states, with the date.; 
of their admission into the Union. -12. What addition was made to the Union 
during Jeflerson's administration ?-1.3. What, during Madison's administra- 
ti(m?— 14. What, durinir Monroe's?- 1.5 What, during Jackson's ? -16. What, 
durins; Tyler's?— 17. What, durinir Polk's ?-18. What, during Fillmore's?- 19. 
What, during Buchanan's ?— 20. What, during Lincoln's? - 21. What, during 
Johnson's ?— 22. Name the administrations during which no states were admitted 
to the Union. 



212 





PRESIDENTS AND VICE-PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 


NO. 
1. 


PRESIDENTS. 


RESIDENCE. 


INAUGURATED. 


VICE-PRESIDENTS. ] 


George Waehingtoa. 


Virginia 


April 30, 1789 


John Adams. 


2. 


John Adams. 


Massachusetts . 


March 4, 1797 


Thomas Jefferson. 


3. 


Thomas Jefferson. . . 


Virginia 


March 4, 1801 .... | 


Aaron Burr. 
George Clinton. 


4. 


James Madison 


Virginia 


March 4. 1809.... 1 


George C^linton. 
Elbridge Gerry. 


5. 




Virginia 


March 4, 1817 


Daniel D. Tompkins. 


6. 


John Q. Adams 


Massachusetts . 


March 4, 1825 


John C. Calhoun. 


7. 


Andrew Jackson 


Tennessee 


iMarch 4, 1829 ... . > 


John C. Calhoun. 
Martin Van Buren. 


8. 


Martin Van Buren . . 


New York 


March 4. 1837 


Richard M. Johnson. 


9. 


William H. Harrison. 


Ohio 


March 4. 1841 


John Tyler. 


10. 


John Tyler 

James K. Polk .... 


Virginia 


April 6, 1841 




11. 


Tennessee 


March 4, 1845 


George M. Dallas. 


11^ 


Zachary Taylor 


Louisiana... . 


March 5, 1849 


Millard Fillmore. 


13. 


Millard Fillmore 


New York 


July 10, 1850 




H 


Franklin Pierce... . 


New Hampshire 


March 4, 1853 


William R. King. 


15. 


James Buchanan . . . 


Pennsylvania . . 


March 4, 1857 


John (>. Breckinridge. 


16. 


Abraham Lincoln... 


Illinois 


March 4, 1861 .... | 


Hannibal Hamlin. 
Andrew Johnson. 


17. 




Tennessee 


April 15. 1865 ... . , 




18. 


Ulysses S. Grant 




March 4, 1869 ....j 


Henry Wilson. 





SETTLEMENT AND ADMISSION O? THE STATES. 



Virginia 

New York 

Massachusetts . . 

New Hampshire 

Connecticut 

Maryland 

Rhode Island . . . 

Delaware 

North Carolina . 

New Jersey 

South Carolina. . 

Pennsylvania . . . 

Georgia 

Vermont 

Kentucky 

Tennessee 

Ohio 

Louisiana 

Indiana 

Mississippi 

I Illinois 

! Alabama 

Maine 

Missouri 

Arkansas 

Michigan 

Florida 

Texas 

Iowa 

Wisconsin 

California 

Minnesota 

Oregon 

Kansas 

West Virginia. . . 

Nevada 

Nebraska 



When. 

1607 
1614 
1620 
16-23 
16:i3 
1634 
1636 
1638 
1650 
1664 
1670 
1682 
17.33 
1724 
1775 
1757 
1788 
1699 
1730 
1716 
1720 
1711 
1625 
1764 
1685 
1670 
1565 
1692 

ma 

1669 
1769 
1846 
1811 



Where. 



Jamestown . . 
New York . . . 
Plymouth... . 
Little Harbor. 

Windsor 

St. Mary's 

Providence ... 
Wilmington . .. 
(Miowan River 
Elizabeth .... 
Ashley River.. 
Philadelphia .. 
Savannah . . . 
Fort Dummer 
Boonesboro . . 
Fort Loudon. 

Marietta 

Iberville 

Vincennes . . . 

Natchez 

Kaskaskia . . . 

Mobile 

Bristol 

St. Louis. 

Arkansas Post ...I 

Detroit i 

St. Augustine . . 

San Antonio 

Burlington .| 

Green Bay ! 

San Diego 

St. Paul 

Astoria 



By whom. 



English.... 
Dutch . . . 

English 

English 

English.... 
English... 

English 

Swedes — 

English 

Dutch 

English. . . . 

English 

English 

English 

English 

English 

English... 
French . . . . 
French . . . 

French 

French 

French . . . . 
F'rench . . . . 

French 

French . . . . 

French 

Spaniards. . 
Spaniards . 
English. . . . 

French 

Spaniards. . 
Americans 
Americans 
Americans 
English.... 
Americans 



1791 
1792 
1796 
1802 
1812 
1816 
1817 
1818 
1819 
1820 
1821 
18:36 
1837 
1845 
1845 
1846 
1848 
1850 



DURING 
WHOSE AD- 
MINISTRA- 
TION. 



^ Washington. 
' j 
Jefferson. 

( Madison. 



Monroe. 



^ Jackson. 
I Tyler. 



1859^ Buchanan. 

1861 

1863 

1864 

1867 



f Lincoln. 



Johnson. 



APPENDIX. 



THE DECLARATIOls" OF INDEPENDENCE. 



A Declaration hy the Representatives of the United States 
of America in Congress assembled^ July 4^A, 1776. 

Whex, in the course of human events, it becomes neces- 
sary for one people to dissolve the political bands which 
have connected them with another, and to assume, among 
the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to 
which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle 
them, a decent respect to the opinions of manknid re- 
quires that they should declare the causes which impel 
them to the separation. 

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men 
are created equal ; that they are endowed by their Creator 
with certain unalienable rights ; that among these, are 
life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That, to se- 
cure these rights, governments are instituted among men, 
deriving their just powers from the consent of the gov- 
erned ; that, whenever any form of government becomes 
destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to 
alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new government, 
laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing 
its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely 
to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, 
will dictate that governments long established, should not 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 



l>e changed for light and transient causes; and, accord- 
ingly, all experience hath shown, that mankind are more 
disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right 
themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are ac- 
customed. But, Avhen a long train of abuses and usurpa- 
tions, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a de- 
sign to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their 
right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and 
to provide new guards for their future security. Such 
has been the patient sufferance of these colonies, and such 
is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their 
former systems of government. The history of the pres- 
ent king of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries 
and usurpations, all having, in direct object, the establish- 
ment of an absolute tyranny over these states. To prove 
this, let facts be submitted to a candid world : — 

He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome 
and necessary for the public good. 

He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of imme- 
diate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their 
operation till his assent should be obtained ; and, when 
so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to 
them. 

He has refused to pass other laws for the accommoda- 
tion of large districts of people, unless those people would 
relinquish the right of representation in the legislature; 
a right inestimable to them, and formidable to tyrants 
only. 

He has called together legislative bodies at places un- 
usual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of 
their public records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them 
into compliance with his measures. 

He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for 
opposing, with manly firmness, his invasions on the rights 
of the people. 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 



He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, 
to cause others to be elected ; whereby the legislative 
powers, incapable of annihilation, have returned to the 
people at large for their exercise ; the state remaining, in 
the mean time, exposed to all the danger of invasion from 
without, and convulsions within. 

He has endeavored to prevent the population of these 
states ; for that purpose, obstructing the laws for natural- 
ization of foreigners ; refusing to pass others to encourage 
their migration hither, and raising the conditions of new 
appropriations of lands. 

He has obstructed the administration of justice, by 
refusing his assent to laws for establishing judiciary 
powers. 

He has made judges dependent on his will alone, for 
the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment 
of their salaries. 

He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent 
hither swarms of officers to harass our people, and eat out 
their substance. 

He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing ar- 
mies, without the consent of our legislatures. 

He has affected to render the military independent of, 
and superior to, the civil power. 

He has combined, with others, to subject us to a juris- 
diction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged 
by our laws ; giving his assent to their acts of pretended 
legislation : 

For quartering large bodies of armed troops among 
us: 

For protecting them by a mock trial, from punishment, 
for any murders which they should commit on the inhabit- 
ants of these states : 

For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world: 

For imposing taxes on us without our consent : 



6 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 

For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefit of trial 
by jury : 

For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pre- 
tended offences 

For abolishing the free system of English laws in a 
neighboring province, establishing therein an arbitrary 
government, and enlarging its boundaries, so as to ren- 
der it at once an example aud fit instrument for intro- 
ducing the same absolute rule into these colonies : 

For taking away our charters, abolishing our most val- 
uable laws, and altering, fundamentally, the powers of 
our governments: 

For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring 
themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all 
cases whatsoever. 

He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out 
of his protection, and waging war against us. 

He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt 
our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people. 

He is, at this time, transporting large armies of foreign 
mercenaries to complete the works of death, desolation, 
and tyranny, already begun, w4th circumstances of cruelty 
and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, 
and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation. 

He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive 
on the high seas, to bear arms against their country, to 
become the executioners of their friends and brethren, or 
to fall themselves by their hands. 

He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and 
has endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our fron- 
tiers, the merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of 
warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, 
sexes, and conditions. 

In every stage of these oppressions, we have petitioned 
for redress, in the most humble terms ; our repeated peti- 



DECLAEATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 



tions have been answered only by repeated injury. A 
prince, whose character is thus marked by every act 
which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a 
free people. 

Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British 
brethren. We have warned them, from time to time, of 
attempts made by their legislature to extend an unwar- 
rantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them 
of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement 
here. We have appealed to their native justice and mag- 
hanimity, and we have conjured them, by the ties of our 
common kindred, to disavow these usurpations, which 
would inevitably interrupt our connections and corre- 
spondence. They, too, have been deaf to the voice of 
justice and consanguinity. We must, therefore, acqui- 
esce in the necessity which denounces our separation, 
and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies 
in war, in peace, friends. 

We, therefore, the representatives of the United States 
of America, in general Congress assembled, appealing to 
the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our 
intentions, do, in the name, and by the authority of the 
good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and de- 
clare, that these United Colonies are, and of right ought 
to be, free and independent states ; that they are absolved 
from all allegiance to the British crown, and that all po- 
litical connection between them and the state of Great 
Britain, is, and ought to be, totally dissolved; and that, 
as free and independent states, they have full power to 
levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish 
commerce, and to do all other acts and things which in- 
dependent states may of right do. And, for the support 
of this declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection 
of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other, 
our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. 



8 



DECLAE,A.TION OF INDEPENDENCE. 



The foregoing declaration was, by order of Congress, 
engrossed, and signed by the following members • 

JOHN HANCOCK. 



New Hampshire. 
Josiah Bartlett, 
William Whipple, 
Matthew Thornton. 

Massachusetts Bay. 
Samuel Adams, 
John Adams, 
Robert Treat Paine, 
Elbridge Gerry. 

Rhode Island. 
Stephen Hopkins, 
William EUery. 

Connecticut. 
Roger Sherman, 
Samuel Huntington, 
William Williams, 
Olivei- Wolcott. 

New York. 
William Floyd, 
Philip Livingston. 
Francis liewis, 
Lewis Morris. 



New Jersey. 
Richard Stockton, 
John Witherspoon, 
Francis Hopkinson, 
John Hart, 
Abraham Clark. 

Pennsylvania. 
Robert Morris, 
Benjamin Rush, 
Benjamin Franklin, 
John Morton, 
George Clymer, 
James Smith, 
George Taylor, 
James Wilson, 
George Ross. 

Delaware. 
Caesar Rodney, 
George Read, 
Thomas M'Kean. 

Maryland. 
Samuel Chase, 
William Paca, 
Thomas Stone, 



Charles Carroll, of Car- 
rollton. 

Virginia. 
George Wythe, 
Richard Henry Lee, 
Thomas Jefferson, 
Benjamin Harrison, 
Thomas Nelson, jun., 
Francis LightfootLee, 
Carter Braxton. 

North Carolina. 
William Hooper, 
Joseph Hewes, 
John Penn. 

South Carolina. 
Edward Rutledge, 
Thomas Heyward,juE. 
Thomas Lynch, jun. 
Arthur Middleton. 

Georgia. 
Button Gwinnett, 
Lyman Hall, 
George Walton. 



Note. — "The fourth of July is the day of national rejoicing, for on that day 
the Declaration of Independence, that polemn and sublime document, was 
adopted. Tradition yives a dramatic effect to its announcement. It was known 
to be under discussion, but the closed doors of Congress excluded the populace. 
They awaited, in throngs, an appointed signal. In the steeple of the state-house 
(Philadelphia), was a bell imported twenty-three years previously from London 
by the Provincial Assembly of Pennsylvania. It, bore the portentous text 
from Scripture : ' Proclaim liberty throughout all the land, unto all the inhabi- 
tants thereof.' A joyous peal from that bell gave notice that the bill had been 
pas-sed. It was the knell of British domination. * * * The excitable populace 
of New York were not content with the ringing of bells to proclaim their joy. 
There was a leaden statue of George III. in the Bowling Green, in front of the 
fort. Since kingly rule is at an end, why retain its effigy? On the same even- 
ing, therefore, the statue was pulled down amid the shouts of the nmltiiude, and 
broken up to be run into bullets ' to be used in the cause of independence.' " 
— Irving' s Life of Washington. 



THE CONSTITUTION 



OF 



THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



1. Origin of the Constitution. — When the Revolu- 
tionary struggle commenced, there were three forms of 
colonial government in force among the colonies, namely : 
the provincial or royal, the proprietary, and the charter. 
The provisional or royal government was under the con- 
trol of a governor, who, appointed by the king, adminis- 
tered affairs according to instructions from his royal mas- 
ter. The colonies of this class were New Hampshire, 
New York, New Jersey, Virginia, North Carolina, South 
Carolina, and Georgia. 

2. The proprietary government was under the control of 
one or more proprietors, who derived their authority by 
grant and privileges conferred by the king. Pennsylva- 
nia, Delaware, and Maryland were subject to the proprie- 
tary rule. The charter government secured certain politi- 
cal rights to the people by royal charter. Of this class 
were Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. 

3. On the llth of June, 1776, Congress resolved that a 
committee should be appointed to prepare a form of con- 

1. What forms of government existed am.onj,' the colonies previous to the 
Revolution? What was the provincial or royal t^overnment ? Which of the 
colonies were provincial or royal ? 

2. What was the proprietary government? Give the names of the colonies 
that were suhjected to the proprietary rule ? What was the charter government ? 
Which of the colonies had charters ? 



10 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



federation, to be entered into by the colonies. On the 
12th of July following, this committee, consisting of one 
from each state, reported a draft of Articles of Confedera- 
tion. The Report was considered and debated from time 
to time until the 15th of November, 1777, when, with some 
amendments, it was adopted. 

4. These Articles of Confederation were ratified in 1778 
by all the states except Delaware and Maryland, and by 
Delaware in 1779; but, in consequence of the delay on 
the part of Maryland, they did not go into effect until the 
1st of March, 1781, the day on which they were signed 
by the delegates from that state. 

5. It w^as soon found that the Articles of Confederation 
were not adequate to the wants of the government. They 
were deficient as regards the regulation of commerce, the 
settling of controversies between the states, the making 
of treaties with foreign nations, and especially so in not 
conferring the necessary power upon Congress to liqui- 
date the debts incurred during the war. 

6. Consequently, a convention of delegates from all the 
states, except Rhode Island, met at Philadelphia, in May, 
1787, for the purpose of revising the Articles of Confed- 
eration; but it w^as thought best by a majority of the 
delegates to adopt an entirely new form of government, 
instead of making any attempts to amend the defective 
one then in existence. Accordingly, on the 17th of Sep- 
tember, 1787, after four months' deliberation, the present 
Constitution, — except some changes which w^ere made 
in after years, — was adopted by the Convention. 



3. What resolution was first adopted in Congress in relation to a form of con- 
federation ? Give the subsequent history of the measure. 

4. When did the states ratify the Articles of Confederation ? When did the 
Articles of Confederation go into effect ? 

5. What was soon ascertained with reference to the Articles of Confedera- 
tion ? In what respects were they deficient ? 

6. What convention was held in May, 1787 ? What was done by the conven- 
tion? 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 11 

7. The new Constitution was submitted to the people, 
who, in the newspapers, legislative halls, and elsewhere, 
discussed it with earnestness and thoroughness ; the rati- 
fication of nine states being requisite before it could go 
into effect. It met with considerable opposition •, but 
after it had been adopted by all the states, except North 
Carolina and Rhode Island, it went into operation, March 
4th, 1789. 



Note.— Congx-ess ought to have met on the 4th of March, 1789, but in conse- 
quence of delay in the arrival of members, the most of whom had to make their 
way to New York on horseback or by sea, there being no railroads In those 
dayc<, a quorum was not secured before the 30th. " Washington received sixty- 
nine votes, that being the whole number of electors voting. John Adams re- 
ceived thirty-four votes in all, not a majority ; but sufficient, as the Constitution 
then stood, being the second higli3st number, to make him vice-president." 
The sixty-nine votes received by Washington were from ten states only. New 
York did not vote because of a disagreement between the two houses of her 
legislature ; and North Carolina and Rhode Island had not adopted the Consti- 
tution. " The inauguration was delayed for several days by a question which 
had arisen as to the form or title by which the President elect was to be ad- 
dressed ; and this had been deliberated in a committee of both Houses. The 
question had been mooted without Washington's privity, and contrary to his 
desire, as he feared that any title miirht awaken the sensitive jealousy of Repub- 
licans at a moment when it was all important to conciliate public good will to 
the new form of government. It was a relief to him, therefore, when it was 
finally resolved that the address should be simply ' the President of the United 
States, without any addition of title ; a judicious form which has remained to 
the present da.y.''''--Irvi7ig''s Life of Washingto?i. 

The Constitution was Adopted as follows ; 

By Delaware, on the 7th of December 1787 

Pennsylvania, on the 12th of December 1787 

New Jersey, on the 18th of December 1787 

Georgia, on the 2d of January 1788 

Connecticut, on the 9th of January 1788 

Massachusetts, on the 6th of February. 1788 

Maryland, on the 28th of April 1788 

South Carolina, on the 23d of May 1788 

New Hampshire, on the 21st of June 1788 

Virginia, on the 26th of June 1788 

New York, on the 26th of July 1788 

North Carolina, on the 21st of November 1789 

Rhode Island, on the 29th of May 1790 



THE COXSTITUTIOX. 



PREAMBLE. 



We, the people of the United States, in order to form a 
more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic 
tranquillity, provide for the common defence, promote 
the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty 
to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish 
this Constitution for the United States of America, 

ARTICLE L 
THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT. 

SECTION I. 

All leacislative powers herein granted shall be vested in 
a Conscress of the United States, which shall consist of a 
Senate and House of Representatives. 

SECTION n. 

1st Clause. The House of Representatives shall be com- 
posed of members chosen every second year by the peo- 

Preamble.— What is the introdnctory part of the Constitution called * What 
i? the object of the preamhle ? ,4/i.s'. To state the purposes of the Constitution. 
How many and what purposes are stated in the preamble ? By wh<mi was the 
Constitutfon ordained and established ? Recite the preamble. How many and 
what departments of i^vernment are established under the Constitution ? Anf. 
Three: the lesrislative. the judicial, and the executive. What is the lesrislative 
department? ' An.<!. The power that enacts the laws. What is the executive de- 
partment •? A 'i -'. The power that enforces the laws. What is the judicial depart- 
ment ? .4/;.*. The power that interprets the laws. 

Article l.—S^c. 1. Of what does Article first of the Constitution treat ? In 
whom is the legislative power vested? Of how many and what branches does 
Coiijrressi consist ? 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 13 

pie of the several states, and the electors in each state 
sliall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the 
most numerous branch of the state legislature. 

2d Clause. No person shall be a representative who 
shall not have attained to the age of twenty-five years, 
and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and 
who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state 
in Avhich he shall be chosen. 

2,d Clause. Representatives and direct taxes shall be ap- 
portioned among the several states which may be included 
within this Union, according to their respective numbers, 
which shall be determined by adding to the whole number 
of free persons, including those bound to service for a 
term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three- 
fifths of all other persons.* The actual enumeration shall 
be made within three years after the first meeting of the 
Congress of the United States, and within every subse- 
quent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by 
law direct. The number of representatives shall not ex- 
ceed one for every thirty thousand, but each state shall 
have at least one representative; and until such enumera- 
tion shall be made, the state of Xew Hampshire shall 
be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode 
Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, 

Sec. II.— 1s< Clanse.—By wnom are the representatives chosen ? How often 
are they chosen ? What qualifications are requisite lor electors of representa- 
tives ? What is an elector ? Ans. One who has the right to vote in choosing an 
officer. 

2rf Clause.— "Row old must a person be before he can be a representative? 
How long must he have been a citizen of the United States ? What is the 
requisite in regard to his habitation ? Now name the three qualifications 
requisite for a representative. 

M Clause.— Row were representatives and direct taxes apportioned among the 
states ? How were the respective numbers of the representative population oi 
X\\ several states to be determined? What provision is made in regard to In- 
dians? What was meant by "all other persons?"' J^ti*. Slaves. When vv-as the 
first census or enumeration to be made ? How often thereafter ie the census to 
be made ? How many inhabitants at least are required for one representative? 
If a state should not have that number, what is the law ? Was the first represent 
ation in Congress based upon the actual population of the several states ? Which 
state at first sent the greatest ntunber of representatives ? Which two states 
sent the smallest number ? Of how many members did the first House of Rep- 
resentatives consist ? Of how many does the present House consist ? (388.> 

* See Article XIV. of the Amendments. 



14 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Del- 
aware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina 
five. South Carolina five, and Georgia three. 

Ath Clause. When vacancies happen in the representa- 
tion from any state, the executive authority thereof shall 
issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. 

6th Cause. The House of Representatives shall choose 
their speaker and other officers ; and shall have the sole 
power of impeachment. 

SECTION III. 

\st Clause. The Senate of the United States shall be 
composed of two senators from each state, chosen by the 
legislature thereof, for six years ; and each senator shall 
have one vote. 

2d Clause. Immediately after they shall be assembled 
in consequence of the first election, they shall be divided 
as equally as may be into three classes. The seats of the 
senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expira- 
tion of the second year, of tlxe second class at the expira- 
tion of the fourth year, and of the third class at the ex- 
piration of the sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen 
every second year ; and if vacancies happen by resigna- 

Ath Clause.— How are vacancies in the representation of a state to be filled? 

5ih Clause.— By whom is the speaker of the House of Kepresentatives 
chosen? By whom are the other officers of the House chosen? What sole 
power has the House ? What is meant by impeachment ? A7is. An accusation 
asainst a public officer, charging him with misconduct in the discharge of his 
official duties. 

Sec. hi.— 1s< Clause.— Of: whom is the Senate composed ? By whom are the 
senators chosen ? For how long a period are they chosen ? How does the mode 
of electing a senator differ from that of a representative ? Ans. A senator of the 
United States is chosen by the legislature of his state ; a representative is chosen 
by the people. How do their terms of office differ? A)is. A senator is chosen 
for six years; a representative for only two. How many votes is each senator 
entitled to ? Have the large states any more senators than the small ones ? 

2(i Clause.— ln\.o how many classes were the senators at first divided ? In 
what order were their seats of office vacated ? What proportion of the Senate 
is elected everj' second year ? How often is one-third elected ? ^^'hen may the 
executive of a state fill a vacancy in the Senate f For how long a time does a 
senator so appointed hold his office ? How is the vacancy then filled? Now 
Btate how vacancies in the Senate are filled. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNTIED STATES. 15 

tion, or otherwise, during the recess of the legislature of 
any state, the executive thereof may make temporary 
appointments until the next meeting of the legislature, 
which shall then fill such vacancies. 

od Clause. No person shall be a senator who shall not 
have attained to the age of thirty years, and been nine 
years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, 
when elected, be an inhabitant of that state for which he 
shall be chosen. 

4th Clause, The vice-president of the United States 
shall be president of the Senate, but shall have no vote, 
unless they be equally divided. 

5th Clause. The Senate shall choose then- other officers, 
and also a president pro tempore, in the absence of the 
vice-president, or when he shall exercise the office of presi- 
dent of the United States. 

6th Clause. The Senate shall have the sole power to 
try all impeachments. When sitting for that purpose, 
they shall all be on oath or affirmation. "When the presi- 
dent of the United States is tried, the chief-justice sliall 
preside : and no person shall be convicted without the 
concurrence of two-thirds of the members present. 

1th Clause. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall 
not extend further than to removal from office, and dis- 
qualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, 

Zd Clause.— Row old must a person be before he can be a senator? How long 
must he have been a citizen of the United States? What is required of him in 
regard to residence ? Now name the three requisites for a senator. How do 
they differ from those of a representative ? (See page 13.) 

Ath Clause.— Who is president of the Senate ? When only is he entitled to 
vote ? 

5th Clause. —What officers are chosen by the Senate ? What is meant by a 
'' president pro tempore?" Ans. One chosen only for the time being. When 
does the Senate choose a "president pro tempore V 

ath Clauf^e. — What sole power has the Senate? What sole power has the 
House? (See page 14.) Under what solemnity does the Senate sit for the trial 
of impeachments? When does the chief-justice preside in the Senate? Who 
presides when the president of the United States is tried? What proportion of 
the Senate is necessary to a conviction ? 

1th Clause.— How far may judgment extend in cases of impeachment ? To 
what is the convicted party further liable ? 



16 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

or profit under the United States ; but the party convicted 
shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, 
trial, judgment, and punishment, according to law. 

SECTION IV. 

Isi Clause. The times, places, and manner of holding 
elections for senators and representatives, shall be pre- 
scribed in each state by the legislature thereof; but the 
Congress may at any time by law make or alter such reg- 
ulations, except as to the places of choosing senators. 

2(7 Clause. The Congress shall assemble at least once 
in every year, and such meeting shall be on the first Mon- 
day in December, unless they shall by law appoint a dif- 
ferent day. 

SECTION V. 

1st Clause. Each house shall be the judge of the elec- 
tions, returns, and qualifications of its own members, and a 
majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business ; 
but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and 
may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent 
members, in such manner and under such penalties as 
each house may provide. 

2d Clause. Each house may determine the rules of its 
proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, 
and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member. 

3(7 Clause. Each house shall keep a journal of it^ pro- 

Sec. IY.— l5f C7ai/^<f^.— What is prescribed by each state legislature in regard 
to elections for senators and representatives ? What power has Congress over 
euch rearulations * 

'2d C7aui>e. — IIow often does Congress assemble ? On what day is it prescribed 
that the meeting shall take place ? May a diflerent day be appointed ': How ? 

Szc.Y.— Ut l.y a use.— 0{ what is each house constituted the judge? What 
proportion constitutes a quorum '? What is meant by a quorum ? Aii^. A suffi- 
cient number to do business. What power do a smaller number possess as re- 
gards adjourninir ? What else may they do as regards absentees ? 

-2cl (Yrtf/iJt.— What power has each house over the rules of its proceedings? 
What power does each house possess for enforcing its rules * 

od Clause.— What is required of each house, in^ respect to keeping a journal ? 
How is publicity given to the proceedings of Congress ? What part^of its jour- 
nal may either house withhold from publication ? 

When shall the yeas and nays be entered on the journal ? 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 17 

ceedings, and from time to time publish the same, except- 
ing such parts as may in their judgment require secrecy; 
and the yeas and nays of the members of either house 
on any question, shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those 
present, be entered on the journal. 

Uh Clause. Neither house, during the session of Con- 
gress shall, without the consent of the other adjourn for 
more than three days, nor to any other place than that 
in which the two houses shall be sitting. 



SECTION VI. 

\st Clause. The senators and representatives shall re- 
ceive a compensation for their services, to be ascertained 
by law, and paid out of the treasury of the United States. 
They sliall, in all cases, except treason, felony, and breach 
of the peace, be j^rivileged from arrest during their at- 
tendance at the session of their resj^ective houses, and in 
going to and returning from the same ; and for any speech 
or debate in either house, they shall not be questioned in 
any other place. 

2d Clause. No senator or representative shall, during 
the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any 
civil office under the authority of the United States, which 
shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall 
have been increased during such time ; and no person 

Ath Clause.— For what length of time may either house adjourn without the 
consent of tlie other ? How is each house restricted as regards the place to 
which it may adjourn ? 

Sec. \l.—\st Clause.— Are members of Congress compensated for their ser- 
vices? How is the compensation determined ? Are members of Congress paid 
by their states respectively, or by the general government ? Ans. They are 
compensated by the general government, out of the treasury of the United States. 
What personal privileges are members of Congress entitled to 'i What are the 
three exceptions to the general privilege that the Constitution allows to Con- 
gressmen ? In what does treason consist ? (See p. .32.) What is felony? Ans. 
A crime punishable with death. What is meant by a breach of the peace? 
Ans. A violation of the public order. For what are members of Congress not 
to be questioned ? 

2rf C'towse.— To what offices cannot members of Congress be elected? Sup- 
pose that a person holds an office under the United States, what then ? 



18 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

holding any office under the United States, shall be a 
member of either house during his continuance in office. 

SECTION VII. 

Ist Clause. All bills for raising revenue shall originate 
in the House of Representatives ; but the Senate may pro- 
pose or concur with amendments as on other bills. 

2d Clause. Every bill which shall have passed the House 
of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become 
a law, be presented to the president of the United States ; 
if he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return 
it, with his objections, to that house in which it shall have 
originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their 
journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such re- 
consideration two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass 
the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to 
the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsid- 
ered, and if approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall 
become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both 
houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the 
names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall 
be entered on the journal of each house respectively. If 
any bill shall not be returned by the president within ten 
days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented 
to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he 

Sec. I.— 1st Clause.— In which branch of Congress must all bills for raising 
revenue originate ? What power has the Senate 'over such bills ? 

2d Clause.— After a bill has passed both houses of Congress, what must be 
done with it ? What must the president do with the bill ? What is the presi- 
dent's act of objecting to a bill called ? Ans. A veto. Why was the veto power 
given to the president ? Atis. To enable him to protect the executive depart- 
ment of the government against the encroachments of the legislature : also with 
a view to greater security against the enactment of improper laws. When the 
president vetoes a bill, what is the duty of the house to which it is sent ? When 
is the bill sent to the other house ? What accompanies the bill to the other 
house ? Then what does that other house do with the bill ? If two-thirds ap- 
prove of the bill, what then ? Now state how a bill may become a law, notwith- 
standing the veto of the president ? When the two houses reconsider a vetoed 
bill, how do they determine the votes ? What record of names is imperative ? 
State how a bill may become law, even though the president has neither signed 
nor vetoed it. In what case does a bill fail to become a law, though it has 
passed both houses of Congress, and is not vetoed ? 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 19 

had signed it, unless the Congress by their adjournment 
prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. 

3d Clause. Every order, resolution, or vote to which 
the concurrence of the Senate and House of Representa- 
tives may be necessary (except on a question of adjourn- 
ment) shall be presented to the president of the United 
States ; and before the same shall take effect, shall be ap- 
proved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be 
repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and House of Rep- 
resentatives, according to the rules and limitations pre- 
scribed in the case of a bill. 



SECTION VIII. 

The Congress shall have power — 

\st Clause. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposxs, 
and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the com- 
mon defence and general welfare of the United States ; but 
all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform through- 
out the United States ; 

^d Clause. To borrow money on the credit of the United 
States ; 

3c7 Clause. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, 
and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes; 

Zd CTaww.— What is necessary to be done with orders, resolutions, and votes, 
requirino- the concurrence of both houses before they can take effect ? What ia 
the object of the provision? A7is. If it were not for the provision, Congress 
might pass laws, calling them orders or resolutions, and thus evade the presi- 
dent's veto. When the president vetoes an order, resolution, or vote, what 
course does it take ? In what case, requiring the concurrent action of both 
houses, has the president no veto power ? 

Sec. \\ll.—\st Clause.— Wh&t power has ConOTCSs in regard to taxes, duties, 
imposts, and excises ? What are taxes ? Ans. Contributions of money exacted 
by government from individuals, for public purposes. How many kinds of taxes 
are there? Ans. Two; direct and indirect. What are direct taxes? Ans. 
Taxes laid directly on the person or property of individuals. What arc indirect 
taxes? Ans. Taxes laid on the importation, exportation, and consumption of 
goods. What are duties? Ans. Taxes on the importation or exportation of 
goods. What are imposts? Ans. Taxes on goods imported. \\ hat are ex- 
cises ? Ans. Taxes on goods produced or manufactured in the country. 

2d CTawse.— What power has Congress in regard to borrowing money ? 

Zd (Muse.— Wtidii in regard to regulating commerce ? 



20 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Uh Clause. To establish a uniform rule of naturaliza- 
tion, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies 
throughout the United States ; 

bth Clause. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, 
and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and 
measures ; 

Qth Clause. To provide for the punishment of counter- 
feiting the securities and current coin of the United States ; 

1th Clause. To establish post-offices and post-roads ; 

8?A Clause. To promote the progress of science and 
useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and 
inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings 
and discoveries ; 

^th Clause. To constitute tribunals inferior to the su- 
preme court ; 

lO^A Clause. To define and punish piracies and felonies 
committed on the high seas, and offences against the law 
of nations ; 

l\th Clause. To declare war, grant letters of marque 

4th C7aws«.— What in regard to a rule of naturalization ? What is meant by 
naturalization ? Aiis. The act by which a foreigner becomes a citizen of the 
United States. How long must a person reside in the United States before he 
can be naturalized? Ans. Five years. What power has Congress in regard to 
bankruptcies? What is meant by bankruptcies? Am. A person is a bankrupt 
when he is unable to pay his just debts. 

hth Clause.— V<^h!xi power has Congress in regard to coining money ? What, 
in regard to the value of money ? What, in regard to foreign coins ? What, in 
regafd to weights and measures. 

%th Clause.—S\^ha.i power has Congress in regard to counterfeiting? 

Ith Clause. — What power has Congress in regard to post-offices and post-roads ? 

8th Clause.— In what way may Congress promote the progress of science and 
arts? For how long a time is the author of a book entitled to the exclusive 
right of publishing'it ? Ans. Twenty-eight years? What is the right called ? 
Ans. A copyright. May a copyright be renewed ? Ans. At the expiration of 
the twenty-eight years, it may be renewed for the further period of fourteen years. 
For how long a time is the inventor of a machine entitled to the exclusive" right 
of manufacturing it? Ans. Fourteen years. What is the right called? A 
patent right. Can a patent right be extended? Ans. The commissioner of 
patents is authorized, at the end of the fourteen years, to extend the right for 
the further period of seven years. 

9th CTaw."^.— What power has Congress in regard to judicial tribunals ? 

10th Clause.— What, in regard to piracies, felonies, etc.? What is piracy ? 
Ans. Robbery on the high seas? What is meant by the term "high seas?" 
Ans. All the waters of the ocean beyond the boundaries of low-water mark. 

11^^ Clause.— Wh&t power has Congress in regard to declaring war ? What, 
in regard to " letters of marque and reprisal ?" What are letters of marque and 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 21 

and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land 
and water ; 

\2th Clause. To raise and support armies; but no ap- 
propriation of money to that use shall be for a longer 
term than two years ; 

\Mh Clause^ To provide and maintain a navy; 

'iit/i Clause. To make rules for the government and 
regulation of the land and naval forces; 

loth Clause. To provide for callhig forth the militia to 
execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and 
repel invasions ; 

16ih Clause. To provide for organizing, arming, and 
disciplining the militia, and for governing such part of 
them as may be employed in the service of the United 
States, reserving to the states respectively the appoint- 
ment of the officers, and tJie authority of training the 
militia according to the disciplme prescribed by Con- 
gress ; 

11th Clause. To exercise exclusive legislation in all 
cases whatsoever, over such district (not exceeding ten 
miles square) as may, by cession of particular states, and 
the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the gov- 

reprisal ? A?is. Commissions granted by the government to individuals, author- 
izing them to prey upon the commerce of another nation. What power haa 
Congress in regard to rules concerning captures ? 

12t/i Clause.— What power has Congress in regard to armies. In what way 
is such power restricted ? 

ISth Clause.— What power has Congress in regard to a navy? 

Uth Clause.— W^h&t power in regard to the government of the land and navai 
forces ? 

15t/i Clause.— Wh&t power in regard to calling forth the militia, etc. ? 

liitk Clause.— What power in regard to organizing armies, and disciplining 
the militia V What, in regard to governing the militia ? What reservations are 
secured to the respective states ? 

11th Clause.— What power has Congress in regard to the seat of government, 
and to places purchased for certain purposes set forth ? What is the district 
occupied as the seat of government called? Atis. The District of Columbia. 
How large was the District of Columbia originally ? Ans. Ten square miles. 
From what states had it been derived ? Ans. By cession from the states of 
Maryland and Virginia? Is the District of Columbia at present ten miles 
square ? Ans. The portion derived from Virginia having been ceded back to 
that state, in 1846, the District is how confined to the Maryland side of the Po- 
tomac. What consent is requisite before the United States can acquire property 
in a state for the erection of forts, magazines, etc. 



ii2 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

ernment of the United States ; and to exercise like author- 
ity over all places purchased by the consent of the legis- 
lature of the state in which the same shall be, for the 
erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and 
other needful buildings ; — and 

18t/i Clause. To make all laws which shall be necessary 
and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing 
powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution 
in the government of the United States, or in any depart- 
ment or officer thereof. 

SECTION IX. 

1st Clause. The migration or importation of such per- 
sons as any of the states now existing shall think proper 
to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior 
to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a 
tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not ex- 
ceeding ten dollars for each person. 

2d Clause. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus 
shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion 
or invasion the public safety may require it. 

3c? Clause. No bill of attainder or ex post facto law 
shall be passed. 

ISth Clause.— Wh&t general powers are conferred upon Congress in regard to 
making laws ? 

Sec. IX.— 1st Clause.— What restriction was imposed upon Congress in re- 
gard to the migration or importation of certain persons ? Who were meant by 
'' such persons ? Ans. Slaves. What was tlie great object of the clause ? Ans. 
To enable Congress to put an end to the importation of slaves into the United 
States, after the year ISOS. In what way was Congress left to restrain the im- 
portation without actually forbidding it? When was the importation actually 
prohibited ? Ans. On the 1st of January, 1808. 

2d Clause.— What is said of the writ of habeas corpus? What is a writ of 
habeas corpus ? Ans. A written command from a judge or other magistrate, 
directing that the body of a certain person shall be brought before him. What 
is the object of the writ? Ans. To provide a means of redress for all manner 
of illegal imprisonment. Repeat the clause in relation to the writ of habeas 
corpus. In what cases may the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus be sus- 
pended ? 

Sd Clai/se.— What is said of bills of attainder or ex post facto laws ? What 
is a bill of attainder? Atts. An act of the legislature inflicting the punishment 
of death, without trial, upon persons supposed to be guilty of high crimes. 
What is an ex post facto law? Ans. A law which renders an act punishable 
which was not punishable at the time of its commission. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 23 

4th Clause. No capitation, or other direct tax shall be 
laid, unless in proportion to the census or enumeration 
herein before directed to be taken. 

bth Clause. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles 
exported from any state. 

Qth Clause. No preference shall be given by any regu- 
lation of commerce or revenue to the ports of one state 
over those of another: nor shall vessels bound to, or 
from, one state, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties 
in another. 

Ith Clause. No money shall be drawn from the treas- 
ury, but in consequence of appropriations made by law ; 
and a regular statement and account of the receipts and 
expenditures of all public money shall be published from 
time to time. 

^th Clause. No title of nobility shall be granted by the 
United States : and no person holding any office of profit 
or trust under them, shall, without the consent of the 
Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title, 
of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign 
state. 

SECTION X. 

Is^ Clause. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, 
or confederation ; grant letters of marque and reprisal ; 
coin money; emit bills of credit; make any thing but 

Uh Clause.— In. what way may Congress lay a capitation or other direct tax ? 
What is meant by a capitation tax ? Ans. A direct tax upon individuals. How 
is the census to be taken ? (See p. 13.) 

hth Clause.— ^h&i prohibition ia imposed upon Congress in relation to articles 
exported from any state ? 

Uh Clause.— What preference is forbidden in relation to a regulation of com- 
merce or revenue? What freedom have vessels that are bound from one state 
to another ? 

Ith Clause.— JJnder what circumstances only can money be drawn from the 
national treasury? What publication must be made in regard to receipts and 
expenditures of all public money? 

8^^ Clause.— What is said in the Constitution aTiout titles of nobility? What 
is said of officeholders accepting presents, etc. ? Under what circumstances 
may an officeholder accept a present ? Repeat the clause relating to titles and 
presents. 

Sec. X.—lst Clause.— Wh&t prohibition is placed upon the several states 



24 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts ; pass 
any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impan*ing 
the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility. 

Id Clause. No state shall, without the consent of the 
Congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, 
except what may be absolutely necessary for executing 
its inspection laws .' and the net produce of all duties and 
imposts, laid by any state on imports or exports, shall be 
for the use of the treasury of the United States ; and all 
such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of 
the Congress. 

Zd Clause, No state shall, without the consent of Con- 
gress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops, or ships of 
war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or com- 
pact with another state^ or with a foreign power, or en- 
gage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent 
danger as will not admit of delay. 

as regards treaties, alliances, or confederations ? What, as regards letters of 
marque and reprisal ? What, as regards the coining of money? What, as re- 
gards bills of credit ? What is meaiit by bills of credit? Ans. Bills of credit, 
within the meaning of the Constitution, are bills intended to circulate as money 
among the people. What is constituted a legal tender in payment of debt? 
What°prohibition is placed upon individual states, in regard to a bill of attain- 
der ? What, in regard to an ex post facto law ? What, in regard to a law im- 
pairing the obligation of contracts? What, iu regard to a title of nobility ? Re- 
cite the clause just considered. 

2cf CTfl«<?^.— What prohibition are individual states under, as regards imposts 
or duties ? In what case only may a state lay any imposts or duties ? What are 
inspection laws? Ans. Laws requirin^certain articles of commerce to be ex- 
amined by officers called inspectors. What disposition must be made of the 
net produce of all duties and imposts laid by any state ? What are the inspec- 
tion laws of individual states as regards imports or exports subject to ? 

Zd Clmise.—Wh&t prohibitions are individual states under as to the laying of 
a duty of tonnage ? What is a duty of tonnage? Ans. A tax laid on vessels at 
a certain rate per ton. What prohibition are individual states under as to the 
keeping of troops? What, as to the keeping of ships of war? What, as to an 
agreement or compact with another state, or with a foreign power ? What, as 
to engaging iu war ? Under what circumstances then may a state engage in 
w«ir? 

Note.— Under the original clause of the Constitution providing for the elec- 
tion of president and vice-president, the electors voted for two persons, without 
naming their choice for the higher position, "the person having the greatest 
number of votes" to be declared president, and the next, vice-president. 
Washington, John Adams, and Jefferson were so elected (see next page). 



CONSTETUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 25 

ARTICLE II. 

THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. 

SECTION I. 

1st Clause. The executive power shall be vested in a 
president of the United States of America. He shall hold 
his office during the term of four years, and, together with 
the vice-president, chosen for the same term, be elected 
as follows. 

2d Clause. Each state shall appoint, in such manner as 
the legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors, 
equal to the whole number of senators and representatives 
to w' hich the state may be entitled in the Congress ; but 
no senator or representative, or person holding an office 
of trust or profit under the United States, shall be ap- 
pointed an elector. 

THE TWELFTH AMENDMENT TO THE CONSTITUTION. 

1st Clause. The electors shall meet in their respective 
states, and vote by ballot for president and vice-president, 
one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the 
same state with themselves ; they shall name in their bal- 

Article II.— Sec. I.— 1st Clause.— Of what does Article II. of the Constitu- 
tion treat? In whom is the executive power of the United States vested? 
What is the president's term of office? How often may a president be re- 
elected ? Ajis. The Constitution does not limit the number of terms for which 
a president may be re-elected. Who was the first president of the tFnited States? 
(See table, p. I!i3.) For how many terms did Washington serve? Why was not 
Washington elected for a third term ? Ans. At the close of his second term of 
office, he declined to be a candidate for a third term. What has been the efi"ect 
of his declination ? Ans. Washington's example in declining to be elected for 
a third term; has become a precedent by which subsequent presidents have been 
guided. How many and what presidents have served two terms each ? (See 
table, p. 193.) Which has the longest term of office— the president, a senator, or 
a representative ? What tenn ha"s each ? What is the vice-president's term of 
office? Who was the first vice-president of the United States ? (See table, p. 
193.) By whom are the president and vice-president chosen ? A?is. The presi- 
dent and vice-president are not chosen by the people directly, but by electors. 

2cl Clause.— In what manner does each state appoint electors ? What number 
of electors is each state entitled to ? Who are prohibited from being electors ? 

The Twelfth Amendment to the Constitution.— WhaX has been done with the 



26 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

lots the person voted for as president, and in distinct bal- 
lots the person voted for as vice-president, and they shall 
make distinct lists of all persons voted for as president, 
and of all persons voted for as vice-president, and of the 
number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and 
certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government 
of the United States, directed to the president of the Sen- 
ate; — the president of the Senate shall, in presence of 
the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the 
certificates, and the votes shall then be counted; — the 
person having the greatest number of votes for president, 
shall be the president, if such number be a majority of the 
whole number of electors appointed; and if no person 
have such majority, then from the persons having the 
hisfhest numbers, not exceedinsf three on the list of those 
voted for as president, the House of Representatives shall 
choose immediately, by ballot, the president. But in 
choosing the president, the votes shall be taken by states, 
the representation from each state having one vote; a 
quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or 
members from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of 
all the states shall be necessary to a choice. And if the 
House of Representatives shall not choose a president 
whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, 
before the fourth day of March next following, then the 
vice-president shall act as president, as in the case of the 
death or other constitutional disability of the president. 

original clause of the Constitution prescribing the proceedings to be taken 
to elect a president and vice-president ? A>is. The original' clause of the 
Constitution, prescribing the mode in -svhich the president and vice-president 
were to be elected has been repealed, and its place supplied by the twelfth 
amendment to the Constitution. What is the history of the twelfth amend- 
ment ? Ans. It was proposed in 1803, and declared adopted in 1804. Where 
do the electors for president and vice-president meet ? In what way do they 
vote ? What is prescribed respecting one of the persons for whom they shall 
not vote ? How is it required that their ballots shall be made out ? After voting, 
what lists are they required to prepare ? What provision must be complied 
with, before the lists can pass out of their hands ? After the lists are signed, 
certified, and sealed, to whom are they directed? To what place are they 
then transmitted 1 What does the president of the Senate do with the certifi- 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 27 

2d Clause. The person having the greatest number of 
votes as vice-president, shall be the vice-president, if such 
number be a majority of the whole number of electors 
appointed ; and if no person have a majority, then from 
the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall 
choose the vice-president : a quorum for the purpose shall 
consist of two-thirds of the whole number of senators, 
and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary 
to a choice. 

3d Clause. But no person constitutionally ineligible to 
the office of president shall be eligible to that of vice- 
president of the United States. 



4th Clause. The Congress may determine the time of 
choosing the electors, and the day on which they shall 
give their votes ; which day shall be the same throughout 
the United States. 

5th Clause. No person except a natural-born citizen, or 

cates ? How is it determined who is elected president ? Now describe the 
manner in which the electors choose a president. In the event of no choice 
bein^f made by the electors, by whom is the president chosen? From how 
many and what candidates must the House of Representatives choose the presi- 
dent'? In what way must the choice be made ? How are the votes taken in 
choosing the president? How many votes is each slate entitled to ? How many 
is each entitled to, when voting by electors? In choosing the president by the 
House of Representatives, how many constitute a quorum ? In such case, how 
many states are necessary to a choice? Whenever the right of choosing a 
president devolves upon the House of Representatives, till what time may the 
right be exercised ? Now describe the manner in which the House of Repre- 
sentatives choose a president ? In the event of both the electors and House of 
Representatives failing to choose a president, what takes place ? 

2d Clause.— Who shall be the vice-president ? In the event of no pef son kav- 
ing a majority of electoral votes, by whom is the vice-president chosen ? When 
choosing a vice-president, how many senators are requisite to a quorum ? How 
many ai'e necessary to a choice ? 

Sd Clause.— Who are ineligible to the office of vice-president ? 

Ath Cla^lse.—^yhat power has Congress over the time of choosing the elect- 
ors? What as to the day on which the electors shall vote? In the event of 
Congress determining the day on which the electors shall give their votes, what 
Bameness is prescribed? When are the electors chosen? Ans. On the Tues- 
day next after the first Monday, in the last Novemb( r of each presidential term. 
Where do the electors meet to give their votes ? An, . In their respective states, 
tt a place appointed by the legislature thereof, usually in the capital. When do 
the electors meet to give their votes ? Ans. On the first Wednesday in the lasi 
December of each presidential terra. 



28 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

a citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption 
of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of presi- 
dent ; neither shall any person be eligible to that office 
who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, 
and been fourteen years a resident within the United 
States. 

Qth Clause. In case of the removal of the president from 
office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge 
the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall 
devolve on the vice-president ; and the Congress may by 
law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, 
or inability, both of the president and vice-president, de- 
claring what officer shall then act as president, and such 
officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be re- 
moved, or a president shall be elected. 

1th Clause. The president shall, at stated times, receive 
for his services a compensation, which shall neither be in- 
creased nor diminished during the period for which he 
shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within 
that period any other emolument from the United States, 
or any of them. 

8^A Clause. Before he enter on the execution of his 

office, he shall take the following oath or affirmation : — 

. . , • 

5^^ C/ai/i'Jf .— What persson, as rcpards his place of birth, cannot be eligible to 
the office of president ? How old must a person be to be eligible to that office? 
How many years must a person, to be eligible to that office? have resided with- 
in the United States ? Now state the legal qualifications of a president. Re- 
cite the clause relating to the qualifications. 

6//i Clause.— In whjit contingencies does the office of president devolve on the 
vice-president ? What provision is made by the Constitution for the case of 
removal or death, etc.. of the president ? What provision is made by the Con- 
stitution for the case of removal or death, etc., of both president and Vice presi- 
dent? In the case of removal, etc., of both president and vice-president, what 
officer shall, by law of Congress, act as president? A?is. The president of the 
Senate, pro tempore, shall act as president. What is to be done, in case there 
is no president of the Senate ? Ans. The speaker of the House of Representa- 
tives shall act as president. How long shall such officer continue to act ? 

1th Clause.— S^'hSil. does the Constitution provide as regards the compensa- 
tion to be allowed to the p esident? What restriction is imposed, in regard to 
any other emolument ? P?cite the clause relating to the president's compensa- 
tion. What is the salary of the president ? Ans. $25,000 a year, together with 
the use of the presidential mansion and its furniture. What is the salary of 
the vice-president ? Am. $8,000 a year. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 29 

" I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that 1 will faithfully 
execute the office of president of the United States, and 
will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and de- 
fend the Constitution of the United States." 

SECTION n. 

1st Clause. The president shall be commander-in-chief 
of the army and navy of the United States, and of the 
militia of the several states, when called into the actual 
service of the United States ; he may require the opinion, 
■in writing, of the principal officer in each of the execu- 
tive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties 
of their respective offices, and he shall have power to 
grant reprieves and pardons for oifences against the United 
States, except in cases of impeachment. 

2d Clause. He shall have power, by and with the advice 
and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two- 
thirds of the senators present concur ; and he shall nomi- 
nate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, 
shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and con- 
suls, judges of the supreme court, and all other officers of 
the United States, whose appointments are not herein 
otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by 
law : but the Congress may by law vest the appointment 



8th Clause.— What does the president do, just before entering on the execu 
tion of his office ? Repeat the oath or affirmation talven by the president. 

Sec. II. —1,'^/ Clause. In what relation does the president stand toward the 
army and navy? When only can he command the militia? Whose opinions 
may he require in writing? Upon what subjects may he require the opinions? 
Is he bound to be guided by such opinions? Am. He is not. What executive 
departments have been established by Congress ? A?}S. Six, namely : Of State, of 
the Navy, of War,of the Treasury, Post-office Department, andofthe Interior. For 
what purpose were they established ? Ans. To aid the president in the execu- 
tive and administrative business of the government. How are the heads of the 
departments appointed? Ans. By the president, with the advice and consent 
of the Senate. How is the attorney-general appointed? Ans. In like manner 
as the heads of the departments. Of whom does the president's cabinet 
consist? Ans. Of the heads of the departments, and the attorney-general. 
What power has the president, in relation to reprieves and pardons ? What is 
a reprieve ? Ajis. A limited suspension or delay of the execution of a sentence 
In a criminal case. With what exception is the president vested with the power 
to grant reprieves and pardons ? 



30 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

of such iDferior officers, as they thmk proper, in the pres- 
ident alone, in the courts of law, or hi the heads of de- 
partments. 

3(7 CkiKse. The president shall have power t-o fill up all 
vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, 
by granting commissions, which shall expire at the end 
of their next session. 

SECTION III. 

He shall from time to time give to the Congress infor- 
mation of the state of the Union, and recommend to their 
consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary 
and expedient ; he may, on extraordinary occasions, con- 
vene both houses, or either of them, and in case of disa- 
greement between them, with respect to the time of ad- 
journment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall 
think proper; he shall receive ambassadors and other pub- 
lic ministers; he shall take care that the laws be laith- 
fully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the 
United States. 

SECTION IV. 

Tlie president, vice-president, and all civil officers of the 
United States, shall be removed from office on impeach- 
ment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high 
crimes and misdemeanors. 

'2d Clause.— Vi'h&i power has the president relative to treaties ? In whom is 
the appointiuir power vested? What is the 5rst step in makm? an appoint- 
ment * What offices are enumerated, for which the president and Senate make 
appointments ? What may Congress do in relation to the appointment of infe- 
rior officers ? 

Sd Clause.— Wh&t vacancies^can the president fill? When does such appoint 
ment expire ? 

Sec. III.— What information is the president required to dve to Consress^ 
What recommendations is he required to make? In what way are the fecom 
mendatious made? Ans. By means of written messasres. Was the reading: ol 
written messages always tlie practice ? Ans. The tirst two presidents. Wash 
iuirton and Adams, used to meet Congress, and make their recommendation* 
by addresses, which thev road. Is Conirress ohliced to adopt the president's 
recommendations? Ans. It is not. When may" the president convene both 
houses ? Mav he convene only one house ? When ? ^Nlien may the president 
adjourn Congress ? What is the duty of the president respecting ambass^idors. 
etc.? What is his duty respecting: the execution of the laws? What is hi> 
duty respecting the granting of commissions ? 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 31 

ARTICLE III. 
THE JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT. 

SECTION I. 

The judicial power of the United States shall be vested 
in one supreme court, and in such inferior courts as the 
Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. 
The judges, both of the supreme and inferior courts, shall 
hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated 
times, receive for their services a compensation, which 
shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. 

SECTION II. 

1st Clause. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, 
in law and equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws 
of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall 
be made, under their authority ; to all cases affecting am- 
bassadors, other public ministers, and consuls ; to all cases 
of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies 
to which the United States shall be a party ; to contro- 
versies between two or more states ; between a state and 
citizens of another state ; between citizens of different 

Sec. IV —For what crimes may government officers be removed from office ? 
How may the removal be effected ? 

Article III.— Sec. I.— Of what does Article III. of the Constitution treats 
In what is the judicial power of the United States vested? How lon^ do the 
judges hold their offices? What is established as to the compensation of the 
judges? How can the judges be removed from office? (See page 15.) How is 
the supreme court of the United States organized ? Ans. It is composed of one 
chief-justice, and eight associate justices, any five of whom constitute a quo- 
rum. What is the salary of the chief-justice ? Ans. $6,500 a year. What is the 
salary of each associate justice? Ans. $0,000 a year. 

Sec U.—lst Cto/5e.— Name the first of the nine subjects in which the United 
States courts have jurisdiction. Name the second, concerning ambassadors, 
etc. Name the third, concerning certain jurisdiction. The fourth, concerning 
controversies with the United States. The fifth, concerning controversies be- 
tr.een states. The sixth, concerning controversies between a state and citizens. 
Tlie seventh, concerning controversies between citizens. The eighth, concern- 
ing controversies between citizens claiming lands. What is the last of the nine 
Fubjects » 



32 CONSTITUTION OF THE UN^TED STATES. 

States ; between citizens of the same state claiming lands 
under grants of different states, and between a state, or 
the citizens thereof, and foreign states, citizens, or sub- 
jects. 

Id Clause. In all cases aifecting ambassadors, other 
public ministers and consuls, and those in which a state 
shall be a party, the supreme court shall have original 
jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the 
supreme court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to 
law and fact, with such exceptions and under such regu- 
lations as the Congress shall make. 

3c? Clause. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of im- 
peachment, shall be by jury; and such trial shall be held 
in the state where the said crimes shall have been com- 
mitted ; but when not committed within any state, the 
trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may 
by law have directed. 

SECTION ni. 

\st Clause. Treason against the United States shall con- 
sist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to 
their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. Xo person 
shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of 
two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in 
open court. 

2d Clause. The Congress shall have power to declare 
the punishment of treason, but no attainder of treason 



M Clavse.—lr\ what cases has the snpreme conrt original jurisdiction ? What 
Is meant bv ori<rinal jurisdiction ? Ans. That in which a suit orio;inates or com- 
mences. What is meant by appellate jurisdiction? Ans. That in which tlie 
decision of an inferior conrt is taken on appeal. 

M C/m/.«^.— Before whom must the ''trial of all crimes" be held? What 
cases are exceptions to the law? By whom are impeachments tried? (See 
paee 15.) Where must the trial of a crime committed within a state be held? 
Where, when not committed within a state ? Repeat the entire clause Just con- 
sidered. 

Sire. III.— 15< Clause.— \x\ how manv things does treason against the United 
States consist? What are the two things? What is necessary to a conviction 
of treason ? 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 3^ 

shall -work corruption of blood, or forfeiture except during 
the life of the person attainted. 

ARTICLE lY. 
MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS. 

SECTION I. 

Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the 
public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every 
other state. And the Congress may by general laws pre- 
scribe the manner in which such acts, records, and pro- 
ceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof 

SECTION II. 

Isf Clause. The citizens of each state shall be entitled 
to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several 
states. 

2d Clause. A person charged in any state with treason, 
felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be 
found in another state, shall on demand of the executive 
authority of the state from which he fled, be delivered up, 
to be removed to the state having jurisdiction of the 
crime. 

3d Clause. No person held to service or labor in one 
state, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, 
in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be dis- 

2d Clause— What power has Conjrress relative to the punishment of treason? 
How does the Constitution limit the consequences of attainder ? What is meant 
by attainder? Aris. Attainder means a stainintr, corruption, or rendering im- 
pure. What is meant by corruption of blood ? Ans. By '' corruption of blood" 
a person is disabled to inherit lands from an ancestor; nor can he either retain 
those in his possession, or transmit them bv descent to his heirs 

Article IV.— Sec. T.— Of what does Article IV. treat ? How are the public 
acts, etc.. of the several states, to be treated in each state? How are they to 
be proved ? 

Sec. U.—-[st Clause.— What privileofes and immunities are the citizens of 
each state entitled to ? 

M Clause.— What is said of persons charged with crime, fleeing into another 
state ? 

M Clanse.— What is said of persons escaping from service or labor ? What 
persons were referred to in the third clause ? Ans. Fugitive slaves and pe^ 
Bons bound bv indentures of apprenticeship. (S.;.- Art. XIII. of Amendmenta.) 



d-i CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

charged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered 
up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor 
may be due. 

SECTIOX III. 

1st Clause. 'Sevr states may be admitted by the Con- 
gress into this Union ; but no new state shall be formed 
or erected within the jurisdiction of any other state; nor 
any state be formed by the junction of two or more states, 
or parts of states, without the consent of the legislatures 
of the states concerned as well as of the Congress. 

2d Clause. The Congress shall have power to dispose 
of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting 
the territoiy or other property belonging to the United 
States ; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so con- 
strued as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or 
of any particular state. 

SECTION IV. 

The United States shall guarantee to every state in this 
Union a republican form of government, and shall pro- 
tect each of them against invasion ; and on application of 
the legislature, or of the executive (when the legislature 
cannot be convened), against domestic violence. 

ARTICLE V. 

The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall 
deem it necessary, shall propose amendjnents to this Con- 
stitution, or, on the application of the legislatures of two- 

Sec. III.— liC/ Clause.— By whom may new states be admitted into the Union ? 
What is said of the formation of new states* How many states belonged to 
the Union at the adoption of the Constitution ? (^See pages 13-14.) How many 
belone to the Union now ? t,See table.") 

'2d r/a«-->-.— What power has Congress respecting the territory or other prop- 
erty belonging to the United States* What construction as lb claims is not 
to be pnt upon anv part of the Constitution ? 

Sec. IV.— What guarantee does tne Constitution make to the several states 
in respect to their form of government * In what two events are the United 
States bound to protect individual states * 

Article V.— Of what does Article V. treat ? In what two ways may amend- 
ments to Th-e Constitution be proposed * What two ways are provided for ravj; 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 35 

thirds of the several states, shall call a convention for 
proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be 
valid, to all intents and purposes, as part of this Constitu- 
tion, when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of 
the several states, or by conventions in three-fourths 
thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification majTj' 
be proposed by the Congress : provided that no amend-^ 
ment which may be made prior to the year one tliousand 
eight hundred and eight shall in any manner afiect the 
first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first 
article ; and that no state, without its consent, shall be 
deprived of its equal suflrage in the Senate. 

ARTICLE VI. 

1st Clause. All debts contracted and engagements en- 
tered into, before the adoption of this Constitution, shall 
be as valid against the United States under this Consti- 
tution, as under the Confederation. 

2d Clause. This Constitution, and the laws of the United 
States which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all 
treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority 
of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land ; 
anu the judges in every state shall be bound thereby, any 
thing in the Constitution or laws of any state to the con- 
trary notwithstanding 

3d Clause. The senators and representatives before 
mentioned, and the members of the several state legis- 
latures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the 

fjnnf? amendments ? What three restrictions upon the power of making amend- 
ments were oriffinallv imposed by the Constitution ? Why have two of the 
restrictions lost their "force? What do " the first and fourth clauses" referred 
to. declare? What permanent restriction upon the power of making amend- 
ments still exists in full force? 

Article \l.—lst Clause.— What debts and engagements does the Constitution 
recognize? 

M Clause.— Whsit is declared to be the supreme law of the land? By what 
are the judges in every state bound ? 



36 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

United States and of the several states, shall be bound by- 
oath or affirmation to support this Constitution ; but no 
religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to 
any office or public trust under the United States. 

ARTICLE YII. 

The ratification of the conventions of nine states, shall 
be sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution 
between the states so ratifying the same. 



AMENDMENTS, 

PROPOSED BY CONGRESS, AND RATIFIED BY THE LEGISLATURES OF THE SEV- 
ERAL STATES, PURSUANT TO THE FIFTH ARTICLE OP THE ORIGINAL CONSTI- 
TUTION. 

ARTICLE I 

Congress shall make no law respecting an establish- 
ment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; 
or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press ; or 
the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to pe- 
tition the government for a redress of grievances. 

3d Clause.— Who, besides the judges, are bound to support the Constitution ? 
In what way shall they be bound ? What prohibition is made in regard to reli- 
gious tests ? 

Article VII.— How many states were necessary to ratify the Constitution in 
order to its establishment ? 

Amendments. 

Why were the first ten articles of amendments made ? Ans. Because it was 
generally felt that the Constitution did not sutficiently protect the rights of the 
people. How may they, then, be regarded ? Ans. As a declaration securing to 
the people and states certain rights beyoiid the possibility of being encroached 
upon by Congress. When were they proposed ? Ans. In 1TS9, during the first 
session of the first Congress under the Constitution. When were they adopted ? 
Ans. Having been ratified by three-fourths of the states, they were declared 
adopted in fT91. 

1st Article.— What declaration does the first amendment make, respecting re- 
ligion ? What, respecting the freedom of speech ? What, respecting the free- 
dom of the press ? What, respecting the right of petition ? 



CONSTITin'ION OF THE UNITED STATES. 37 



ARTICLE IX 

A well-regulated militia being necessary to the secu- 
rity of a free state, the right of the people to keej) and 
bear arms shall not be infringed. 

ARTICLE III. 

No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any 
house Avithout the consent of the owner, nor in time of 
war but in a manner to be prescribed by law. 

ARTICLE ly. 

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, 
houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches 
and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall 
issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath or 
affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be 
searched, and the persons or things to be seized. 

ARTICLE Y. 

No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or oth- 
erwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indict- 
ment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land 
or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service 
in time of war or public danger ; nor shall any person be 
subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy 
of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal 

M Article. —What is the declaration respecting the right of the people to 
keep and bear arms ? 

3d Article. — What is said of quartering soldiers ? 

At/i Article.— What is said of seai-ches and seizures? What is said of the 
Issuing of warrants ? 

5tfi Article.— What is said of holding persons to answer for crimes? What 
is said of a second trial for the same offence ? What is the meaning of the clause 
that no person shall " be twice put in jeopardy," etc. ? Ans. It means that no 
person shall be a second lime tried for an offence of which he has been legally 
acquitted or convicted. When shall not a person be compelled to witness 
against himself? What guarantee of protection to life, liberty, and property is 
given ? When only can private property be taken for public use ? 



38 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of 
life, liberty, or property without due process of law; nor 
shall 251'ivate property be taken for public use without 
just compensation. 

ARTICLE YI. 

In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy tie 
right to a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury of 
the state and district wherein the crime shall have been 
committed, which district shall have been previously as- 
certained by law, and to be informed of the nature and 
cause of the accusation ; to be confronted with the wit- 
nesses against him ; to have compulsory process for ob- 
taining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance 
of counsel for his defence. 

ARTICLE VII. 

In suits at common law, where the value in controversy 
shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury 
shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury shall be 
otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States 
than according to the rules of the common law. 

ARTICLE VIII. 

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines 
imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. 

ARTICLE IX. 

The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights 
shall not be construed to deny or disparage others re- 
tained by the people. 

eth Article.— Wix&t right shall a person accused of crime have ? What right, 
as to the witnesses against him ? What right, as to the witnesses in his favor? 
What rio-ht, as to the^assistance of counsel ? 

Kh Article.— In what suits shall the right of trial by jury be preserved? In 
what way only shall the re-examination of facts tried by a jury be made ? 

8ih Article.— Vi'hsit is said of bail, fines, and punishments? 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 39 



ARTICLE X. 

The powers not delegated to the United States by the 
Constitution^ nor prohibited by it to the states, are re- 
served to the states respectively, or to the people. 

ARTICLE XL 

The judicial power of the United States shall not be 
construed to extend to any suit, in law or equity, com- 
menced or prosecuted against one of the United States by 
citizens of another state, or by citizens or subjects of any 
foreign state. 

ARTICLE XIIL* 

Section I. — Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, 
except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall 
have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United 
States^ or any place subject to their jurisdiction. 

Sec. II. — Congress shall have power to enforce this 
article by appropriate legislation. 

ARTICLE XIV. 

Section I. — All persons born or naturalized in the 
United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are 
citizens of the United States and of the state wherein 
they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law 
which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citi- 



9<A Article.— What is said of rio:ht8 retained by the people ? 

IQth Article.— What is said of the powers reserved to the states ? 

llth Article. — What is said of the restriction upon the judicial power? What 
J the history of the eleventh amendment ? Ans. It was proposed by Congress 
In 1794, and declared adopted in 1798. 

l^th Article.— Sf^ctios I.— What is said of slavery and involuntary servitu.de? 

Sec. II.— What power has Congress with reference to this subject ? What is 
the history of the thirteenth amendment ? Ans. It was proposed in 1865, and 
declared adopted in December of the same year. (See Const., Art. IV., Sec. II.) 

Article XIV.— When was the 14th Article adopted? Ans. Having been 
ratified by three-fourths of the states it was declared adopted on the 28th of 
July, 1868. 

* For the twelfth amendment, see page 25. 



40 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

zens of the United States ; nor shall any state deprive 
any person of life, liberty, or property, without due pro- 
cess of law, nor deny any person within its jurisdiction 
the equal protection of the laws. 

Sec. II. — Representatives shall be apportioned among 
the several states according to their respective numbers, 
counting the whole number of persons in each state, ex- 
cluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote 
at any election for the choice of electors for president and 
vice-president of the United States, representatives in 
Congress, the executive and judicial officers of a state, 
or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to 
any of the male inhabitants of such state, being 21 years 
of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way 
abridged, except for participation in rebellion or other 
crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced 
in the proportion which the number of such male citizens 
shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty- 
one years of age in such state. 

Sec. III. — No person shall be a senator or represent- 
ative in Congress, or elector of president and vice- 
president, or hold any office, civil or military, under the 
United States, or under any state, who, having previously 
taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer 
of the United States, or as a member of any state Legis- 
lature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any state, 



Section 1. Who are declared to be citizens of the United States ? What re- 
striction is imposed upon the States with regard to the privileges or immnnitiee 
of citizefls? What, with regard to the lives, liberty, or property of persons! 
What, with regard to the protection of the law given to persons ? 

Sec. 2. How are representatives and direct taxes apportioned among the 
states ? How does this provision of the Constitntion difler from the one form- 
erly in force? (See Const., Art. I., Sec. II., 3d Clause.) When shall a reduction 
be made in the basis of representation to which a state may be entitled ? 

Sec. 3. What class of per::?on3, in consequence of their rebellious acta, are de 
prived of certain exalted privileges ? Name the privileges ivhich are withheld 
from them. Is it possible for any person belonging to that class to have the 
privileges accorded to him ? How ? (See Const., Art. I., Sec. III., 3d Clause.) 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 41 

to supj)ort the Constitutioii of the United States, shall 
have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the 
Bame, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But 
Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each house, 
remove such disability. 

Sec. IV. — The validity of the public debt of the United 
States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for 
payment of pensions and bounties for services in sup- 
pressing insurrection cfr rebellion, shall not be questioned. 
But neither the United States nor any state shall assume 
or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrec- 
tion or rebellion against the United States, or any claim 
for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such 
debts, obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and 
void. 

Sec. V. — The Congress shall have power to enforce, 
by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. 

ARTICLE XV. 

Sec. I. — The right of citizens of the United States to 
vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United 
States, or by any State, on account of race, color, or pre- 
vious condition of servitude. 

Sec. II. — The Congress shall have power to enforce 
this article by appropriate legislation. 

Sec. 4. What shall not be queetioned as regards the debts of the United 
States? What debts, obligatione, ^nd claims, are declared illegal and void? 
What restriction is imposed upon the General Government and individual states, 
with respect to euch debts, obligations, and claims ? 

Sec. 5. What legislation may Congress enact, in regard to the provieione oJ 
Article Xrv. ? 



THE 

FAEEWELL ADDEESS 

OP 

GEOKGE WASHINGTON, 

FIRST PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, 

ON HIS DECLINING A SECOND RE-ELECTION. 



Friends and Fellotv-Citizexs — 

The period for a new election of a citizen to admin- 
ister the executive government of the United States be- 
ing not far distant, and the time actually arrived when 
your thoughts must be employed in designating the person 
who is to be clothed with that im^^ortant trust, it appears 
to me proper, especially as it may conduce to a more dis- 
tinct expression of the public voice, that I should now 
apprize you of the resolution I have formed, to decline 
being considered among the number of those out of whom 
a choice is to be made. 

I beg you at the same time to do me the justice to be 
ussured that this resolution lias not been taken without a 
strict regard to all the considerations appertaining to the 
relation which binds a dutiful citizen to his country; and 
that in Avithdrawing the tender of service which silence 
in my situation might imply, I am influenced by no 
diminution of zeal for your future interest ; no deficiency 
of grateful respect for your past kindness ; but am sup- 
ported by a full conviction that the step is compatible 
with both. 

The acceptance of, and continuance hitherto in the office 
to which your suffi-ages have twice called me, have been 
a uniform sacrifice of inclination to the opinion of duty, 



Washington's fabewell address. 43 

and to a deference for what aj^peared to be your desire. 
I constantly hoped that it would have been much earlier 
in my power, consistently with motives which I was not 
at liberty to disregard, to return to that retirement from 
w^hich I had been reluctantly drawn. The strength of my 
inclination to do this previous to the last election, had 
even led to the preparation of an address to declare it to 
you ; but mature reflection on the then perplexed and 
critical posture of our aflairs with foreign nations, and 
the unanimous advice of persons entitled to my confi- 
dence, impelled me to abandon the idea. 

I rejoice that the state of your concerns, external as 
well as internal, no longer renders the pursuit of inclina- 
tion incompatible with the sentiment of duty or propriety ; 
and am persuaded, whatever partiality may be retained 
for my services, that in the present circumstances of our 
country, you will not disapprove of my determination to 
retire. 

The impressions with which I first undertook the ardu- 
ous trust were explained on the proper occasion. In the 
discharge of this trust, I will only say, that I have with 
good intentions contributed toward the organization and 
administration of the government the best exertions of 
which a very fallible judgment was capable. Not uncon- 
scious, in the outset, of the inferiority of any qualifica- 
tions, experience in my own eyes, perhaps still more in 
the eyes of others, has strengthened the motives to difii- 
dence of myself; and every day the increasing weight of 
years admonishes me more and more, that the shade of 
retirement is as necessary to me as it will be welcome. 
Satisfied that if any circumstances have given peculiar 
value to my services, they were temporary, I have the 
consolation to believe, that while choice and prudence in- 
vite me to quit the political scene, patriotism does not 
forbid it. 



4A Washington's farewell address. 

In looking forward to the moment which is intended 
to terminate the career of my public life, my feelings do 
not permit me to suspend the deep acknowledgment of 
that debt of gratitude which I owe to my beloved coun- 
try, for the many honors it has conferred upon me ; still 
more for the steadfast confidence with which it has sup- 
ported me ; and for the opportunities I have thence en- 
joyed of manifesting ray inviolable attachment, by ser- 
vices faithful and persevering, though in usefulness une- 
qual to my zeal. If benefits have resulted to our coun- 
try from these services, let it always be remembered to 
your praise, and as an instructive example in our annals, 
that under circumstances in which the passions, agitated 
in every direction, were liable to mislead, amidst appear- 
ances sometimes dubious — vicissitudes of fortune often 
discouraging — in situations in which not unfrequently 
want of success has countenanced the spirit of criticism — 
the constancy of your support was the essential prop of 
the efibrts, and a guaranty of the plans by which they 
were effected. Profoundly penetrated with this idea, I 
shall carry it with me to my grave, as a strong incitement 
to unceasing wishes that Heaven may continue to you the 
choicest tokens of its beneficence: — that your union and 
brotherly affection may be perpetual — that the free con- 
stitution which is the work of your hands may be sacredly 
maintained — that its administration in every department 
may be stamped with wisdom and virtue — that, in fine, the 
happiness of the people of these states, under the auspices 
of liberty, may be made complete, by so careful a preser- 
vation, and so prudent a use of this blessing, as will ac- 
quire to them the glory of recommending it to the ap- 
plause, the aflfection, and adoption of every nation which 
is yet a stranger to it. 

Here, perhaps, I ought to stop. But a solicitude for 
your welfare, which cannot end but with my life, and the 



WASHINGTON'S FAREWELL ADDEESS. 45 

apprehension of danger, natural to that solicitude, urge 
me, on an occasion like the present, to offer to your sol- 
emn contemplation, and to recommend to your frequent 
review, some sentiments, which are the result of much 
reflection, of no inconsiderable observation, and which 
appear to me all-important to the permanency of your 
felicity as a people. These will be offered to you with 
the more freedom, as you can only see in them the disin- 
terested warnings of a parting friend, who can possibly 
have no personal motive to bias his counsel. Nor can I 
forget, as an encouragement to it, your indulgent recep- 
tion of my sentiments on a former and not dissimilar 
occasion. 

Interwoven as is the love of liberty with every liga- 
ment of your hearts, no recommendation of mine is neces- 
sary to fortify or confirm the attachment. 

The unity of government which constitutes you one 
people, is also now dear to you. It is justly so ; for it is 
a main pillar in the edifice of your real independence.^ the 
support of your tranquillity at home, your peace abroad ; 
of your safety ; of your prosperity ; of that very liberty 
which you so highly prize. But as it is easy to foresee 
that from different causes and from different quarters, 
much pains will be taken, many artifices employed, to 
weaken in your minds the conviction of this truth ; as 
this is the point in your political fortress against which 
the batteries of internal and external enemies will be most 
constantly and actively (though often covertly and insid- 
iously) directed, it is of infinite moment that you should 
properly estimate the immense value of your national 
Union, to your collective and individual happiness ; that 
you should cherish a cordial, habitual, and immovable 
attachment to it ; accustoming yourselves to think and 
speak of it as of the palladium of your political safety 
and prosperity ; watching for its preservation with jeal- 



46 Washington's farewell address. 

ous anxiety ; discountenancing whatever may suggest 
even a suspicion that it can in any event be aban- 
doned ; and indignantly frowning upon the first dawning 
of every attempt to alienate any portion of our country 
from the rest, or to enfeeble the sacred ties which now link 
together the various parts. 

For this you have every inducement of sympathy and 
interest. Citizens by birth or choice, of a common coun- 
try, that country has a right to concentrate your affec- 
tions. The name of American, which belongs to you, in 
your national capacity, must always exalt the just pride 
of patriotism, more than any appellation derived from 
local discriminations. With slight shades of difference, 
you have the same religion, manners, habits, and politi- 
cal principles. You have in a common cause fought and 
triumphed together ; the Independence and Liberty you 
possess are the work of joint councils and joint efforts, 
of common dangers, sufferings, and successes. 

But these considerations, however powerfully they ad- 
dress themselves to your sensibility, are greatly out- 
weighed by those which apply more immediately to your 
mterest. Here every portion of our country finds the 
most commanding motives for carefully guarding and pre- 
Berving the union of the whole. 

The North^ in an unrestrained intercourse with the 
South, protected by the equal laws of a common govern- 
ment, finds in the productions of the latter, great addi- 
tional resources of maritime and commercial enterprise 
and precious materials of manufacturing industry. Tlie 
South, in the same intercourse, benefiting by the agency 
of the North, sees its agriculture grow and its commerce 
expand. Turning partly into its own channels the sea- 
men of the JVbrth, it finds its particular navigation invig- 
orated ; and while it contributes, in different ways, to 
nourish and increase the general mass of the natiouai 



Washington's farewell addkess. 47 

navigation, it looks forward to the protection of a mari- 
time strength, to which itself is unequally adapted. — The 
M:ist^ in a like intercourse with the West^ already finds, 
and in the progressive improvement of interior communi- 
cations, by land and water, will more and more find a 
valuable vent for the commodities which it brings from 
abroad or manufactures at home. The West derives from 
the ^ist supplies requisite to its growth and comfort — 
and what is perhaps of still greater consequence, it must 
of necessity owe the secure enjoyment of indispensable 
outlets for its own productions to the weight, infiuence, 
and the future maritime strength of the Atlantic side of 
the Union, directed by an indissoluble community of in- 
terest as one nation. Any other tenure by which the 
West can hold this essential advantage, whether derived 
from its own separate strength, or from an apostate and 
unnatural connection with any foreign power, must be 
intrinsically precarious. 

While then every part of our country thus feels the 
immediate and particular interest in Union, all the parts 
combined cannot fail to find in the united mass of means 
and efibrts, greater strength, greater resource, proportion- 
ably greater security from external danger, a less frequent 
interruption of their peace by foreign nations ; and what 
is of inestimable value, they must derive from Union an 
exemption from those broils and wars between themselves, 
which so frequently afflict neighboring countries, not 
tied together by the same government ; which their own 
rivalshlp alone would be sufficient to produce, but which 
opposite foreign alliances, attachments, and intrigues 
would stimulate and embitter. Hence likewise they will 
avoid the necessity of those overgrown military establish- 
ments, which under any form of government are inauspi- 
cious to liberty, and which are to be regarded as particu- 
larly hostile to Republican Liberty. In this sense it is, 



48 Washington's farewell address. 

that your Union ought to be considered as the main prop 
of your liberty, and that the love of the one ought to 
endear to you the preservation of the other. 

These considerations speak a persuasive language to 
every reflecting and virtuous mind, and exhibit the con- 
tinuance of the Union as a primary object of patriotic 
desire. Is there a doubt whether a common government 
can embrace so large a sphere ? Let experience solve it. 
To listen to mere speculation in such a case were criminal. 
We are authorized to hope that a proper organization of 
the whole, with the auxiliary agency of governments for 
the respective subdivisions, will afibrd a happy issue to 
the experiment. It is well worth a fair and full experi- 
ment!. With such powerful and obvious motives to Union, 
affecting all parts of our country, while experience shall 
not have demonstrated its impracticability, there will 
always be reason to distrust the patriotism of those, who 
in any quarter may endeavor to weaken its bands. 

In contemplating the causes which may disturb our 
Union, it occurs as matter of serious concern, that any 
ground should have been furnished for characterizing 
parties by geographical discriminations — Northern and 
Southern — Atlantic and Western; whence designing men 
may endeavor to excite a belief that there is a real dif- 
ference of local interests and views. One of the expedi- 
ents of party to acquire influence, within particular dis- 
tricts, is to misrepresent the opinions and aims of other 
districts. You cannot shield yourselves too much against 
the jealousies and heart-burnings which spring from these 
misrepresentations ; they tend to render alien to each 
other those who ought to be bound together by fraternal 
affection. The inhabitants of our western country have 
lately had a useful lesson on this head : they have seen, in 
the negotiation by the Executive, and in the unanimous rat- 
ification by the Senate, of the treaty with Spain, and the 



Washington's farewell address. 49 

universal satisfaction at the event throughout the United 
States, a decisive proof how unfounded were the suspi- 
cions propagated among them of a policy in the general 
government, and in the Atlantic States, unfriendly to 
their interests in regard to the Mississippi : they have 
been witnesses to the formation of two treaties, that with 
Great Britain and that with Spain, which secure to them 
every thing they could desire, in respect to our foreign 
relations, toward confirming their prosperity. Will it 
not be their wisdom to rely for the preservation of these 
advantages on the Union by which they were procured ? 
Will they not henceforth be deaf to those advisers, if such 
there are, who would sever them from their brethren, and 
connect them with aliens ? 

To the efficacy and permanency of your Union, a Gov- 
ernment for the whole is indispensable. No alliances, 
however strict, between the parts can be an adequate sub- 
stitute ; they must inevitably experience the infractions 
and interruptions which all alliances in all times have ex- 
perienced. Sensible of this momentous truth, you have 
improved upon your first essay, by the adoption of a Con- 
stitution of Government better calculated than your for- 
mer for an intimate Union, and for the efficacious man- 
agement of your common concerns. This Government, 
the offspring of your own choice, uninfluenced and unawed, 
adopted upon full investigation and mature deliberation, 
completely free in its principles, in the distribution of its 
powers, uniting security with energy, and containing 
within itself a provision for its own amendment, has a just 
claim to your confidence and your support. Respect for 
its authority, compliance with its laws, acquiescence in its 
measures, are duties enjoined by the fundamental maxims 
of true liberty. The basis of our political systems is the 
right of the people to make, and to alter their Constitu- 
tions of Government. But the Constitution which at 



50 Washington's fakewell addeess. 

any time exists, until changed by an explicit and authen- 
tic act of the whole people, is sacredly obligatory upon 
all. The very idea of the power and the right of the peo- 
ple to establisli Government, presupposes the duty of 
every individual to obey the established Government. 

All obstructions to the execution of the laws, all com- 
binations and associations, under whatever plausible char- 
acter, with the real design to direct, control, counteract 
or awe the regular deliberation and action of the consti- 
tuted authorities, are destructive of this fundamental 
principle, and of fatal tendency. They serve to organize 
faction, to give it an artificial and extraordinary force — 
to put in the place of the delegated will of the nation, 
the will of a party, often a small but artful and enterpris- 
ing minority of the community ; and, according to the 
alternate triumphs of different parties, to make the public 
administration the mirror of the ill-concerted and incon- 
gruous projects of taction, rather than the organ of con- 
sistent and wholesome plans digested by common coun- 
cils and modified by mutual interests. 

However combinations or associations of the above 
description may now and then answer popular ends, they 
are likely, in the course of time and things, to become 
potent engines, by which cunning, ambitious, and unprin- 
cipled men will be enabled to subvert the power of the 
people, and to usurp for themselves the reins of govern- 
ment : destroying at\erward the very engines which have 
lifted them to unjust dominion. 

Toward the preservation of your government, and the 
permanency of your present happy state, it is requisite, 
not only that you steadily discountenance irregular op- 
positions to its acknowledged authority, but also that you 
resist with care the spirit of innovation upon its princi- 
pies, however specious the pretexts. — One method of 
assault may be to eflect in the form of the constitution 



Washington's fakewell addeess. 51 

alterations which Avill impair the energy of the system, 
and thus to undermine what cannot be directly over- 
thrown. In all the changes to which you may be invited, 
remember that time and habit are at least as necessary to 
fix the true character of governments, as of other human 
institutions ; that experience is the surest standard by 
which to test the real tendency of the existing constitu- 
tion of a country — that facility in changes upon the credit 
of mere hypothesis and opinion, exjioses to perpetual 
change from the endless variety of hypothesis and opin- 
ion ; and remember, especially, that for the efficient man- 
agement of your common interests, in a country so ex- 
tensive as ours, a government of as much vigor as is 
consistent with the perfect security of liberty, is indispen- 
sable. Liberty itselT will find in such a government, with 
powers properly distributed and adjusted, its surest guar- 
dian. It is, indeed, little else than a name, where the gov- 
ernment is too feeble to withstand the enterprises of fac- 
tion, to confine each member of the society within the 
limits prescribed by the laws, and to maintain all in the 
secure and tranquil enjoyment of the rights of person and 
property. 

I have already intimated to you the danger of parties 
in the state, with j^articular reference to the founding of 
them on geographical discriminations. Let me now take 
a more comprehensive view, and warn you in the most 
solemn manner against the baneful effects of the spirit of 
party, generally. 

This spirit, unfortunately, is inseparable from our na- 
ture, having its root in the strongest passions of the 
human mind. It exists under difierent shapes in all gov- 
ernments, more or less stifled, controlled, or repressed ; 
but in those of the popular form, it is seen in greatest 
rankness, and it is truly their worst enemy. 

The alternate domination of one faction over another, 



52 Washington's farewell address. 

sharpened by the spirit of revenge, natural to party disr 
sension, which in different ages and countries has perpe- 
trated the most horrid enormities, is itself a frightful des- 
potism. But this leads at length' to a more formal and 
permanent despotism. The disorders and miseries which 
result, gradually incline the minds of men to seek secu- 
rity and repose in the absolute power of an individual : 
and sooner or later the chief of some prevailing faction, 
more able or more fortunate than his competitors, turns 
this disposition to the purposes of his own elevation, on 
the ruins of public liberty. 

Without looking forward to an extremity of this kind 
(which nevertheless ought not to be entirely out of sight), 
the common and continual mischiefs of the spirit of party 
are sufficient to make it the interest and duty of a wise 
people to discourage and restrain it. 

It serves always to distract the public councils, and 
enfeeble the public administration. It agitates the com- 
munity with ill-founded jealousies and false alarms : kin- 
dles the animosity of one part against another, foments 
occasionally riot and insurrection. It opens the door to 
foreign influence and corruption, which find a facilitated 
access to the government itself through the channels of 
party passions. Thus the policy and the will of one 
country are subjected to the policy and will of another. 
There is an opinion that parties in free countries are use- 
ful checks upon the administration of government, and 
serve to keep alive the spirit of liberty. This within cer- 
tain limits is probably true : and in governments of a 
monarchical cast, patriotism may look with indulgence, 
if not with favor, upon the spirit of party. But in those 
of the popular character, in governments purely elective, 
it is a spirit not to be encouraged. From their natural 
tendency it is certain there will always be enough of that 
spirit for every salutary purpose. And there being con- 



Washington's farewell address. 53 

stant danger of excess, the effort ought to be, by force of 
public opinion, to mitigate and assuage it. A fire not to 
be quenched, it demands uniform vigilance to prevent 
its bursting into a flame, lest, instead of warming, it should 
consume. 

It is important, likewise, that the habits of thinking, in 
a free country, should inspire caution in those intrusted 
with its administration, to confine themselves within their 
respective constitutional spheres, avoiding in the exer- 
cise of the powers of one department to encroach upon 
another. The spirit of encroachment tends to consolidate 
the powers of all departments in one, and thus to create, 
whatever the form of government, a real despotism. A 
just estimate of that love of power, and proneness to 
abuse it, which predominates in the human heart, is suffi- 
cient to satisfy us of the truth of this position. The ne- 
cessity of reciprocal checks in the exercise of political 
power, by dividing and distributing it into different de- 
positories, and constituting each the guardian of the pub- 
lic weal against invasions by the others, has been evinced 
by experiments ancient and modern : some of them in our 
country and under our own eyes. To preserve them must 
be as necessary as to institute them. If, in the opinion 
of the people, the distribution or modification of the con- 
stitutional powers be in any particular wrong, let it be 
corrected by an amendment in the way which the consti- 
tution designates. But let there be no change by usur- 
pation ; for though this, in one instance, may be the 
instrument of good, it is the customary weapon by 
which free governments are destroyed. The precedent 
must always greatly overbalance in permanent evil any 
partial or transient benefit which the use can at any time 
yield. 

Of all the dispositions and habits which lead to politi- 
cal prosperity. Religion and Morality are indis- 



54 Washington's farewell address. 

pensable supports. In vain would that man claim the 
tributes of Patriotism, Avho should labor to subvert 
these great pillars of human happiness, these firmest props 
of the duties of men and citizens. The mere politician, 
equally vs^ith the pious man, ought to respect and to cher- 
ish them. A volume could not trace all their connections 
with private and public felicity. Let it simply be asked, 
where is the security for property, for reputation, for life, 
if the sense of religious obligation desert the oaths 
which are the instruments of investigation in courts 
of justice ? And let us with caution indulge the sup- 
position, that morality can be maintained without re- 
ligion. Whatever may be conceded to the influence 
of refined education on minds of peculiar structure, 
reason and experience both forbid us to expect that 
national morality can j^revail in exclusion of religious 
principle. 

It is substantially true, that virtue or morality is a ne- 
cessary spring of popular government. The rule indeed 
extends with more or less force to every species of free 
government. Who that is a sincere friend to it, can look 
with indifference upon attempts to shake the foundation 
of the fabric ? 

Promote then, as an object of primary importance, insti- 
tutions for the general diff"usion of knowledge. In pro- 
portion as the structure of a government gives force to 
public opinion, it is essential that public opinion should 
be enlightened. 

As a A^ery important source of strength and security, 
cherish public credit. One method of preserving it, is to 
use it as sparingly as possible — avoiding occasions of ex- 
pense by cultivating peace ; but remember also that timely 
disbursements to prepare for danger, frequently prevent 
much greater disbursements to repel it ; avoiding likewise 



Washington's farewell address. 55 

the accumulation of debt, not only by shunning occasions 
of expense, but by vigorous exertions in time of peace to 
discharge the debts which unavoidable wars may have oc- 
casioned, not ungenerously throwing upon posterity the 
burden which we ourselves ought to bear. The execu- 
tion of these maxims belongs to your Representatives, 
but it is necessary that public opinion should co-operate. 
To facilitate to them the performance of their duty, it is 
essential that you should practically bear in mind, that 
toward the payment of debts there must be revenue; 
that to have revenue there must be taxes ; that no taxes 
can be devised which are not more or less inconvenient 
and unpleasant ; that the intrinsic embarrassment insepa- 
rable from the selection of the j^i'oper objects (which is 
always a choice of difficulties) ought to be a decisive mo- 
tive for a candid construction of the conduct of the gov- 
ernment in making it, and for a spirit of acquiescence in 
the measures for obtaining revenue which the public exi- 
gencies may at any time dictate. 

Observe good faith and justice toward all nations, 
cultivate peace and harmony with all : religion and mo- 
rality enjoin this conduct ; and can it be that good policy 
does not equally enjoin it? It will be worthy of a free, 
enlightened, and, at no distant period, a great nation, to 
give to mankind the magnanimous and too novel example 
of a people always guided by an exalted justice and be- 
nevolence. Who can doubt but in the course of time and 
things, the fruits of such a plan would richly repay any 
temporary advantage which might be lost by a steady 
adherence to it ? Can it be, that Providence has not con- 
nected the permanent felicity of a nation with its virtue? 
The experiment, at least, is recommended by every senti- 
ment which ennobles human nature. Alas ! is it rendered 
impossible by its vices ? 



66 washintgon's farewell address. 

In the execution of such a plan, nothing is more essen- 
tial than that permanent, inveterate antipathies against 
particular nations, and passionate attachments for others, 
should be excluded ; and that in place of them just and 
amicable feelings toward all should be cultivated. The 
nation which indulges toward another an habitual ha- 
tred or an habitual fondness, is in some degree a slave. 
It is a slave to its animosity or to its affection, either of 
which is sufficient to lead it astray from its duty and its 
interest. Antipathy in one nation against another, dis- 
poses each more readily to offer insult and injury, to lay 
hold of slight causes of umbrage, and to be haughty and 
intractable, when accidental or trifling occasions of dis- 
pute occur. Hence frequent collisions, obstinate, enven- 
omed, and bloody contests. The nation, prompted by 
ill-will and resentment, sometimes impels to war the gov- 
ernment, contrary to the best calculations of policy. The 
government sometimes participates in the national pro- 
pensity, and adopts through passion what reason would 
reject ; at other times, it makes the animosity of the na- 
tion subservient to projects of hostility instigated by 
pride, ambition, and other sinister and pernicious motives. 
The peace often, sometimes perhaps the liberty, of na- 
tions has been the victim. 

So, likewise, a passionate attachment of one nation for 
another produces a variety of evils. Sympathy for the 
favorite nation, facilitating the illusion of an imaginary 
common interest in cases where no real common interest 
exists, and infusing into one the enmities of the other, 
betrays the former into a participation in the quarrels and 
wars of the latter, without adequate inducement or justi- 
fication. It leads also to concessions to the favorite 
nation of privileges denied to others, which is apt doubly 
to injure the nation making the concessions, by unneces- 
sarily parting with what ought to have been retained; 



WASHINGTON'S FAREWELL ADDRESS. 57 

aud by exciting jealousy, ill-will, and a disposition to 
retaliate, in the parties from whom equal privileges are 
withheld : And it gives to ambitious, corrupted, or de- 
luded citizens (who devote themselves to the favorite 
nation) facility to betray or sacrifice the interests of their 
own country, without odium, sometimes even with popu- 
larity : gilding with the appearance of a virtuous sense 
of obligation a commendable deference for public opinion, 
or a laudable zeal for public good, the base or foolish 
compliances of ambition, corruption, or infatuation. 

As avenues to foreign influence in innumerable ways, 
Buch attachments are particularly alarming to the truly 
enlightened and independent patriot. How many oppor- 
tunities do they afford to tamper with domestic factions ; 
to practise the arts of sedition, to mislead public opinion, 
to influence or awe the public councils ! Such an attach- 
ment of a small or weak, toward a great and powerful 
nation, dooms the former to be the satellite of the latter. 
Against the insidious wiles of foreign influence (I con- 
jure you to believe me, fellow-citizens) the jealousy of a 
free people ought to be constantly awake ; since history 
and experience prove that foreign influence is one of the 
most baneful foes of Republican Government. But that 
jealousy to be useful must be impartial ; else it becomes 
the instrument of the very influence to be avoided, instead 
of a defence against it. Excessive partiality for one for- 
eign nation, and excessive dislike of another, cause those 
whom they actuate to see danger only on one side, and 
serve to A^eil and even second the arts of influence on the 
other. Real patriots, who may resist the intrigues of the 
favorite, are liable to become suspected and odious ; 
while its tools and dupes usurp the applause and confi- 
dence of the people, to surrender their interest. 

The great rule of conduct for us, in regard to foreign 
nations, is, in extending our commercial relations, to have 



58 WASHIXGTOJ^'S PAREWELL ADDRESS. 

with them as little political connection as possible. So 
far as we have already formed engagements, let them be 
fulfilled with perfect good faith. Here let us stop. 

Europe has a set of primary interests, which to us have 
none, or a very remote relation. Hence she must be en- 
gaged in frequent controversies, the causes of which are 
essentially foreign to our concerns. Hence, therefore, it 
must be unwise in us to implicate ourselves, by artificial 
lies, in the ordinary vicissitudes of her politics, or the 
ordinary combinations and collisions of her friendships or 
enmities. 

Our detached and distant situation invites and enables 
us to pursue a different course. If we remain one people, 
under an efiicient government, the period is not far off 
when we may defy material injury from external annoy- 
ance ; when we may take such an attitude as will cause 
the neutrality we may at any time resolve upon to be 
scrupulously respected ; when belligerent nations, under 
the impossibility of making acquisitions upon us, will not 
lightly hazard the giving us provocation ; when we may 
choose peace or Avar, as our interest, guided by justice, 
shall counsel. 

Why forego the advantages of so peculiar a situation ? 
Why quit our own to stand upon foreign ground ? Why, 
by interweaving our destiny with that of any part of Eu- 
rope, entangle our peace and prosperity in the toils of 
European ambition, rivalship, interest, humor, or caprice ? 

It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alli- 
ances with any portion of the foreign world : so far, I 
mean, as w^e are now at liberty to do it ; for let me not 
be understood as capable of patronizing infidelity to ex- 
isting engagements. I hold the maxim no less applicable 
to public than to private afiairs, that honesty is always 
the best policy. I repeat it, therefore, let those engage- 
ments be observed in their genuine sense. But, in my 



Washington's farewell address. 59 

opinion, it is unnecessary, and would be unwise to extend 
them. 

Taking care always to keep ourselves, by suitable estab- 
lishments, on a respectable defensive posture, we may 
safely trust to temporary alliances for extraordinary emer- 
gencies. 

Harmony, and a liberal intercourse with all nations, are 
recommended by policy, liumanity, and interest. 

But even our commercial policy should hold an equal 
and impartial hand; neither seeking nor granting exclu- 
sive fjivors or preferences ; — consulting the natural course 
of things; diffusing and diversifying by gentle means the 
streams of commerce, but forcing nothing ; establishing, 
with powers so disposed, in order to give trade a stable 
course, to define the rights of our merchants, and to ena- 
ble the government to sup])ort them, conventional rules 
of intercourse, the best that present circumstances and 
mutual opinion will permit, but temporary, and liable to 
be from time to time abandoned or varied, as experience 
and circumstances shall dictate ; constantly keeping in 
view, that it is folly in one nation to look for disinterested 
favors from another: that it must pay with a portion of 
its independence for whatever it may accept under that 
character ; that by such acceptance, it may place itself in 
the condition of having given equivalents for nominal 
favors, and yet of being reproached with ingratitude for 
not giving more. There can be no greater error than to 
expect, or calculate upon, real favors from nation to na- 
tion. It is an illusion which experience must cure, which 
a just pride ought to discard. 

In offering to you, my countrymen, these counsels of 
an old and affectionate friend, I dare not hope they will 
make the strong and lasting impression I could wish — 
that they will control the usual current of the passions, 
or prevent our nation from running the course which lias 



60 WASHINGTON'S FAREWELL ADDRESS. 



hitherto marked the destiny of nations : But if I may- 
even flatter myself that they may be productive of some 
partial benefit, some occasional good ; that they may now 
and tlien recur to moderate the fury of party spirit, to 
warn against the mischiefs of foreign intrigue, to guard 
against the impostures of pretended patriotism ; this hope 
will be a full recompense for the solicitude for your wel- 
fare by which they have been dictated. 

How far in the discharge of my official duties I have 
been guided by the principles which have been delineated, 
the public records and other evidences of my conduct 
must witness to you and to the world. To myself, the 
assurance of my own conscience is, that I have at least 
believed myself to be guided by them. 

In relation to the still subsisting war in Europe, my 
proclamation of the 22d of April, 1793, is the index to 
my plan. Sanctioned by your approving voice, and by 
that of your Representatives in both Houses of Congress, 
the spirit of that measure has continually governed me, 
uninfluenced by any attempts to deter or divert me from it. 

After deliberate examination, with the aid of the best 
lights I could obtain, I was well satisfied that our coun- 
try, under all the circumstances of the case, had a right 
to take, and was bound in duty and interest to take, a 
neutral position. Having taken it, I determined, as far 
as should depend upon me, to maintain it with modera- 
tion, perseverance, and firmness. 

The considerations Avhich respect the right to hold this 
conduct, it is not necessary on this occasion to detail. I 
will only observe, that according to my understanding 
of the matter, that right, so far from being denied by any 
of the Belligerent Powers, has been virtually admitted 
by all. 

The duty of holding a neutral conduct may be inferred, 
without any thing more, from the obligation which jus- 



WASHINGTON'S FAREWELL ADDRESS. 61 

tice and humanity impose on every nation, in cases in 
whicli it is free to act, to maintain inviolate the relations 
of peace and amity toward other nations. 

The inducements of interest for observing that conduct 
will best be referred to your own reflections and experi- 
ence. With me, a predominant motive has been to en- 
deavor to gain time to our country to settle and mature 
its yet recent institutions, and to progress, without inter- 
ruption, to that degree of strength and consistency which 
is necessary to give it, humanly speaking, the command 
of its own fortunes. 

Though, in reviewing the incidents of my administra- 
tion, I am unconscious of intentional error, I am never- 
theless too sensible of my own defects, not to think it 
probable that I may have committed many errors. What- 
ever they may be, I fervently beseech tjj^ Almighty to 
avert or mitigate the evils to which they may tend. I 
shall also carry with me the hope that my country will 
never cease to view them with indulgence ; and that after 
forty-five years of my life dedicated to its service, with 
an upright zeal, the faults of incompetent abilities will 
be consigned to oblivion, as myself must soon be to the 
mansions of rest. 

Relying on its kindness in this as in other things, and 
actuated by that fervent love toward it, which is so nat- 
ural to a man who views in it the native soil of himself 
and his progenitors for several generations; I anticipate 
with pleasing expectation that retreat, in which I promise 
myself to realize, without alloy, the sweet enjoyment of 
partaking, in the midst of my fellow-citizens, the benign 
influence of good laws under a free government — the 
ever favorite object of my heart, and the happy reward, 
as I trust, of our mutual cares, labors, and dangers. 

G. WASHINGTON. 

United States, 
17th September, 1796. 



62 QUESTIONS FOB TOPICAL STUDY. 



QUESTIONS 
FOR TOPICAL STUDY AND RECITATION. 



The pupils should gather the required information from the pages referred to, 
as well as from the statements found in connection with such references and the 
respective questions ; and, after arranging the facts in chronological order, 
should give connected accoimts, in writing or otherwise, as directed by the 
teacher, according to the requirements of the book. 

The numbers following tJie questions refer to the pages of the History : the Ap., 
with the nutnbers in connection therewith, to the pages of the Appendix. 

1. Give a sketch of tJie life of John Adams 98, 106, 107, 108, 109, 137, Ap. 8 

Was born at Quincy, Massachusetts, in 1735. 

2. Give an account of Samuel Adams 09, 70, Ap, 8 

Was born at Boston, in 1722, where he died in 1803. 

3. Give an account of John Quincy Adatns 137, 138 

Son of John Adams, 2d president of the U. S., was bom near Boston, in 
1767. While at Washington, in Feb., 1848, occupying his seat as a member 
of the House of Representatives, he had a shock of paralysis, of which he 
died a few hours after. 

4. Give an account of Ethan Allen 69 

Bom in Connecticut in 1737; died in Vermont in 1789. In the dispute grow- 
ing out of the claim made by New York to Vermont (p. 107), Allen took a 
conspicuous part, being commander of a military force in behalf of the latter. 
In the expedition conducted by Montgomery against Canada (p. 72) he was 
captured ; and being sent to England in irons, was held a captive nearly two 
years. 

B. Give an acc&unt of Major John Andre 93, 94 

Born in London in 1751. His body was buried at Tappan, but, in 1821, it 
was disinterred and removed to England, where it was placed beneath a 
costly monument. 

6. Give an account of Sir Edmund Andros 30, 31, 34, 39, 40 

Born in England, where he died in 1714. After his trial on the charges pre- 
ferred by the people of Massachusetts, which ended without any judicial de- 
cision, he was made governor of Virginia, in which position he acted with 
moderation. 

1 Give an account of John Armstrong 58 

Was a native of Pennsylvania, and, as a general in the American army dur 
ing the Revolution, rendered good service in the defence of Ft. Moultrie (p 
74) and at the battles of Brandywiue and Germantown. 

8. Give an account of John Armstrong, Jr 98, 12C 

Son of the preceding, was also in the Revolution. He was the author of the 
" Newburg Addresses," written at the close of the war to quicken Contrres? 



QUESTIONS FOR TOPICAL STUDY. 63 

to do justice to the Boldiers. They produced discontent among the officers, 
and had it not heen for the wisdom of Washington (p. 98), might have led to 
unfortunate results. He was secretary of war in 1814, when the British cap>- 
tured the city of Washington, and was unjustly censured for the disaster (p. 
126). 

i. Give an account of Benedict Arnold 69, 72, 78, 83, 84, 92, 93, 94, 97 

• Bom in Connecticut in 1740 ; died in London in 1801. Before the Revolution 
he was engaged in business in New Haven as a druggist ; afterward he did 
business in New Brunswick. He finally went to England, and in London 
he lived in obscurity, everybody avoiding him with disgust. 

10. What account can you give of Gen. Robert Anderson f 158, 159, 160 

Bom in Kentucky in 1805 ; took an active part in the war against the Semi- 
noles (p. 139) ; was with Scott in Mexico (p. 147) ; in 1861 was appointed a 
general in the U. S. army, but, in consequence of failing health, was not able 
to participate in active military service. 

11. Give an account of Nathaniel Bacon 23 

Bacon and his party entered Jamestown, but fearing they could not hold it, 
and being unwilling that it should be used by Berkeley's party, they burned 
it to the ground. Only some slight ruins of the town remain. 

12. Give an account of Col. E. D. Baker 163 

Bom in England in 1811, resigned his position as a member of Congress 
when the Mexican war broke out, and joined Scott (p. 147). At the time of 
liis death he was a U. S. senator from Oregon. 

13. Give an account of Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks 170, 171, 175, 177 

Bom in Massachusetts in 1816, was a representative in Congress several 
years ; was elected speaker of the House in 1854, after an exciting contest 
of two months ; was governor of Massachusetts ; and again a representative 
in Congress. 

14. Give an account of Commodore Wm. Bainbridge 110, 117 

Bom in New Jersey in 1774 ; died in Philadelphia in 1833. Was in command 
of the frigate Philadelphia when she struck on a rock and was captured (p. 
110), and he was held in captivity nineteen months. 

15. Give an acccmnt of Gen. P. G. T. Beauregard IGO, 161, 162, 169 

Bom in Louisiana, received a military education at West Point, and was a 
lieutenant in Scott's army in Mexico (p. 147). 

16. Give an account of the Committees of Correspondence. 

The system adopted by the patriots of the Revolution, in 1772, of holding 
correspondence among the colonies, was the invention of Samuel Adams. 
By means of it, the diflFerent colonies were informed of the intentions, plans, 
and doings of each other ; encouragement was given to each ; and tnus unity 
of action was attained. 

17. The history of the Slavery Question, 21, 39, 136, 141, 150, 151, 152, 157, 158, Ap. 22 
It is computed that 300,000 slaves were imported into the thirteen colonies 
up to the time of the Declaration of Independence (1776). Slavery existed in 
all of the states until 1780. The northern states then, one after another, most 
of them by a system of gradual emancipation, began to abolish slavery. 183 

18. Name the wars of Ehtropean origin that occurred before the French and Iiir 

dian War, and the causes of each 34,35,36 

13. By what treaties, and when, were they terminated? 34, 35, 36, 37 

20. Wh»n did the British evacuate the different ports after the Revolution f 98. lOJ 



64 QUESTIONS FOR TOPICAL STIHOY. 

81. Give an account of Gen. Braxton Bragg 169, 170, 173, 178 

Bora in North Carolina, received a military education at West Point, and 
held a command, first as lieutenant and afterward as captain, in Taylor's army 
daring the Mexican war. 

82. Give an account of Gen. Edward Braddock 57, 59 

Bom in Scotland. Before he came to America he had been forty years in the 
British army, serving in the wars against Spain, Portugal, and Germany. 

23. Give an account of Gen. Jacob Brown 121, 123, 124, 125 

Born in Pennsylvania in 1T75. In early life he was a Quaker and a school- 
teacher. At his death, which occurred at Washington in 1828, he held the 
supreme command in the U. S. army. 

24. Give an account of James Buchanan 152, 157, 158, 159 

Bora in Pennsylvania in 1791 ; died there in 1868. He was a representative 
in Congress, envoy extraordinary to St. Petersburg, U. S. senator, secretary 
of state, and minister to England. 

25. Give an account of Don Carlos BueU 166, 168, 169, 170 

Bom in Ohio, received a military education at West Point, and distinguished 
himself in the two Mexican campaigns conducted by Taylor and Scott. 

26. Give an account of Gen. John Burgoyne 69, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85 

Bom in England. After his surrender to Gates he returned to England, 
where he was coldly received in Parliament, of which body he was a mem- 
ber. He wrote several dramas, and died in London in 1792. 

27. Give an account of Gen. A. E. Bumside 167, 172, 173, 175 

Born in Indiana in 1824, received a military education at West Point, and, 
after the Great Civil War, was governor of Rhode Island. 

28. Give an account of Aaron Burr 71,72,86,109,111 

Born in New Jersey in 1756. He graduated at Princeton College, accompa- 
nied Arnold in the expedition against Canada (p. 72), and distinguished him- 
self in the battles of Quebec (p. 72) and Monmouth (p. 86). His death oc- 
curred at Staten Island, N. Y., in 1836. 

89. Give an account of Gen. B. F. Butler 161, 163, 169, 175, 179, 181 

Born in New Hampshire in 1818, graduated at college, and acquired a high 
reputation as a lawyer. After the Great Rebellion he was a member of tJie 
U. S. House of Representatives from Massachusetts, and was one of the seven 
managers by whom President Johnson's impeachment was conducted before 
the Senate (p. 185). 

30. Give an account of John and Sebastian Ca^t 10,54 

It is not known when and where these navigators were born, nor at what 
time and place they died, though it is supposed they were natives of lialy. 

31. Give an account of John C. Calhoun. 138, 139 

Born in South Carolina in 1782, graduated at Yale College, was admitted to 
the bar, was a representative in both Houses of Congress, and was secretary 
of war in Monroe's cabinet, and secretary of state in Tyler's. His death 
occurred at Washington in 1850. 

38. Give an account of Henry Clay 139, 151 

Bora in Virginia in 1777, was admitted to the bar, and was sent to Congress 
from Kentucky, where he was many years speaker of the House of Repre- 
uentatives, and afterward a senator. He was one of the commissioncre 
that signed the treaty at Ghent in 1814 (p. 129). His death cccnrred at 
Washington in 1852. 



QUESTIONS FOR TOPICAL STUDY. 65 

83. Oiv« an account Of Sir Henry Clinton 69,73,75,84,91,93,97 

After the Revolution he was appointed governor of Gibraltar. He died in 1795 

34. drive an account of Christopher Columbus 5, 9, 10 

The most of his life, previous to its great event, was passed on the waters 
of the Mediterranean and off the west coast of Africa. He made a voyage 
toward Greenland, passing beyond Iceland. Having, in 1498, reached Amer- 
ica the third time, he began to govern a colony which he had previously es- 
tablished at Hiepaniola; but his efforts were misrepresented, charges were 
made against him, and he was sent to Spain in chains. This outrage pro- 
duced great indignation throughout Spain, and the king consequently dis- 
claimed having authorized it. 

35. Give an account of Lord Charles Comwallis 76, 77, 78, 91, 92, 95, 96, 97 

After the Revolution he was appointed to an important command in India, 
where he inaugurated a series of victories by which the British authority 
there was finally established. He died in India in 1805. 

36. Give an account of Fernando Cortez 11,12 

Bom in Spain in 1485, and died there neglected and in solitude in the 63d 
year of his age. 

37. Give an account of Col. George Croghan 114, 118, 119 

Bom in Kentucky in 1791. He was in the battles of Tippecanoe and Fort 
Meigs (May 5), and served with Taylor in Mexico. His death occurred at 
New Orleans in 1849. 

38. Give an account of Gen. S. R. Curtis 143, 167 

Bom in Ohio in 1807 ; received a military education at West Point, served 
under Taylor in Mexico, and was a representative in Congress from Iowa. 

89. What can you state of Kosciusko ? 84 

Thaddeus Kosciusko, a Polish patriot, was with Gates in the two battles of 
Stillwater, and afterward distinguished himself as an adjutant of Washing- 
ton. He died in Switzerland in 1817. 

40. Give the early history of the city of Boston 26, 67, 68, 70, 72, 73 

41. Give an account of the Rev. John Davenport 30 

Born in England ; was the minister of a church at New Haven for thirty 
years, and afterward of another church at Boston, where he died. 

42. Give an account of Jefferson Davis 159, 160, 182, 188 

Bora in Kentucky in 1808 ; received a military education at West Point, 
served with credit in the Black Hawk (p. 138) and Mexican wars, was a 
representative in Congress and a U. S. senator from Mississippi, and secre 
tary of war in President Pierce's cabinet, 

43. Give an account of General Dearborn 121 

Henry Dearborn was born in New Hampshire in 1751 ; was la the battle of 
Bunker Hill (p. 70), was with Arnold in the expedition against Canada (p. 72), 
and was taken prisoner at the attack upon Quebec. Being exchanged, ho 
served under Gates in the Northern campaign (p. 84), and did good service 
in the battle of Monmouth (p. 86), in Sullivan's expedition against the In- 
dians (p. 90), and in the successful operations before Yorktown (p. 97). He 
died in 18-29. 

44. What can you state of Silas Deane. ? 78 

Born in Connecticut, and was a member of the first Continental Congress. 
In consequence of the extravagant contracts he made in France, he was 
recalled, and John Adams was appointed commissioner in his place. He 
4ied in England in poverty. 



66 QUESTIONS FOR TOPICAL STUDY. 

46. Give an account of Commodore Stephen Decatur, Jr. lia, 117, 130 

Bom in Maryland in 1779. The affair between the Chesapeake and the 
Leopard in 1807 (p. Ill), in the opinion of Decatur, was disgraceful, and he 
did not hesitate to epeak in severe terms of the conduct of Commodore Bar 
ron, who commanded the Chesapeake on that occasion. The consequence 
was a duel with Barron, thirteen years after, in which Decatur was killed. 

46. What can you state of the Baron Dieskau ? 57, 58 

Was a German general, and served in France and Germany. After being 
wounded (p. 58), he returned to Europe, and died at Paris in 1767. 

47. GiveasketchofD'Estaing'slife 85,86,87,90,91 

Bom in France in 1729 ; was a member of the Assembly of Notables in the 
French Revolution, but, falling under the suspicion of the Terrorists, was 
guillotined in 1794. 

48. Give the hisUm/ of Delaware 45,46,44,160; Ap. 11,14 

Delaware Bay and River were so named in honor of Lord Delaware, one of 
the early governors of Virginia : whence the name of the State. 

49. GUve a sketch of the life of Baron De Kalb 9:iJ 

Born, in 1732, in a German province then held by France ; was an officer in 
the French army just previous to the time he came to America with Lafay- 
ette in 1777, was second in command under Gates, and died three days after 
the battle of Sanders Creek. 

50. What can you state of the '•^ Jersey Prison-Ship .^' 

During the Revolution, the British used the hulks of their decaying ships 
for the imprisonment of captives. One of these, the Jersey Prison-Ship, 
which was anchored near Brooklyn, is noted for the inhuman treatment 
which its prisoners received, hundreds of whom died in consequence. 

51. Give the history of California 150, 151 

" A romance was published in Spain in 1.510, in which the word California, 
applied to an imaginary island, for the first time occurred. Cortez had read 
the book, it is supposed ; and when he sailed along the west coast of Mex- 
ico, in 1535, supposing he was in the region of the island, he called the 
country California." 

52. Give the history of Connecticut 28, 29, 30, 32, 51, 68, 78, 89, 126 ; Ap. 11, 13 

53. Give a sketch of Dr. Franklin's life 78, 98 ; Ap. 8 

Benjamin Franklin, a philosopher and statesman, was born at Boston is 
1706. He learned the printing business in Boston, followed it in Philadel- 
phia, and, after a trip to England, became postmaster of Philadelphia. 
About the year 1746 he began to make experiments in electricity, applying 
his discoveries to the invention of lightning-rods for the protection of build- 
ings. The people of Pennsylvania and other colonies becoming dissatisfied 
with the rule which the colonial proprietors exercised, Franklin was sent 
to England to gain redress ; and in this he was successful. He again went 
to Europe, both before and after the Revolutiou ; was a member of the 
committee to draft the Declaration of Independence ; and signed, in France, 
the treaty of alliance between that country and the United States ^. 85). 
He died in Philadelphia, in the 85th year of his age. 

M. Give th^iiistory of Florida 11, 12, 13, 14, 63, 98, 127, 128, 135, 153, 154, 158, 

159, 177, Table of States. 

56. Give a sketch of the life of John €. Fremont 146, 147, 152, 163, 171 

66. What can you state of Millard MUmore f 151, 153 

Born in New York in 1800, and was a representative in Coneresa. 



QUESTIONS FOR TOPICAL STUDY. 6? 

67. W/iat aecoviit vun you give of Admii^al Farragnt ? 169, 181 

David G. Farra<rut was born in Tennessee in 1801. At the early age of eleven 
he became a midshipman, which position he held on board the Essex when 
that vessel captured the Alert (p. 117). After the Great Civil War, he crosBcd 
the Atlantic in a government vessel, and visited the principal seaportu ol 
Europe, 

68. Give a sketch of Admiral Foote's life 166, 168 

Andrew H. Foote was born in Connecticut in 1806. He spent the most of 
his life in the naval service of his country, and was an active friend of reli- 
gious and philanthropic enterprises. His death occurred at New York in 
1863, as he was preparing to take charge of the squadron off Charleston. 

69. State what you can of General Gage 67, 68, 69 

60. Give a sketch of the life of General Gates 84, 92, 95 

Horatio Gates was born in England in 1728. He was an officer in Brad- 
dock's expedition, in 1755, and was severely wounded in the battle of the 
Monongahela. After the Revolutionary War, he resided in Virginia, and 
subsequently removed to New York, where he died in 1806. 

61. Give the history of Georgia 48, 68, 87, 88, 90, 91, l;i5, 158, 175, 180, 183 ; 

Ap. 11, 14 ; Table of States. 

62. What can y&ii state of Bartholomew Gosnold f 15, 18 

63. Give a sketch of Gen. Grant's life. .163, 166, 168, 169, 175, 177, 178, 182, 183, 18G 
Ulysses S. Grant was born in Ohio in 1822 ; received a military education at 
West Point, participated in the battles of Palo Alto (p. 144), Resaca de la 
Palma, Monterey, and in every one of Scotfs battles in Mexico. At the 
commencement of the Great Civil War, he was engaged in commercial busi- 
ness at Galena, Illinois, and was among the first to off"er his services to the 
government. 

d4. Give a sketch of General Greene's life 95, 95 

Nathaniel Greene was born of Quaker parents, in Rhode Island, in 1742 
He aided, at the beginning of the Revolution, in driving the British front 
Boston (pp. 72, 73), and took a prominent part in the battles of Trenton 
Princeton, Brandywine, and Germantown. He died of "sunstroke," in 
Georgia, in 1786. 

65. Give a sketch of Alexander HamiltorCs life 106, 111 

Hamilton was bom in one of the West India Islands in 1757. At the age of 
thirteen he was sent to New York to be educated. At the beginning of the 
Revolution he was one of the first to take up arms in behalf of the patriots, 
performing a creditable part as captain of an artillery company, in the battle 
of Long Island. By his activity and intelligence he attracted the attention 
of Washington, and after the battles of Trenton and Princeton, in both of 
wLich he was engaged, he accepted an invitation from Washington to take 
a place on his stafl', as aide-de-camp. He participated in the battles of 
Brandywine, Gennantown, and Monmouth. 

66. Give a sketch of the life of Nathan Hale 75 

He was born in Connecticut in 1765; graduated at Yale College, and became 
& teacher. Directly after the battle of Lexington he entered the army aa 
lieutenant, and before the close of the year was promoted to be a captain. 
After the battle of Long Island (p. 75), and of the retreat of the American 
army to New York city, Washington desired to gain a knowledge of the 
condition of the enemy on Long Island, and Hale volunteered for the eer- 
viv;e ; but, as he was returning with the information, he was arrested by the 
enemy, and, on the following morning, was executed. 



68 QUESTIONS FOR TOPICAL STUDY. 



67. In what respects do the case^ of Hale and Arnold differ? 93, JM 

68. Give a sketch of John Hancock'' s life 69 ; Ap. 8 

He was born in Massachusetts, in 1737, and died there in 1793. He was the 
president of the second Continental Congress (p. 71). 

69. Give a sketch of General Harrison's life 114, 118, 119, 120, 141 

He was born in Virginia in 1773, His father's name was Benjamin (Ap. 8). 
At the age of eighteen he joined the army, served under St. Clair (p. 107) 
and Wayne, and was governor of Indiana Territory (p. 136). 

TO. Give a sketch of Patrick Henry''s life 66, 71 

He was bom in Virginia in 1736 ; died there in 1799. Was admitted to the 
bar; was a member of " The First Continental Congress" (p. 68), and gover- 
ucr of V irginia. He opposed the adoption of the Federal Constitution (p. 99). 
Without doubt he was the most gifted orator in America during his time. 

71. What can you state of General Joseph Hooker ? 173, 175 

Was bom in Massachusetts in 1819 ; received a military education at West 
Point, distinguished himself in the Mexican War, and in McClellati's Penin- 
sula (p. 170) and Antietam battles. 

72. Give a sketch of Heni'y Hudson'' s life 37 

Hudson made four voyages for the purpose of finding a shorter passage to 
the Pacific than the one around Cape Horn. While in the large bay which 
now bears his name, during his fourth voyage, in 1610, a mutiny occurred 
amrtng his men, and he, with eight who remained faithful to him, was put 
into an open boat, and abandoned. No tidings were ever afterward heard 
of him. 

73. State what you can of General Hull 115, 116 

William Hull was born in Connecticut in 1753. He fought with courage in 
the battles of White Plains, Trenton, Princeton, Bemis Heights, Saratoga, 
Monmouth, and Stony Point. After his surrender of Detroit he was tried 
by a court-martial, pronounced guilty of cowardice in making the surrender, 
and sentenced to be shot; but, in consideration of his age and revolutionary 
services. President Madison remitted the sentence. He died in 1825. 

74. What can you state of CaptoAn HvU? 117 

Captain Isaac Hull, afterward Commodore, was a nephew of General Hull. 
During the war with the Barbary States, from 1803 to 1805, he served with 
distinction. 

75. Give the history of Harper's Ferry 156, 157, 160, 161, 172 

During the Civil War the Confederates had possession of the place three 
times. It contains a U. S. arsenal. 

76. Give the history of Illinois P8, 136 ; Table of the States 

" Illinois was so named from its principal river. The word, an Indian one, 
is said to signify the river of men,"' or " a perfect and accomplished man." 

77. Give the history of Indiana. ... 190, 98, 107, 130, i:34, 136, and Table of States. 

78. Give the history of Iowa 110, and Table of the States. 

" Iowa is an Indian name, meaning ' Here is the place.' " 

79 Give a sketch of Andreto Jackson's life 121, 128, 135, 137, 138, 139, 140 

He was born in North Carolina in 1767 ; died in Tennessee in 1845. Though 
but a boy during the Revolution, he took an active part in behalf of the 
patriots. He became a lawyer, a representative and U. S. senator from 
Tennessee, and governor of Florida. 

80. Name in chronological order the important events in Jackson's administra- 



QUESTIONS FOR TOPICAL STUDY. 69 



Bl. What can you state of '•' StonetoalV Jackson? 171 

Born in Virginia in 1824 ; was a graduate of West Point, and served in the 
Mexican war. It was remarlied by one of his officers, that in the battle of 
Bull Run he "■ stood like a stone wall ;" hence he was aftei-ward popularly 
known as " Stonewall Jackson." He was accidentally wounded by his own 
men at the battle of Chancellorsville, May 2d, 1863, and died in consequenee 
eight days after. 

82. What account can you give of John Jay? 98, 108, 109 

Born in New York city in 1745 ; died in 1829. Was a member of " The First 
Continental Congress'* (p. 68), rendered important aid in favor of the adop- 
tion of the Constitution (p. 99), and was the first chief-justice of the United 
State* 

83. Give an account of Sir mUiam Johnson 57, 58, 61 

Born in Ireland in 1715 ; died at his residence about fifty miles from Albany, 
N. Y., in 1774. For his services, in 1755 he was made a baronet. 

84. Give a sketch of Jefferson's life 74. 106, 109, 110, 111, 112. 137 ; Ap. 8 

Bom in Virginia in 1743, and died there. (See Table of the Presidents.) 

85. Name the important events of Jefferson's administration^ 112,113 ; Introduction. 

86. What can you state of Paul Jones ? 90 

Bom in Scotland in 1747. After the Revolution he entered the Russian naval 
service, and died at Paris, in poverty, in 1792. 

87. WJiat can you state of Gen. Joseph E. Johnston ? 171, 178, 183 

88. Give a sketch of Andrew Johnson's life 182, 183, 184, 185, 186 

Born in North Carolina in 1808. Served nine years at the business of a tailor, 
was several times elected a representative in Congress, twice governor of 
Tennessee, once a U. S. senator, and was appointed governor of Tennessee 
in the beginning of the Great Civil War, 

89. Name in chronological oi^der the important events of his administration. . . 189 
QO. Give a sketch of the history of Kentucky. ... 98, 107, 113, 166, 168, 169, 170, 177; 

190, Table of States. 
The first permanent settlement was made by Daniel Boone. 

91. Give a sketch of the history of Kansas. .191, 110, 151, 152, 157 ; Table of States, 
The name Kansas, said to signify smoky water, was that of a tribe of In- 
dians. (See Introduction.) 

92. What can you state of Gen, Lyman ? 57, 58 

Phineas Lyman was born in Connecticut in 1716 ; died in Florida in 1775. 

93. What account can you give of Gen. Lincoln ? 88, 90, 91 , 102 

G^en. Lincoln of the Revolution was bom in Massachusetts in 1733 ; died 
there in 1810. Was a farmer until he was 40 years old, was in the battles of 
White Plains (p. 75) and Bemis Heights (p. 84), and commanded the forces 
which quelled Shays's Rebellion (p. 99), He was a great favorite of Wash- 
ington. 

94. Give a sketch of the life of President Lincoln 158-182 

Abraham Lincoln was born in Kentucky in 1809. His early life was passed 
at hard labor on his father's farm in Indiana. At the age of 19 he made a 
trip to New Orleans as a hired hand on a flat-boat, and afterward moved tc 
Illinois ; served as captain in the " Black Hawk War" (p. 138) ; was elected 
to the Illinois Legislature, and was a representative in Congress. 

95. How many and ivhat persons by the name of Lee took prominent parts in the 

Revolutionary War? 73, 74, 78, 90 ; Ap. 8 

96. What account can you give of Gen. Charles Lee? 73, 75, 76, 79, 86 



70 QUESTIONS FOR TOPICAL STUDY. 

Born in England in 1731 ; was with Braddock in the battle of the Mononga 
hela (p. 57). with Abercrombie in the assault on Ticonderoga (p. 59), and after 
ward served in the Russian anny. Died at Philadelphia in 1782. 

97. What can you state of Gen. Robert E. Lee? 171, 172, 173, 178, 179, 181 

Was bom in Virginia ; graduated at West Point, and served in the Mexican 
War. He is now (1869) president of a Southern college. 

98. Give a sketch of Gen. Lafayette' s life 78, 80, 96, 137 

The Marquis de Lafaj'ette was born in France in 1757. Was in the battles 
of Monmouth (p. 86) and Yorktown (p. 97), and was a member of the court 
that tried Andre (p. 94). Died at Paris in 1834. (Give a further account.) 

99. Give a sketch of the life of La dulle 8 

A celebrated French navigator, born about 1635, died in 1687. Made four 
%'isits to America : in the firs*,, while endeavoring to find a passage by water 
to China, he explored Lake Ontario ; in the third he descended the Missis- 
sippi ; in the fourth, which was nnderta'ken to settle Louisiana, he sailed 
from France, but instead of landing at the mouth of the Mississippi, pro- 
ceeded, by mistake, to Texas, where he was shot by one of his men. 

1(X). ^^7lat account can you give of Marquette ? 6 

Bom in France in 1637. He died in Michigan in 1675, near a small river, 
which stUl bears his name. 

101. Give the history of Lo^dsiana . . . Note 157, 191, 110, 120, 130, 158, 164, 169, 177 
" In 1682 La Salle descended the Mississippi, and taking possession for 
France of the whole country watered by the river, named it Louisiana, in 
honor of Louis IV. of France." The French held the whole domain known 
by the name of Louisiana till 1762, when they ceded it to Spain. In 1800 it 
■was retroceded to France. In 1804 it was di^-ided into two governments ; 
that of the " Territory of Orleans," including the present State of Louisi- 
ana, and that of the " District of Louisiana." (See Table of States.) 

102. Give a sketch of the life of General Montgomery 59, 71, 72 

Richard Montgomery was born in Ireland in 1736. He settled in New York 
State, and in 1775 was a member of the Provincial Congress. A monument 
was erected to his memory in front of St. Paul's church. New York city, 
beneath which his remains were placed in 1818. 

103. Give a sketch of the life of General Marion 91 

Francis Marion was bom in South Carolina in 1732. The amount of aid 
which he rendered the patriot cause during the Revolution can hardly be 
estimated. All attempts of the enemy to baffle him were entirely futile. 
He was an honest man and a pure patriot. His death occurred in 1795. 

104. Give the histoid of Massachusetts, 2;3-27, 32-37, 51, 66-73, 99, 129, 136 ; Ap. 11, 13 

105. Give the history of Maine 190, 16, 27, 3:^, 136 ; Table of States. 

Authors are not agreed Avith regard to the derivation of the name of this 
State. The prevailing opinion is, that Maine was so called in compliment 
to Henrietta Maria, wife of Charles I. of England, who, it was supposed, 
owned the province of Maine, in France. 

106. What can you state of Robert Moi-ris ? 94, 95 ; Ap. 8 

Born in England in 1734 ; came to America when thirteen years old ; was 
educated at Philadelphia. After the Revolution, he lost by land speculation 
an immense fortune gained in the China trade, and died at Philadelphia in 
1806, in comparative poverty. 

107. Give tJu history of Fort Ticonderoga 59, 60, 62, 69, 71, 81, 88 

It was built by the French in 1755, and by them called Carillon {chims q/ 



ij 



QUESTIONS FOR TOPICAL STUDY. 71 

belli), in allaeion to the masic of the waterfalls at the outlet of Lake George, 
near it. 

ICS. Give the history of Alabama 190, 120, 121, 127, 135, 136, 158, 159, 169, 181 

The territory now comprising the States of Mississippi and Alabama, ex- 
cept the coast-strip between Florida and Lonisiana (Bee Introduction), was 
originally a part of Georgia, but in 1798 was organized as the Mississippi 
Territory. The word Alabama is of Indian origin, signifying here we rest 
(Table of States.) 

100. Give the history of Mississippil%, 135, 136, 158, 159, 164, 166, 169, 175, 177, 186 
The word Mississippi is of Indian origin, signifying, according to some 
writers, the Great River ; according to others, the Great Father of Waters. 
(See above, under the history of Alabama; also. Table of States.) 

110. Give a sketch of General Daniel Morgan's life 95 

Bom in New Jersey in 1736; died in Virginia in 1802. Was with Brad- 
dock in 1755 (p. 57), performing the duties of teamster; joined Washington 
at Cambridge, with a rifle corps (p. 72) ; accompanied Arnold across the 
wilderness to Quebec, participating in the attempt to capture that city 
(p. 72) ; and took a distinguished part in the battle of Bemis Heights (p. 84). 

111. Give the history of Maryland. . .41, 42, 43, 68, 74, 76, 99, 127, 160, 172, 173, 179 ; 

Ap. 8, 11, 14 

112. Give a sketch of the life of James Madison 114-130 

Bom in Virginia in 1751 ; died there in 1836. Was a member of the con- 
vention which prepared the Constitution of the U. S. (p. 99) ; united with 
Jay and Hamilton in advocating its adoption ; opposed Hamilton's finan- 
cial measures (p. 106) ; and was secretary of state in Jefl'erson's cabinet. 

113. Name, in chronological order, the important events of Madison's administra- 
tion 130, 131, 132 

114. Give a sketch of the life of James Monroe 125, 126, 127, 128, 137 

Bom in Virginia in 1758 ; died in New York city in 1831. Entered the 
army in 1776 ; was at the battles of White Plains (p. 75), Trenton, in whioh 
he was wounded (p. 76), Brandywine (p. 79), Germantown (p. 80), and Mon- 
mouth (p. 86) ; was a member of Congress when Washington resigned his 
commission (p. 99) ; was governor of Virginia ; and was minister to France, 
to England, and to Holland. 

115. What can you state of General Meade ? 173, 178, 179 

116. Give the history of Missouri 191, 110, 136, 162, 163, 168 ; Table of States. 

The name Missouri, an Inditu one, signifying Mud River, was first applied 
to the river of that name. 

117. Give the history of Michigan 190, 63, 98, 115, 118, 119 ; Table of States. 

The name Michigan, supposed to be formed Irom two Indian words, signi- 
fying Great Lake, was first applied to the lake. 

118. Give the history of Arkansas 191, 110, 159, 160; Table of States. 

" The State takes its name from a tribe of Indians now extinct." 

119. Give the history of Minnesota 191, 98, 110, 157 ; Table of States. 

The name Minnesota was first applied to the river, li is compounded of 
two Indian words, signifying sky-colored water. 

120. Nam^ the important military events in General McCleUan's life 162, 164, 

170, 171, 172. 

ISl. GiV4 the history of New York State.. 37-39, 51, 66, 68, 69, 71, 74, 75, 79, 81-85 

87, 89, 90, 93, 94, 98, 116, 121-125; Ap. 8, 9, 11, 14; Table of States, 

Ua. Give the history of New York City. . . 37^0 66, 67, 73, 74, 75, 98, 106, 158, IT? 



72 QUESTIONS FOR TOPICAL STUDY. 



1 



123. Give the history of New Hampshire 27, 28, 33, 34, 51 68 ; Ap. 8 9 11, 16 

m ^t;«<A^Ai««aryo/A^«^Jmey..37, 40, 41,51,68, 76^1,86,90, 94; Ap.8,9,11 14 
125'. mvelhisZlof North Carolim. . . 13, 47, 68, 95, 96, 160, 163 167 181182; 

Ap. o, y, 11, 14 

186. Give the mtory of South Carolina... 13, 47, 68, 73, 74, 89 91, 92 95 96 l^. 

139, 158, 159, 160, 163, 164, 167, 182 ; Ap. 8, 11, 14. 

127. Give the events Of Charleston 47,67,73,74,91,101,139,158,160,1^ 

138 Give the history of the Northwest TerHtory ;••'•.••; !w' tt •, "^ 

The territory north of the Ohio, which was surrendered to the United 
States at the close of the Revolution, was claimed by individual States. In 
1787 it was organized into the Northwest Territory, though, in consequence 
of delay on the part of the States to cede their claims to the General ^verii- 
ment, the latter did not acquire complete J'lri^diction over it before 18(X). 

m. Give the history of Ohio '^^^^^"?' ^^Z t North 

(See also Table of States, and preceding paragraph in relation to the North- 

130.^SStS of Oregon Note 157, 192, 7, 157; Table of S^tes^ 

A writer of note states that the name Oregon was probably invented by 
Captain Carver, who made an eariy exploration of the region Another 
writer gives it as his opinion that the name was derived from the Spanish 
or^^ano, wild sage, which grows in great abundance on the Pacific coast. 
(See Introduction to the History.) .« ,„ ui «• c^ f— 

XZl.mveth^ history of Nevada ..;... 193, 7, ^fj ^ab e f Statea 

The State derived its name from the mountain range on the west of it. i nt 
two words sierra and nevada, are Spanish, meaning tnmntains «^f^^*^ 

m. Give an account of WiUiam Penn V'.'V'/illnyZlr^ 

Was bom in London in 1644. Though reared in the principles of the Church 
of England, he became a convert to Quakerism. He was several times ar- 
rested and imprisoned tor attending Quaker meetings anf Preaching. 

133. Give tf^hisU^ of Pennsylvania. ^3, 44, 52, 55, 56, 57, 6 W^^^^^^ 

134. Give the history of Philadelphia 44, 67, 68, 71, 74,' 76, 79, SO, 86, 99 106 

135. What can you state of William Pitt ? ' \ 

Was bom in England in 1708. At the beginning of the American Revolu- 
tion he favored the Americans. At the close of a speech made in Par la- 
ment in 1778, against the motion to acknowledge the independence of the 
United States, he fell to the floor in a fit, and died a few weeks after. 

19<i. What account can you give of General Putnam? ■-••■■■■-■ ]l 

Israel Putnam, familiarly known as - Old Put," was bom m Massachuset s 
in m8 ; died in Connecticut in 1790. In the latter state he made himself 
famous by his daring encounters with wolves and Indians. Was in the ex- 
pedition against Ticonderoga (p. 59), during which he was captured by In 
dians, tied to a tree to be burned, but was saved by a f e«^ ^^^y «f ^^^ 
in the Pontiac War (p. 63) ; was in the battle of Bunker HiU ; tnd m 1 .79 
opposed Tryon's expedition (p. 89). ^^ 

137. What can you state of Count Pulaski f ' 

IS8. Name as many early navigators as youcan i43-15( 

139. Give an account of James K. Polk • • / ' * ;;^*q ' wVJ ,, renre 

Bom in North Carolina in 1795; died in Tennessee in 1849. Was a repre 
eentotive in Congress from Tennessee for fourteen years, and was speafcei 
of the House three terms. 



QUESTIONS FOR TOPICAL STUDY. 73 

140 Give an account of Franklin Pierce 151, 158 

Born in New Hampphire in 1804 ; was a representative in Congress, a United 
States senator, and served in the Mexican War, Died in 1869. 

141. btate what you can of General Pope 168, 171, 172 

142. Stat', what you can of Admiral Porter 169, 173, 181 

143. In how many and what wars have the United States been engaged/ 65, 90, 

107, 110, 114, 115, 120, 130, 135, 138, 139, 143 

144. In what wars were they involved when they were Colonies? 21, 22, 29, 32, 34, 

35, 36, 42, 48 

145. What rebellions have there been in the United States ? 99, 108, 138, 157 

146. Give the history of Rhode Island.... 31, 51, 68, 79, 86, 87, 141 ; Ap. 8, 9, 11, 13 

147. What can you state of Sir Walter Raleigh ? 14, 15 

Bom in England in 1552. The death of Queen Elizabeth, in 1603, proved 
fatal to his fortunes. He was tried on a false charge of treason, convicted, 
and, after a period of fifteen years, during which time he sulTered imprison- 
ment, and afterward commanded an unsuccessful expedition to the coast of 
South America, he was beheaded in London in 1618. 

148. What can you state of General Rosecrans f 169, 170, 173, 175 

149. Stale what you can of Captain John Smith 18, 19, 20, 23 

Born in England in 1579 ; died there in 1631. His life was an eventful one. 
The narrative of the part he took in wars against the Turks, of his captiv- 
ity by them, and of his escape, seems more like a romance than a reality. 

150. Give the history of Savannah 48, 87, 88, 90, 91, 180, 181, 182 

151. W hat can ymc state of Gen. Philip Schuyler ? 71, 72, 82, S3, 84 

Born at Albany, N. Y., in 173^3 ; died there in 1804. Was in Johnson's expe- 
dition in 1755 (p. 57), and was a member of Congress prior to the presidency 
of Washington, and afterward a U. S. senator from New York. One of hia 
daughters married Alexander Hamilton in 1780. 

152. What can you state of General John Sullivan ? 76, 86, 87, 90 

Born in Maine in 1740 ; died in New Hampshire in 1795. Was in the battles 
of Trenton (p. 76), Princeton (p. 78), Brandywine (p. 79), Germantown 
(p. 80). 

153. Give an account of General Arthur St. Clair 81, 82, 107 

Bom in Scotland in 1735 ; died in Pennsylvania in 1818. Was with Wolfe 
in 1759 (p. 62), with Washington in the battles of Trenton and Princeton 
and siege of Yorktown, was president of Congress in 1787, and governor of 
the Northwest Territory from its organization in 1789 to 1802. 

154. What can you state of General Thomas Sumter ? 91, 102 

Bora in South Carolina in 1734 ; died there in 1832. After the Revolution- 
ary War he was a representative and U. S. senator from South Carolina. 
Fort Sumter (p. 158) was so named in honor of him. 

165. Give the early history of St. Augustine 18, 14 

166. Give an account of Gen. Winfield Scott 124, 139, 147, 148, 149, 150, 161, 164, 

Bom in Virginia in 1786; died in New Jersey in 1866. In the battle of 
Qneenstown (p. 116) he was taken prisoner, but was soon after exchanged. 
157. What can you state of Gen. William T. Sherman ?. . . 176, 177, 178, ISO, 181, 182 
Born in Ohio in 1820 ; graduated at West Point, and served in Fiorida. Gen. 
Grant, on the very day of his inauguration, nominated Sherman for the 
position of general of the army, and the nomination was at once conflrmed 
by the United States Senate. 



74 QUESTIONS FOR TOPICAL STUDY. 

158. What can you state of Gen. Philip 27. Sheridan ? 180. 182 

Born in Ohio of Irish parents in 1831 ; graduated at West Point, and servtxu 
against the Indians. After the Great Civil War he was placed in military com- 
mand at New Orleans, but his rigorous course toward the late Confederate* 
did not meet the approbation ol President Johnson, and he was translerrod 
to a field of operations against the hostile Indians of the far West. Gen. 
Grant, almost immediately after he became president, nominated Sheridan 
for the position of lieutenant-general, in place of Gen. Sherman, promoted, 
and the nomination was at once confirmed by the United States Senate. 

159. What can you state of certain organizations known as Commissions that ex- 

isted during tht Great Civil War? 
There were several of them, and they did incalculable service in relieving 
the sick and wounded soldiers, not only in the hospitals but on the baltls- 
fields. The two known as the United States Sanitary Commission and thfc 
Christian Commission were the largest. 

160. Give the hisUyry of Tennessee. . . 107, 160, 168, 169, 173, 175, 180 ; table of States. 
*' The name is derived from Tannassee (signifying river of the big bend), the 
Indian name applied to the little Tennessee River." North Carolina ceded 
the territory to the General Government in 1789. Two years after, it was 
organized, with Kentucky, as the " Territory of the United States south of 
the Ohio." 

161. Give the history of Texas 192, 141, 143, 144, 158, 173 ; Table of States. 

La^ Tekas, from which the name Texas is derived, is supposed to have been 
the name of a petty tribe of Indians living in Eastern Texas. 

162. Give an account of John Tyler 141, 143 

Bom in Virginia in 1790 ; died there in 1862. 

163. Give an account of Gen. Zachary Taylor 140, 143, 144, 145, 147, 150, 151 

Bom in Virginia in 1784 ; was in the War of 1812 (p. 114), and in the Black 
Hawk War (p. 138). 

164. Give an account of Washington 12th Question, p. 113. 

165. Give an account of Gen. Joseph Warren 71 

Bom in Massachusetts in 1741 ; graduated at Harvard College, studied medi- 
cine, becanfe a physician in Boston, and was one of the most earnest and 
eloquent leaders in resisting the unjust measures of the British Govern- 
ment. His loss was sincerely lamented by his countrymen. 

166. Give an account of Gen. James Wilkinson 121, 122, 123, 124 

Was bom in Maryland in 1757 ; studied medicine, became a physician, was 
an ofllcer in the American army during the Revolution, was in the battle of 
the Maumee (p. 107), was govemor of the Louisiana Territory in 1805-6 (p- 
110), aided in breaking up the plans of Aaron Burr in 1806 (p. Ill), and died 
in Mexico in 1825. 

167. Give the history of Washington City 106, 109, 126, 160 

168. Give the history of the District of Columbia 106, 109 

In 1788 Maryland ceded 60 square miles of land, and next year Virginia 
ceded 40 square miles, to the United States as a site for the national capi- 
tal This made a square of 10 miles, or 100 square miles, 60 square miles 
being on the east side of the Potomac and 40 on the west, which was named 
the District of Columbia, in honor of Christopher Columbus. The tract on 
the Virginia side of the river was retroceded to that State in 1646, conse- 
quently the District now consists of the territory ceded by Maryland in 
1788. It contains the two cities of Washington and Georgetown, and it 



QUESTIONS FOR TOPICAL STUDY. 75 

subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of Congress. The population in 1870 
was 131,700, one-third ol whom were colored persons. 

169. Give the history of West Point 93 

As early as 1776 the Americans erected a fort there. Next year a chain was 
stretched across the river to prevent the passage of the enemy's ships. A 
U. S. military academy was established there in 1802. 

170. Give the history of Wisconsin 190, 8, 98, 110, 150 ; Table of States. 

" Thie State takes its name from a large tributary of the Mississippi, dis- 
covered by Marquette in 1673, and called by him Masconsin (wild rushing 
channel). Masconsin became changed to Ouisconsin, and finally to Wis- 
consin.'''' 

171. Oive the history of West Virginia 176 

172. Give a sketch of the life of Martin Van Buren Table end of History, 140 

Bom at Kinderhook, N. Y., in 1782 ; died there in 1862. Was U. S. senator, 
governor of the State of New York, and vice-president of the United States 
during President Jackson's second term. 

178. Give the hist<yry of Vermont 189, 82, 83, 106, 107, 113 ; Table of States. 

174. How many and what States were admitted to the Union during Washington's 

administration? (Table of States, end of History.) 

175. Give the nam^s of those admitted during each administration. (Same Table.) 

176. Give the history of Virginia 14, 18-23, 66. 68, 71, 96, 97, 157, 160, 161, 162, 

167, 170, 171, 172, 176, 178. 179, 180, 182; Ap. 11, 14 

177. Give a sketch of the life of Daniel Webster 

Born in New Hampshire in 1782 ; died in Massachusetts in 1852. A large 
part of his life was spent at Washington, either as a member of Congress 
or in the President's cabinet. In 1842, while secretary of state, he nego- 
tiated with Lord Ashburton a treaty, settling the differences between the 
United States and Great Britain in relation to the Northeastern boimdary, 
differences which had disturbed the relations of the two countries many 
years. 

178. How and when were the Northwestern differences settled F Introduction. 

179. Give the history of Nebraska 191, 110, and Table of States. 

The word Nebraska is of Indian origin, signifying Ne, water, and braska, 
wide or shallow ; and being applied to the Platte River, which runs through 
the State, was afterward used to name the Territory. 

180. Nam^, in order of succession, the Presidents of the United States Table. 

181. Name those who served two terms, or eight years each Table. 

182. Nam^ those who served one term, or four years each Table. 

183. Name those who served less than four years each Table. 

184. Nam^ those who died in office 141, 151, 189 

185. State how each President was elected to his position 106-186 

186. Navrve, in their order of settlement, the thirteen original States Table. 

187. Name, in their order of admission to the Union, the other States Table. 

188. What territory has been added to the United States since 1782 ? 6, 7 

189. State how and when each portion was added 6. 7 

190. Give the story of Jane McCrea 82,83 

The Indians asserted that they did not kill her, and the evidence afterward 
collected went to sustain the assertion, and also to show that she was killed 
by a shot intended for her captors, which was fired from Ft. Edward by one 
of the patriots, a number of whom still lingered though the place had be«i 
»Taca4ted by Schuyler. 



76 QUESTIOl^S FOR TOPICAL STUDY. 

191. Give the history of the Declaration of Independence App., p. 8, 74 

192. Give the history of the Articles of Confederation 85, 99 ; Ap. 9, 10 

193. Give the history of the Federal Constitution ... .99, 183, 186 ; Ap. 9, 10, 11, 36 

194. Give the history of the United States flag. Ans. At the beginning of 
the Revolution, and for some months after, no distinctive flag was adopted 
by the Americans. In ItTB the British Union flag was used, the onlj' change 
being that the field was composed of thirteen stripes, alternate red and 
white, to denote the union of the thirteen colonies. The American flag, 
" Stars and Stripes," was adopted by Congress on the 14th of June, 1777. 

195. Give the history of the Plymouth Colony 24, 25, 26, .32, 33, 34, 35 

It has been stated that Plymouth was not so called in memory of the 
hospitalities bestowed upon the Pilgrims at Plymouth, England ; but the 
weight of authority does not favor the statement. Baylies, however, in 
his "Historical Memoirs of the Colony," says: "They (the Pilgrims) 
named their settlement Plymouth, because this place had been so called by 
Capt. Smith, who had previously surveyed the harbor, and they remem- 
bered the kindness which they had experienced from the people of Ply- 
mouth in England." Smith, when he examined the New England coast, 
in 1614, made a map of the region, which was published in 1616. On this 
map was the name, Plymouth ; but there is no evidence whatever that the 
Pilgrims ever saw the map, they " having selected for their settlement the 
country near the Hudson." 

196. What was the length of each of the following wars? The French and In- 
dian ? The Revolution ? The second with England? The war with Mexi- 
co? The Great Civil War ? 

197. State the causes of each of the five loars 54, 65, 66, 114, 143, 157, 158 

198. Give an account of Washington's military movements during the Revolu- 
tion 71-97 

199. How many years hMve the United States been involved in war ? 74-182 

200. Name the commanders who were compelled to surrender 56-190 

201. Give the names of the celebrated foreigners who fought for the United 
States 76, 78, 80, 84, 85, 90, 92, 97 ; Ap. 66-73. 

202. State the object of establishing each of the eight colonies that were in New En- 
gland. ..' 18-31 

203. The object in establishing each of the other colonies 37-48 

204. Name the Slates that have been formed frcrni territory acquired in conse- 
quence of war 187, 188, 189 

205. From territory, acquired by purchase., without war 187, 188, 189 

206. What other States are there that were formed from territory otherwise ac- 
quired? .,-. 187,188,189 

207. How was siich territory acquired ? 187.188,189 

208. What can you state as regards the naming of this country, America ? 10 

A small geography, written in Latin by an unknown author, was published 
in Lorraine, France, in 1507. A copy of this work is in the possession of 
the Hon, Charles Sumner. Another copy is among the "Literary Curiosi- 
ties," under a glass case in the show-room of books in the British Museum, 
with this description in the catalogue : " In this work it was first proposed 
that the name America should be given to the continent now so called." 
It is described at length in the catalogue of the " Reserved Portion of the 
Library, 1862"—" A book which has become famous, because in it is to be 
found for the first time the proposition to bestow on the new world the 
name America, in honor of Amerigo Vespucci, etc." 



LIST OF TOPICS 



TO BE FOUND ON THE PAGES DIRECTLY PRECEDING THIS. 



The numbers refer to the numbers of the topics. 



Adams, Jobn . . 
Adams, John Q. 
Adams, Samuel. 

Alabama 

Allen, Ethan... 
Anderson, Gen 



2 

108 

4 

10 

Andre, Major 5 

Andros, Edmund 6 

Armstrong, John 7 

Armstrong, John, Jun 8 

Arkansas 118 

Arnold, Benedict 9 

Articles of Confederation . . 192 

Bacon, Nathaniel 11 

Bainbridge, Com 14 

Baker, Gen. E. D 12 

Banks, K P 13 

Beauregard, Gen 15 

Boston 40 

Braddock, Gen 22 

Bragg, Braxton 21 

Brown, Gen. Jacob 23 

Buchanan, James 24 

Buell, Gen 25 

Burgoyne, Gen 26 

Burnside, Gen 27 

Burr, Aaron 28 

Butler, B. F 29 

Cabot, John and Sebastian 30 

Calhoun, John C 31 

California 51 

Causes of U. S. Wars 197 

Charleston 127 

Clay, Henry. 32 

Clinton, Sir Henry 33 

Columbus, Christopher 34 

Committee of Corres'dence 16 

Connecticut 52 

Constitution, Federal 193 

Corn wal lis, Lord 35 

Cortez, Fernando 36 

Croghan, Major 37 

Curtis, Gen. S. R 38 

Davenport, John 41 

Davis, Jefferson 42 

Deane, Silas 44 



Dearborn, Gen 48 

Decatur, Com 45 

Declaration of Independence 191 

De Kalb, Baron 49 

Delaware 48 

D'Estaing 47 

Dieskau, Baron 46 

District of Columbia 168 

Early Navigators 138 

European Wars in Colonies 18 

Farragut, Admiral 57 

Fillmore, Millard 56 

Florida 54 

Foote, Admiral 58 

Foreign Officers in A. Army 199 

Franklin, Dr 53 

Fremont, John C 55 

Gaire, Gen 59 

Gates, Gen • 60 

Georgia 61 

Gosnold, Bartholomew 63 

Grant, Ulysses S 63 

Greene, Gen 64 

Hale, Nathan 66 

Hamilton, Alexander 65 

Hancock, John 68 

Harper's Ferry 75 

Harrison, Wm. H 69 

Henry, Patrick 70 

Hooker, Gen 71 

Hudson, Henry 72 

Hull, Capt 74 

Hull, Gen 73 

Illinois 76 

Indiana 77 

Iowa 78 

Jackson, Andrew 79 

Jackson, Gen. T. J 81 

Jay, John 82 

Jefferson, Thomas 84 

Jersey Prison Ship 50 

Johnson, Andrew 88 

Johnson, Sir Wm 83 

Johnston, Gen. Jos. E 87 

Jones, Paul 86 

Kansas 91 



78 



LIST OF TOPICS. 



Kentucky 90 

Kosciusko 39 

Lafayette 98 

La Salle 99 

Lee, Gen. Charles 96 

Lee, Gen. Robert E 97 

Length of U. S. Wars 196 

Lincoln, Abraham 94 

Line jln, Gen 93 

Louisiana 101 

Lyman, Gen. P 93 

Madison, James 112 

Maine 105 

Marion, Gen 103 

Marquette 100 

Maryland Ill 

Massachusetts 104 

McClellan, Gen 120 

McCrea, Jane 190 

Meade, Gen 115 

Michigan 117 

Minnesota 119 

Mississippi 109 

Missouri 116 

Monroe, James 114 

Montgomery, Gen 102 

Morgan, Gen 110 

Morris, Robert 106 

Nebraska 179 

New Hampshire 123 

New Jersey 124 

New York City 122 

New York State 121 

Nevada 131 

North Carolina 125 

" Northwestern Difficulties " 178 

Northwest Territory 128 

Object of New E. Colonies. 202 

Object of other Colonies . . . 203 

Ohio 129 

Oregon 130 

Penn, Wm 132 

Pennsylvania 133 

Philade>hia 134 

Pierce, Franklin 140 

Pitt, Wm 135 

Plymouth Colony 195 

Polk, James K 139 

Pope, Gen 141 



Porter, Admiral 142 

Pulaski, Count 137 

Presidentsof United States. 180 

Putnam, Gen 136 

Raleigh, Walter 147 

Rebellions in United States. 145 

Rhode Island 146 

Rosecrans, Gen 148 

Sanitary Commissions 159 

Savannah 150 

Schuyler, Gen 151 

Scott, Gen 156 

Sheridan, Gen 158 

Sherman, Gen 157 

Slavery 17 

Smith, John 149 

South Carolina 126 

States from conquered ter'y 204 

States from purchased ter'y 205 

States from other territory. . 206 

St. Augustine 155 

St. Clair, Gen 158 

Succession of States 187 

Sullivan, Gen 153 

Sumter, Gen 154 

Suri*endered Commanders. . 200 

Taylor, Zachary 163 

Tennessee 160 

Territory acquired 188 

Teiritory, how acquired 307 

Texas ... . , 161 

Ticonderoga, Ft 107 

Treaties 19 

Tyler, John 163 

United States Flag 194 

Van Buren, Martin 173 

Vermont 178 

Virginia 176 

Warren, Gen 165 

Wars while Colonies 144 

Wars with the U. S 148 

Washington City 167 

Washington, George 164 

Washington's mil. movem'ts 198 

Webster, Daniel 177 

West Point 169 

West Virginia 171 

Wilkinson, Gen 166 

Wisconsin 170 



BKIEF SKETCH OF HISTORY OF VERMOi;rT. 81 



YEEMONT, 



1* An especial interest attaches to Vermont, as bein ^• 
the first of the " new States," or the States admitted after 
the formation of the government in l^SO (page 107, ^3). 
It is supposed that Samuel Champlain, who discovered the 
lake which now bears his name, was the first white man 
to visit (1609) any portion of the country included within 
the limits of this State.* On his return fi'om the expedi- 
tion, he prepared and published a map of the lake. 

2. During the wars between the French and the Eng- 
lish, hostile parties passed up and down the lake ; but no 
portion of the country bordering on its eastern shore was 
occupied by Europeans until 1690, when an expedition 
was sent b}^ the governor of New York to the mouth of 
Otter Creek, and a small stone fort was built at Chimney 
Point,f in the present county of Addison, in order to 
aid in the operations against the Indians during that 
dreadful period. This position was afterward aban- 
doned ; but a French settlement was subsequently made 
there. 



Note.—" It is now agreed that at the time of the first knowledge of New Eng- 
land by white men the territory now called Vermont had no permanent Indian 
inhabitants ; that it was disputed territory over which the Iroquois and the Huron 
roamed and hunted, and fought wherever they met." — Charles Heed, Librarian 
of the Vermont Historical Society, in his rejMrtfor 1S72. 

* It is not certain that the Fiench exploi-er, in this memorable expedition, 
actually landed on the eastern shore, but it is to be presumed that he did, sinr.e 
he explored it, and made a map of the lake. 

t C/dmney Point is in Addison township, on the shore of Lake Champlain, fiftv 
miles S. W. from Montpelier. Previous to the erection of this fort, a fort had 
been built on Isle La Motte, and called St. Anne. From this post the French 
sent an important expeditiop against the Mohawks, in October of 166G. 

1. Why does an especial interest attach to Vermont? Who is supposed to 
have been the first white man to visit this region ? What did Champlain do on 
his return ? 

a. When was the eastern shore of the lake first occupied by Europeans? 
What led to it ? What fort was erected ? For what purpose ? Was it main- 
tained ? 



82 BRIEF SKETCH OF THE 

3. During Queen Anne's War (1702-1713, i3age 35), the 
country was repeatedly traversed by war parties ; but no 
permanent settlement was made in it until 1724, when a 
fort was built on the present site of Brattleboro,*, called 
Fort Dummer,f and a settlement was commenced on the 
" Dummer Meadows," in the immediate vicinity of the 
fort. This fort was soon afterward destroyed by the In- 
dians, and many of the settlers were killed or carried into 
captivity. Several other attempts at settlement in this 
region were made, during the next thirty years ; J but 
owing to the wars betw^een the French and English, and 
their Indian allies, they were unsuccessful. 

4. After these troubles were ended, by the conquest of 
Canada, in 1760 (page 62), people flocked into this region, 
and many thriving settlements were formed. In that 
year Guilford was settled, which, in a short time, became 
the most populous town in the State. Previous to this, 
however (1749), Governor Benning Went worth, of New 
Hampshire, began to issue grants of land west of the 
Connecticut River; and among the first of the townships 
thus founded was Bennington^ so called in allusion to his 

* " Among those born at Brattleboro were Wilbur Fisk, the Methodist divine 
who twice refused a bishopric, and was President of Wesleyan University, Ct., 
1830-39 ; R. M. Hunt, the architect ; W. M. Hunt, the painter of genre pictures ; 
and Larkin G. Mead, the sculptor, who, while yet a mere lad, worked one long 
winter night on a snow figure, at the head of Main street, and nest morning 
(New Year's) the citizens were startled to see there a statue of the ' Recording 
Anger modeled in purest ^now y — Osgood' s Neiv England lland-BooJc. 

t This fort was constructed to protect the towns in the vallev of the Connec- 
ticut River against the attacks of the Indians, which extended along the whole 
northern frontier of Massachusetts. It was named after William Dummer, then 
acting governor of that province. The settlement was commenced by John, 
Thomas, and David Sargeai t, Nathan Willard, John Alexander, Fairbank Moore 
and son, John Ames, and Samuel W^ells. John Sargeant was the first white per- 
son born in Vermont. 

X One of these was at Putnev, in 1742; but it was soon abandoned. Bridg- 
man s fort and Sartwell's fort were built in Vernon within the next three or four 
years. These two forts were captured bv the Indians in 1747. A settlement 
was begun at Rockingham in 1753; and in 1754 a settlement was again made at 
Putney. " 

3. Whenand where was the first settlement ? What was the fort called ? Its 
nistorv ? What other attemps at settlement were made ? With what result ? 

4r. \\ hat took place after the conquest of Canaf'a ? What is said of Guilford ? 
What grants were issued? What township was formed? What stopped the 
settlements ? f ftf 



HISTOEY OF VERMOKT. 83 

own Christian name. These grants were rapidly taken 
by peoj)le from Connecticut and Massachusetts ; but emi- 
gration was soon stopped by the breaking out of the 
French and Indian War (page 54 j. 

5. After the termination of hostilities in 17C0, emi- 
grants rapidly settled along both sides of the XJpj)er Con- 
necticut, imder grants from Wentworth, some of these 
settlements being west of the Green Mountains, toward 
the shore of Lake Champlain. This granting of lands 
west of the Connecticut Elver led to a violent controversy 
between Wentworth and Colden, lieutenant-governor of 
New York, who claimed the river as the eastern boundary 
of that colony ; and in 1764 a royal order was issued, 
confirming the claim. The settlers, however, who held 
their lands under W'entworth's grants, contended that the 
order did not affect the validity of their titles ; and a 
royal order, issued in 1767, forbade that lands jDreviously 
granted by New Hampshire, should be again granted by 
New York. The territory was for many years afterward 
known as 'the " New Hampshire Grants." 

6. After the royal orders above referred to, the south- 
western townships of the newly-settled region were an- 
nexed to the County of Albany, and the others formed 
into two additional counties of the Colony of New York. 
The demand that the proprietors, who had already paid 
for their lands, should take out new patents from the Gov- 
ernor of New York, at an exorbitant price, met with violent 
resistance, in which the chief leaders were Ethan Allen* 



* Ethan Allen was bom in Connecticut on the 10th of January, 1737. He emi- 
grated at an early age to Vermont. After the difficulties^ referred to m the text, 
he took a prominent part in the commencement of the Revolutionary struggle. 
Through his skill and daring Fort Ticonderoga was captured by the American 
patriots Mav 10. 1775; after which he made a bold attack upon Montreal, but 
was defeated ; and being taken prisoner, was sent to England in irons (Septem- 

5. When was emigration renewed ? How far did the settlements exteiid? 
"What controversy ensued? What led to it ? What roval orders were issued in 
1T54 and 17()7 ? What position was taken by the settlers? What was the ten i- 
tory called? 

6. What was done with the southwestern townships ? What met with violent 
resistance ? Who were the chief leaders in this ? 



84 BEIEF SKETCH OE THE 

and Setli Warner,* afterward so celebrated for their 
patriotic zeal and courage during the revolutionary 
struggle, f 

7, Through the influence of their axjpeals, the jDeople 
were gTeatly excited, and at meetings held in several of 
the towns, appointed " Committees of Safety," to provide 
for the common defeuse ; and very severe measures were, 
taken against any of the settlers who yielded to the aggres- 
sive claims of the people and governor of New York. 
Military comj)anies of the settlers were also formed, which 
received the name of " Green Mountain Boys/' After the 
government of New York was assumed by Tryon, he en- 
deavored to arrange matters with the people, but failed 
of success.^ 

8. At the breaking out of the Eevolutionary War, the 
men of this district took a prominent part in organizing 
resistance to the unjust claims of Great Britain, and 
operations were commenced against the British posts on 
the shores of Lake Champlain. In these measures Ethan 
Allen took a distinguished part (See page 69, T[ 17, and 

ber 25, 1775). After suffering a captivity of more than two years in England, 
Halifax, and one of the prison-ships of New York, he was released by exchange. 
He never afterwards actively engaged in military service, but died at Burlington 
in 1TS9. A heroic statue of Allen was inaugurated at Burlington, July 4th, 1873, 
when ten thousand persons were present, and the Hon. L. E. Chittenden, a great 
grandson of the first governor of the State, delivered the oration. A heroic sta- 
tue previously made of the same hero, stands in the capitol of the State. 

* Seth Warner was born in Connecticut in 1743. He took part in the capture 
of Ticonderoga and captured Crown Point in 17T5 ; was at the battles of Hub- 
bardton, Bennington, and Bemis Heights, and served, as related in the text, with 
Montgomery in Canada, He died in Connecticut in December, 1784. 

t '"The maps of the period, published under the eye of the British Court, and 
circulated through all the colonic?, extended from New Hampshire to Lake 
Champlain. Never doubting the authority of the agent (Gov. Wentworth) to 
give them a perfect title, they had j^aid for these lands in hard-earned money, 
had entered upon them, felled the forests, planted the crops, and established 
their homes. "—i. E. Chittenden's Oration, Jvly h, 1873. 

t " In the early contest with New York, Remember Baker was the associate 
and worthy peer of Allen and Warner. He was killed in the early part of the 
Revolutionary War, at the head of a scouting party sent out by Montgomery 
when he first entered Canada."— Co^. B. C. Benton. 



7. What was done by the people ? What were the military companies called ? 
What was done by Governor Tryon ? 

8. What was done by the men of the district on the breaking out of the Revo- 
lution ? What operations were undertaken? Who took a prominent part in 
these? 



HISTOKY OF VERMOKT. 85 

note on this page) ; ^ as also did Col. Seth Warner (See 
note), by whom Crown Point was captui'ed in 1775. 

9t In capturing the remaining posts, as well as in the 
invasion of Canada, which soon after occurred, the in- 
habitants of the New Hampshire Grants also took an 
active part, and were greatly distinguished for their mili- 
tary daring and skill. After Montgomery's death (See 
page 72, ^ 25), Col. Warner, who had joined the army 
before the attack on Quebec, rendered gallant service 
during the retreat in bringing up the rear. 

10« In consideration of the important service thus ren- 
dered, Congress authorized a new regiment of Continental 
Eegtilars to be raised, and selected the officers from 
among the Green Mountain boys who had served in 

* Capture of Ticonderoga.— " Just then (May 7, 1T75) Benedict Arnold ar- 
rived at Castleton, Vt., with only one attendant. He brouirht a commission from 
the Massachusetts Committee of Safety, which was disregarded, and the men 
unanimously elected Ethan Allen their chief. On the 8tb, the party began the 
march ; late on the 9th, they arrived at Orwell, opposite Ticonderoga, in Ver- 
mont. With the utmost difficulty a few boats were got together, and eighty- 
three men crossing the lake with Allen, lauded near the garrison. The boats 
■were sent back for Seth Warner and the rear guard ; but if they were to be 
■waited for, there could be no surprise. The men were, therefore, at once drawn 
up in three ranks, and as the first beams of morning (May 10) broke upon the 
mountain peaks, Allen addressed them : ' Friends and fellow soldiers : We must 
this morning quit our pretensions to valor, or possess ourselves of this fortress; 
and inasmuch as it is a desperate attempt, I do not urge it on contrary to your 
will. You that will undertake voluntarily, poise your firelocks.' At the word 
every firelock was poised. ' Face to the right,' cried Allen ; and placing himself 
at the head of the centre file, Arnold keeping emulously at his side, he'marched 
to the gate. It Avas shut, but the wicket ■was open. The sentry snapped a fuzee 
at him. The Americans rushed into the fort, darted upon the guards, and rais- 
ing the Indian war-w^hoop, such as had not been heard there since the days of 
Montcalm, formed on the parade in hollow square, to face each of the barracks. 
One of the sentries, after wounding an officer and being wounded himself, 
cried out for quarter and showed the way to the apartment of the commanding 
ofiicer. • Come forth instantly, or I will sacrifice the whole garrison.' cried Allen, 
as he. roahed the door. At this, Dclaplace. the commanoer. came out undressed, 
with his breeches in his hand. 'Deliver to me the fort instantly.' said Allen. 
' By what authority "r' asked Delaplace. ' In the name of the great Jehovah and 
the" Continental Congress ! ' answered Allen. Delaplace began to speak again, 
but was peremptorily interrupted, and at sight of Allen's drawn sword near his 
head, he gave up the garrison, ordering his men to be paraded without arms." — 
Bancroft's HUt. TJ. S. 

" Colonel Seth Warner, who had broneht over the residue of the party, was 
now sent with a detachment atrainst Crown Point, which surrendered on the 
12th, without firing a gun."— //Tw^gr"*- Life of Washington. 



9. What else was done by the people of the New Hampshire Grants ? What 
is said of the New Hampshire Grants ? Wliat is said of Colonel Warner ? 

10. What did Congress authorize on that account? What is said of the 
regiment ? 



86 BRIEF SKETCH OF THE 

Canada, Warner being appointed lieutenant-colonel. This 
■was the regiment which afterward gained so much renown 
at Hubbardton and Bennington (App., p. 91, ^ 26). 

11. Meanwhile, New York continued her claims to the 
control of the New Hampshire Grants, but the people in- 
habiting that region were determined not to yield submis- 
sion to it. They were, consequently, very greatly embar- 
rassed by the want of established laws, and civil officers 
of acknowledged authority. Accordingly, on the 16th of 
January, 1776, a convention met at Dorset, and drew up 
a petition to Congress, which they styled " The humble 
petition, address, and remonstrance of that part of Amer- 
ica, being situate south of Canada line, west of Connecticut 
river, commonly called and known by the name of the 
' New Hampshire Grants.' " 

12. In this petition, they avowed their readiness to bear 
their full part in the war with Great Britain, and to com- 
ply with ail the demands of Congress, but declared their 
unwillingness to act under the i^rovincial government of 
New York. They therefore asked that whenever Congress 
should find it necessary to call upon them for any aid or 
service, they should be recognized as inhabitants of the 
New Hampshire Grants, not r.s subjecb to the government 
of New York. 

13. The committee of Congress to w^hom this petition 
was referred, reported : " That it be recommended to the 
petitioners to submit for the present to the government 
of New York, and to assist their countrymen in their con- 
test with Great Britain ; but that such submission ought 
not to prejudice their right to any lands in controversy, or 
be construed to affirm or admit the jurisdiction of New 
York over the country, after the present troubles have 

11. WTiat claim continued to he made by New York ? W^hat was the result of 
this y What convention met ? What did they style their memorial ? 

io })tu^^ ^^^^* *'^^^ "^'"^^ ^^ ^^^^ ' ^^^^ <^i"^^ they ask ? 
., * •»• )\hat report did the committee of Congress make ? What was done with 
the petition ? ° 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 87 

ceased." To avoid any decision at that time, the petition 
■^as withdrawn. 

14. The Declaration of Independence (July 4th, 1776) left 
the people of the New Hampshire Grants in a still more 
embarrassing condition. New Hampshii'e had renounced 
all poHtical connection with them ; and the controversy 
with New York was resumed. The convention of the lat- 
ter State had unauimously voted, August 2d, 1776, " That 
all quit-rents formerly due to the King of Great Britain 
are now due and owing to this Convention, or such future 
government as shall hereafter be established in this State." 

15. To submit to the claims of New York was to give 
up the whole of their property and to reduce themselves 
to a state of dependence and beggary. To oppose her 
claims and authority would unavoidably bring on a con- 
test, not only with New York, but with Congress also ; 
and to continue without some form of government was 
impossible. 

16. In this situation, some were disposed to renew their 
allegiance to New Hampshii-e, while others saw no v,ay of 
avoiding a submission to New York ; but the more cour- 
ageous and spirited of the people were in favor of assum- 
ing the powers of an independent State or Government, 
and hazarding all the consequences of such a measure. 
To determine the prevailing opinion, therefore, it was 
found necessary to call a convention. 

17. This convention, called by cii'cular letters from in- 
fluential persons, consisted of fifty-one members, repre- 
senting thirty-five towns. It met at Dorset, July 24th, 
1776. The result of its deliberations was an agi'eement 
that no association should be entered into with either of 



14:. How did the Declaration of Independence leave the people ? What had 
the New York Convention voted ? 

15. In what embarrassing position did the people find themselves ? 

16. What sentiments were held by different parties? What was done to de- 
termine the prevailing opinion '' 

17. Of whom did this Convention consist? Wliere and when did it meet? 
What was the result of its deliberations ? 



^8 BRIEF SKETCH OF THE 



the counties formed within their territory by New York, 
or submission made to its government ; and that any of 
the people of the New Hampshire Grants who should act 
in opposition to this agreement should be deemed enemies 
to the common cause. 

18. At a subsequent meeting of the Convention (Septem- 
ber 25th) a resolution was unanimously adoj)ted, " To take 
suitable measures, as soon as may be, to declare the Nev/ 
Hampshire Grants a free and separate district ; " also that 
" no laws or directions from the State of New York should 
be accepted." In January, 1777, a general convention of 
representatives from the towns on both sides of the moun- 
tains, met at Westminster, and after a very serious debate 
resolved that they would form themselves into a new State. 

19. They accordingly made and published the following 
declaration : " This Convention, whose members are duly 
chosen by the free voice of their constituents in the several 
towns of the New Hampshire Grants, in public meeting 
assembled, in oui' own names, and in behalf of our con- 
stituents, do hereby proclaim, and publicly declare, that 
the district of territory comprehending, and usually known 
by the name and description of the New Hampshij-e 
Grants, of right ought to be, and is hereby declared for- 
ever to be considered as a free and independent jurisdic- 
tion, or State, to be forever hereafter called, kn(jwn and 
distinguished by the name of New Connecticut [afterwards 
called Vermont]. 

20. " And that the inhabitants that at present are, or 
that may hereafter become, resident within said territory, 
iliall be entitled to the same privileges, immunities, and 
c i-franchisements which are, or that may at any time here- 
after be, allowed to the inhabitants of any of the free and 
independent States of America. And that such privileges 

18. What was done at a subsequent meeting? What resolution was finally 
adopted ? 

19, ao. What declaration did the Convention make and publish? 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. SQ 

and immunities shall be regulated in a bill of rights, and 
by a form of government, to be established at the next 
session of this Convention." 

21. In a declaration and petition to Congress, they an- 
nounced to that body the step which they had taken ; 
with a renewal of the assurance, previously given, that 
" they were at all times ready, in conjunction with their 
brethren in the United States, to contribute their full pro- 
portion towards maintaining the present just war against 
the fleets and armies of Great Britain." They also peti- 
tioned that Vermont might be ranked among the free and 
independent American States. 

22. This measui'e on the part of the people of Vermont, 
in declaring their independence, was variously viewed by 
the adjacent States. New Hampshire was disposed to 
favor it ; and in Massachusetts and Connecticut it was 
rather applauded thaa condemned. New York, however, 
looked on it in no other light tlian a revival of the rebel- 
lion with which her lawful authority had been opposed by 
the people of the New Hampshire Grants. 

23. The Committee of Safety of New York, therefore, 
took up the matter at once ; and, by theii' direction, the 
president of the New York convention sent information 
to CongTess of the '• revolt of a part of the State against 
its lawful authority," and asked that the commissions 
issued to Col. Warner and others should be revoked. A 
second application of the same nature was made in the 
following March. 

24. For some time. Congress seemed quite unwilhng to 
t„ke any action in regard to the subject ; but a letter 
signed by Thomas Young, of Philadelphia, and addressed 



2 1 . What announcement did they make to Confess ? What did they petition 1 

22. How was this measure viewed in New H;imp?hire? In Massachusetts 
and Connecticut ? In New York ? 

33. What was done by the Committee of Safety of New York? What further 
application wa~ made? 

J24. What induced Congress to act? What resolutions were adopted by it? 
What effect did this have on the people of Vermont ? 



90 BRIEF SKETCH OF THE 



to the people of Vermont,* called upon tliem to send dele- 
gates to Congress, and assui*ed them of a favorable recep- 
tion.f This induced Congress to act, and resolutions 
were adopted condemning the action of Vermont, and re- 
fusing to give any sanction to it, as being opposed to the 
interests of the States represented in their body. The 
people of Vermont, however, determined to stand by their 
action, and to maintain their independence. 

25» The Convention, which declared the independence 
of Vermont, in January, had adjourned to meet again in 
June, at Windsor, after having appointed a committee to 
di'aft a constitution for the new State. They also recom- 
mended the election of delegates to meet in the following 
July, to consider and adopt the constitution to be sub- 
mitted to them at that time. 

26, The session of the subsequent convention at Wind- 

* The name, Vermont.— " This name (Vermont) was given to the district of 
the New Hampshire Grants, as an emblematical one, from the French of Verd- 
mont, green mountains, intended to perpetuate the name of the Green Mountain 
Boy»y— Ira Allen's Natural and Political Histm^j of the State of Vermont. 

" The first appearance of the name in print was, without doubt, in the letter of 
Dr. Thomas Young, of Philadelphia, dated the 11th of April, 1777, addressed to 
the inhabitants of Vermont, 'a free and independent State.' At the date of the 
letter, the agents (of Vermont) appointed to present the declaration and petition 
for a new State to Congress — Jonas Fay, Thomas Chittenden, Heman Allen, and 
Reuben Jones — were iii Philadelphia, where they doubtless learned what had been 
unknown to them iu January, that tbere was already a New Connecticut on the 
Susquehanna river, and that it would therefore be necessary to find another name 
for the State. That of Vermont being proposed by Dr. Young, was, no doubt, 
approved by those gentlemen, and was thus announced in his letter under the ex- 
pectation that it would be adopted by the Convention that was to assemble (at 
Windsor) in June following, as was then actually done by a unanimous vote (June 
4th. 1777)." (See above 1 1'o.)—Hiland J/uTs History of Vermont. 

t Young's Address.— This address contained a resolution of Congress, passed 
the previous year, which recommended to any people, where no government 
suited to their condition had been formed, to constitute such a government as the 
safety of the people required. The people of Vermont were assured by the writer 
that they had notiiing to do but regularly to choose delegates to meet in conven- 
tion, with the view to appoint delegates to Congress, and to form a Constitution, 
It closed with the following words; "I tell you to organize fairly, make the ex- 

Eenment, and I will insure you success, at the risk of my reputation as a man of 
onor or common sense. You have as good a right to choose how you will be gov- 
erned, and by whom, as they [Congress] had." This paper not only excited the 
people of New \ork, but, when laid before Congress by one of its members, in- 
duced that body immediately to give attention to the dispute. 



85. What is said of the Convention that declared the independence of Ver- 
mont? ^ 

^6. How was the session of the Convention at Windsor interrupted ? What 
information did they receive? 



HISTOEY OF VERMOl^T. 91 

sor was interrupted by the alarming intelligence of the 
successful invasion of Burgoyae [bee page 81j, who, it 
was stated, at the head of ten thousand men, had occu- 
pied a position on Mount Defiance (See map, page 82),* 
and compelled the abandonment of the Americans' posi- 
tion at Ticonderoga ; also that the rear guard of the 
retreating army, under Col. Warner, had been overtaken 
at Ilubbardton. and overpowered by numbers. Colonel 
Francis being slain. f 

27. The people in most of the towns on the west side 
of the Green Mountains were obliged to abandon their 
habitations ; but through the efforts of the Committee of 
Safety, appointed at Windsor, aid was promptly obtained 
from New Hampshire. The assembly of that State j)ut 
a large body of militia under the command of General 
Stark, and gave him orders to repair to Charlestown, on 
the Connecticut river, there to consult with a committee of 
the New Hampshire Grants, resj)ecting his future opera- 
tions, and the supply of his men with provisions. Mr. 
Weare, Governor of New Hampshire, also wrote to the 

* Mount Defiance, a rocky eminence near the fort, and so situated as to com- 
mand it. General St. Clair, who commanded the garrison, on finding that the 
British had gained this position, made a speedy retreat (July 5, IITT). 

t Battle of Htjbbardton. — '' Tlie van of St. Clair's troops, at the end of 
their first day's march, had reached Castleton, a distance of thirty miles from 
Ticonderoga ; but the rear, which included many stragglers, and amounted to 
lj200 men, contrary to St. Clair's express orders, stopped short at Ilubbardton, 
SIX miles behind, where they were overtaken by Fraser. One of the regiments 
[a militia regiment under Colonel Haile] fled disgracefully, leaving most of their 
officers to be taken prisoners. The other t\»o regiments, under Francis and 
Warner, made a stout resistance ; but when Reidesel came up with his Germans, 
they, too, gave way. Francis was killed, and many with him ; and some two 
hundred were taken prisoners. Those who esc-ipe'd. though dispersed for the 
moment, reached St. Clair in detached parties. Warner, with some ninety men, 
came up with the main body two days after the battle. He was at Rutland, to 
which place St. Clair, having heard of the fall of Skenesborough (now White- 
hall), had continued his retveat.'"—Hildrefh's Hist. U. S. 

^ " Colonel Haile was subsequently made prisoner He demanded a court-mar- 
tial to investis.ite the charge of cowardice brought against him. but died in 
captivity before it could be held. A monument on the "battle-field was inaugu- 
rated July 7, 1859."— J.m€nca/i Cyclopedia. 



27. How did this affect the people on the west side of the Green Mountains ? 
How was aid furnished ? What was done by the assembly of New Hampshire ? 
What orders were given to General Stark? What was done by Governor 
Weare ? 



92 BRIEF SKETCH OF THE 

Secretary of the State of Vermont, announcing the assist- 
ance sent, in terois which were a virtual recognition of the 
independence of the new State. 

28. The New Hampshire Assembly, on the urgent ap- 
peal of the Council of Safety which had been appointed 
at U'indsor, ordered into service a brigade of militia. 
Those troops, under General Stark, were mustered at 
Charlestown, N. H., and soon joined those of Col. Warner, 
at Manchester, whither he had proceeded a short time 
after the defeat at Hubbardton. From that place Stark 
marched to Bennington, accompanied by Warner, whose 
regiment was left at Manchester, under Lieutenant-Col. 
Safford. 

29. Meanwhile, Burgoyne, having reached Fort Edward, 
N. Y., after a wearisome marcb, found himself greatly in 
need of provisions, and therefore resolved to send a de- 
tachment of his troops to Bennington, to seize the stores, 
which he heard the Americans had collected there. The 
expedition was entrusted to the command of Col. Baum, 
a veteran German officer ; and the force consisted of 
about five hundred men, together with one hundi'ed 
Indians. 

30. On approaching within a few miles of Bennington, 
he discovered that the position was held by a much larger 
force than had been supx^osed ; and having therefore 
halted, and thrown up entrenchments, he sent to notify 
Bui'goyne of his position (Aug. 14, 1777). A storm on 
the following day gave him an opportunity of strengthen- 
ing his works ; but on the next day (Aug. 16), he was 
jLSfiailed at all points by General Stark. The Indians fled, 
but the other troops defended themselves bravely; they 



2 8 , Where were Stark's troops mustered ? By whom was he joined ? Whither 
did Stark march ? With whom ? 

39. Wliat is said of Buri^oyne ? WTio led the expedition to Bennington ? Oi" 
wliat did the force consist ? 

30. What did Baum find on approaching Bennington? What course did hs 
adopt ? Give an account of the assault by Stark, and its result ? 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 93 

were, however, unable to withstand the onset of the 
Americans, and were nearly all killed or taken prisoners. 
Col. Baum was mortally wounded. 

31. In the meantime, another detachment had been 
sent by Burgoyne to reinforce Baum. This consisted of 
five or six hundred British German regulars, with two 
pieces of artillery, commanded by Colonel Breyman; and 
scarcely had the battle with Baum's troops ended, when 
the second detachment made its appearance. 

32. At this juncture, Colonel Warner's regiment ar- 
rived from Bennington, and the battle which ensued 
lasted tni sunset, resulting in another decisive \dctory for 
the Americans^ the British only saving themselves from 
capture by the darkness of the night. In these battles, 
the British lost four brass field-pieces, several hundi'ed 
stand of arms, two hundred and seven men left dead on 
the field, and about seven hundred wounded and pri- 
soners. The loss of the Americans was thu'ty killed and 
forty wounded. Two of the captured cannon are still 
preserved in the State House at Montpelier, with the 
inscription — " Taken from the Germans at Bennington, 
August 16, 1777." 

33. Colonel Warner, who was Stark's chief counsellor, 
and who kept by his side during the action, is justly 
entitled to a share of the glory of these victories. Col. 
Samuel Herrick, who led the Vermont militia in the 
attack upon the rear of Baum's entrenchments, and other 
Vermonters, greatly distinguished themselves on the 
occasion. Burgoyne, in a letter written a few days after 
the battle, indirectly paid a very high compliment to the 
bravery and patriotism of the Vermont troops. After 



31. What other cletachment was sent hy Burfroyne ? 

32. What resiment arrived from Benninjrton ? " Give an acconnt of the battle 
that en?ued. What was the British loss in these battles ? The x\merican loss ? 
What relics are preserved at Montpelier ? 

33. What is said of Colonel Warner? Of Colonel Herrick? What compli- 
ment did General Bur^'oyne pay to the people of the New Hampshire Grants ? 



94 BRIEF SKETCH OF THE 

speaking of the general hostility of the people, he re- 
marks : *' The New Hampshire Grants, in particular, a 
country unpeoj^led, and almost unknown in the last war, 
now abounds with the most active and most rebellious 
race of the continent, and hangs hke a gathering storm 
on my left." * 

34. The loss of the battle of Bennington was a serious 
blow to Burgoyne, jDarticularly in the moral effect of the 
defeat. It was the first check he had received in his 
triumphant march from Canada, and dispirited his troops, 

* Battle of Bennington. — '' At the first sound of fire-arms, Stark, who had 
remained with the main body in camp, mounted his horse and gave the word, 
Forward! He had promisecl his men the plunder of the British camp. The 
homely speech made by him, when in sight of the enemy, has often been cited : 
' Now, my men 1 There are the red-coats ! Before night they must be ours, or 
Molly Stark will be a wido.w ! ' Baum soon found himself assailed on every 
side, but he defended his works bravely. His two pieces of artillery, advanta- 
geously i)lanted, were very effective ; and his troops, if slow in march, were 
steady in action. For two hours the discharge of fire-arms was said to have been 
like the constant rattling of the drum. Stark, in his despatches, compared it to 
a continued clap of thunder ! It was the hottest fight he had ever seen. He 
inspired his men with the same impetuosity. They drove the royalist troops 
upon the Hessians, and pressing after them, stormed the works with irresistible 
fury. A Hessian eye-witness declares, that this time the rebels fought with des- 
peration, pressing within eight paces of the loaded cannon, to take surer aim at 
the artillerists. The latter were slain and the cannon captured. The royalists 
and Canadians took to flight, and escaped to the woods. The Germans stiil kept 
their ground, and fought bravely, until there was not a cartridge left. Baum 
and his dragoons then took to their broadswords, and the infantry to their 
bayonets, and endeavored to cut their way to a road in the woods, but in vain ; 
many were killed, more wounded, Baum amon^ the number, and all who sur- 
vived were taken prisoners. The victors now dispersed, some to collect booty, 
some to attend to the wounded, some to guard the prisoners, and some to seek 
refreshment, being exhausted by hunger and fatigiie. At this critical juncture, 
Breyman's tardy reinforcement came,"making its way heavily and slowly to the 
scene of action, joined by many of the enemy who had fled. Attempts were 
made to rally the militia, but they were in comi)lete confusion. Nothing would 
have saved them from defeat, had not Colonel Seth Warner's corps fortunately 
arrived from Bennington, fresh from repose, and advanced to meet the enemy, 
whde the others regained their ranks. It was four o'clock in the afternoon 
when this second action commenced. It was fought from wood to wood and hill 
to hdl for several miles, until sunset. The last stand of the enemy was at Van 
Schaick's mill, where, having expended all their ammunition, of wliich each man 
had forty rounds, they gave way, and retreated under favor of the nig-ht, leaving 
two field-pieces and all their bagijage in the hands of the Americans. Stark 
ceased to pursue them, lest in the darkness his men should fire upon each other. 
Another hour of daylieht.' said he. in his report, ' and I shouM have captured 
the whole body.' The veteran had had a horse shot under him. but escaped 
without wound or bruise. The number of slain was very considerable, but 
could not be ascertained, many having fallen in the woods. The brave but un- 
fortunate Baum did not long survive." -/;-nrt(7's Life of Wa^hmgton. 



I 



i?f»: ^"Y ^''"^2 Burgoyne aff-ected by his defeat at Bennington? What eff-ect 
tion ? ^**^ ^^ patriots ? What was the end of Burgoyne's expedi- 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 95 

situated as they were in the enemies' country, in propor- 
tion as it raised the courage of the patriots. The latter 
afterwards proved invincible ; and Burgoyne was com- 
pelled to surrender his entire army to General Gates. 
(See page 84, ^f 66.) This event led to the alhance with 
France, and secured the independence of the United 
States. 

35. The Council of Safety again called the convention 
together in December, to complete the work interrupted 
in July. Having revised the Constitution, they decided 
to organize the State government without waiting to sub- 
mit the Constitution to the people, appointing as the time 
for the organization, the second Tuesday of March, 1778.* 

36. New difficulties now occurred with New Hamp- 
shire. Sixteen towns on the Connecticut river, and situ- 
ated within that State, applied for permission to unite 
themselves with Vermont. This a]3j)lication led to a violent 
controversy in the Assembly of Vermont, at the close of 
which it was decided by vote to receive the towns, the dele- 
gates from which accordmgly took their seats in the As- 
sembly. 

37. The governor of New Hampshire, Mesheck ^Yeare, 
at once wrote to Governor Chittenden, of Vermont, claim- 
ing, in the name of the Assembly, the sixteen towns as a 
part of the State of New Hampshire. He also gave infor- 



* Eminent Men.— Of the men who participated in the formation of the State 
government, Thomas Chittenden, the first govei-nor ; Jonas Fat, the author 
of the '' State Declaration of Independence " : and Ira Allen, brother of Ethan 
Allen, are deserving of particular mention. Jacob Bailey, of Newburg, held a 
responsible position during the Revolutionary War. " in which he performed 
valuable service with purse, pen, and sword." Stephen R. Bradley, of West- 
minster, a man of eminent abilities, was one of the great lights of the new State. 
Nathaniel Chipman, of Tinmouth, was also one of the great men. ■' The peo- 
ple of the State probably owe to him. more than to any other man, whatever credit 
is due for the wisdom of their early judicial and constitutional proceedings." 



35. WTien was the convention again called ? What was done by it ? 

36. What new difficulties occurred? To what did this lead? What was de- 
cided ? 

37. What was done by Gov. Weare? What information did he give ? What 
did he urge ? 



96 BRIEF SKETCH OF THE 



matiou that the minority in those towns had claimed pro- 
tection from that State, which the latter w^as bound to 
afford ; and urged that so ^regular and dangerous a con- 
nection should be at once dissolved. The interposition 
of Congress was also solicited, through the delegates of 
New Hampshire. 

38. In October (1778), the Assembly of Vermont met 
at Windsor, representatives from ten of the sixteen towns 
being present. This body refused to erect a county out of 
the towns east of the Connecticut river, and the delegates 
from those towns, with some others, accordingly with- 
drew. These towns subsequently called a convention, to 
consider the expediency of forming a government, the seat 
of which should be upon the river. The convention met 
in December, and resolved to urge the formation of such 
a State, or to endeavor to unite the whole of Vermont 
with New Hampshire. 

39. To free themselves fi'om a connection by which they 
had been involved in so much trouble, the Assembly of 
Vermont, February 12, 1779, voted to dissolve the union 
with the towns in New^ Hampshire, and notified the 
authorities of that State of the fact. 

40% New Hampshire then renewed her claim to the 
whole territory comprised in Vermont ; and New York 
again set up her counter claim, both appealing to Congress 
to settle the controversy. Massachusetts, about the same 
time, laid claim to a portion of the same territory. The 
dispute with New York became so violent, that civil war 
seemed to be imminent, particularly as a considerable 
part of the inhabitants in the southeastern portion of the 
State desired to submit to New York, and sent to that 



38. When (lid the Vermont Assembly meet ? Who were present ? What did 
and what' reioWe?^"^"''^^ "^'^^ *^^ *°^'"^ ^'^'^P* " ^^^" ^'^ ^^"^ convention meet, 

a!!" ]]\^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ Aseembly of Vermont vote Fehniary 12 1779 ' 
Civi^lwarr^ '"''^^ *^'^°'' ^^ '^''^ Hampshire? New Yorli? Massachusetts? 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. . ' 97 



State a requisition for militia to be sent from Albany to 
defend them. 

41. Colonel Ethan Allen was therefore ordered to call 
out a part of the Yermont militia to protect the govern- 
ment in that part of the State. This he did, and several 
of the most active in their opposition were arrested and 
confined in prison, among them a colonel and militia 
officers who were acting under the authority of New York. 
Complaint was thereupon made to Governor Chnton, of 
New York, with an earnest appeal for assistance. Infor- 
mation of the proceedings were forwarded by Clinton to 
Congress. 

42. In June, commissioners appointed by Congress 
re^oaired to Bennington, with the view to accomplish a 
reconciliation of the parties ; but in this they were unsuc- 
cessful. It was now obvious to Congress that it would be 
necessary to interpose its authority to settle the conflict- 
ing claims to the territory in question. Accordingly, on 
the 24th of September, 1779, resolutions were adopted by 
that body, recommending to the States of Massachusetts, 
New Hampshire, and New York formally to submit their 
claims to the decision of Congress, and in the mean time 
to abstain from the exercise of any jurisdiction over the 
lands in dispute. It was also recommended to the people 
of Vermont not to attempt to exercise any government 
over any persons who professed allegiance to other 
States. 

43. The object of Congress in this measure was to pacify 
the contending parties, and to maintain quiet while the 
struggle with Great Britain remained undecided. Thi^ 
object was effected in respect to all the parties except Ver- 
mont. New York and New Hampshire submitted their 
claims to the decision of Congress. Massachusetts did 



41 . What order was given to Colonel Ethan Allen ? What followed ? 
4r3. Attempt at reconciliation? Result? Resolutions in Congress ? 
43. What was the object of Congress in this measure ? Was it ellectcd ? 



98 BKIEF SKETCH OF THE 

not, as it feared that Vermont would become the prey of 
one or both of the other claimants. 

44. As for Vermont, it positively refused to be guided 
by the resolves of Congress, contending that, as it was 
vdthout rej)resentation in that body, no act of Congress 
was binding upon the State, and that it was impossible 
that four different governments should exercise jurisdic- 
tion in the same town or country. It had declared its 
independence, and it was resolved at all hazards to stand 
by the declaration. Nor would it, while bearing its full 
proportion of the burden and expense of the war with 
Great Britain, give up everything worth fighting for— the 
right on the part of the people to choose their own gov- 
ernment and make their own laws. 

45. It was not until the 2d of June, 1780, that Congress 
resumed the consideration of this subject ; and it then 
resolved that " the proceedings of the people of the New 
Hampshire Grants were highly unwarrantable, and sub- 
versive of the power and welfare of the United States, and 
that they be strictly required to forbear from any acts of 
authority, civil or mihtary, over those people who pro- 
fessed allegiance to other States." The farther considera- 
tion of the matter was postponed till September following. 

46. On the receipt of these resolves, the Governor of 
Vermont, by the advice of his council, sent to Congi*ess a 
spirited reply, in which he urged again the right of the 
district to be treated as an independent State, intimating 
also, if representation in Congress was refused it, the pos- 
sibility that it might treat with Great Britain for a cessa- 
tion of hostilities, since it was not for the interest of the 
l)eople of Vermont to protect so important a frontier, 
merely to be enslaved by one or the other of the neighbor- 



44. What position was taken by Yennont ? For what did it contend ? 

45. When did Congress resume the consideration of the subject ? What reso- 
lutions did it adopt ? 

46. What reply was sent by the Governor of Vermont? What was again 
solicited ? 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 99 

ing States. Union with the thirteen States was once more 
solicited in this communication. 

47. In September, the matter was again taken up by- 
Congress, and the agents of New York and New Hamp- 
shire were heard in relation to their respective claims ; 
but the agents of Vermont retired, protesting against the 
action of Congress, and the subject was again postponed. 
Meanwhile, the cause of Vermont was growing in favor 
with the people of the United States, and her power was 
steadily increasing. The spirit she had manifested showed 
clearly that she would never submit to New York or New 
Hampshire ; and to decide in favor of the claims of either 
of these States might endanger the Union. 

48. A number of towns in New Hampshire applied to 
be united with Vermont, as did also the northeastern part 
of New York ; and the requests were granted. Thus Ver- 
mont retorted on her o^^ponents by claiming portions of 
their territory, and admitting the representatives of thirty- 
five towns in New Hampshire and twelve districts in New 
York to seats in its Legislature. 

49. The British generals took the occasion offered 
by these disputes, to endeavor to persuade the peo^^le 
of Vermont to submit to Great Britain ; and letters 
inviting to this course were sent by them to Colonel 
Ethan Allen. To these, however, he made no reply, but 
forwarded them to Congress, with the assurance that he 
wished for the independence of the United States, as his 
previous services amply testified. 

50. Further efforts to make Vermont a British prov- 
ince, or to annex it to Canada, were made in 1780, during 
negotiations for an exchange of prisoners ; but by the 

4:7. What was done in Consyress in September? How was the cause of Ver- 
mont affected by the delay ? What did the spirit she manifested show ? 
■48. What application was made to Vermont ? What course did the State adopt ? 

49. How did the British generals attempt to profit by these disputes ? What 
was the course of Ethan Allen ? 

50. What further efforts were made to make Vermont a British province? 
What use was made of these by Allen ? What was the result ? 



100 BRIEF SKETCH OF THE 



addi-ess of Governor Chittenden and his council, these 
overtui-es were evaded, while the British were induced, 
by the expectation of success, to favor the interests of 
Vermont. On this account, during 1780 and the follow- 
ing year, the British refrained from hostilities against the 
State ; and the people were thus saved from the ravages 
from which they would otherwise have seriously suffered. 

51. These negotiations were continued until the formal 
close of the war with Great Britain in 1783 ; and various 
tempting offers were made by the British agents to gain 
over the State, all which were met with the most consum- 
mate address, while they were steadily and patriotically 
resisted. By this means many lives and much property 
were saved, and the State was preserved from the ruin 
which would have inevitably followed the unchecked 
devastations of the British forces. 

52. The close of the war left the question of the inde- 
pendence of Vermont still to be settled ; and a civil war, 
attended with considerable bloodshed, seemed to be 
imminent on several occasions, between 1783 and 1787. 
New York manifested a determination to exercise author- 
ity over the district which she claimed, and Vermont was 
equally resolved to protect those who acknowledged her 
government. Congress, fearful of the consequences of a 
longer refusal, began to show a willingness to recognize 
the independence of the Green Mountain State. 

53. After the close of the war, however, the people, 
feehng fully able to protect their independence, manifested 
httle anxiety for union with the Confederacy. This hav- 
ing been previously refused, they were freed from all 
obligation to aid in paying the debts incurred by the 

51. How lonsj were these negotiations continued? How were lives and 
property saved in Vermont ? 

52. ilow did the dose of the war leave the qnestlon of independence in Ver- 
mont ? What did New York manifest? How was this spirit met by Vermont? 
Wliat did Congress hegin to show ? 

53. What were the feelings of the people in this regard? What was the 
condition of the State ? 



1 



HISTOKY OF VERMONT. 101 

war ; and emigrants flocking into tlie State, new settle- 
ments were rapidly formed, and everything promised 
increased influence and prosperity. 

54. At the time of the adoption of the Constitution of 
the United States, and the election of Washington as 
President, New York had abandoned all hope of subduing 
Vermont, and it had become the general wish of the 
other New England States that she should be admitted 
into the Union. An agreement was accordingly entered 
into with New York that she should relinquish all her 
claims to lands in the State for the sum of thirty thous- 
and dollars, which Vermont engaged to pay.* 

55. Early in the year 1791, a convention was, there- 
fore, called by the Assembly of Vermont, to consider the 
expediency of that State's joining the American Union. 
This convention met at Bennington ; and at first the 
proposition met with considerable opposition. After a 
debate of three days, however, it was adopted by a vote 
of 105 to 2. Commissioners were a^^pointed to present 
the application to Congress, and on the 18th of February, 
1791, the admission of Vermont was completed. 

56. The constitution of the State, which was formed in 
1777, was amended in 1786, and again in 1793, 1828, 1836, 
and 1850. The last revision took place in 1870, when 
several important amendments were made. This instru- 
ment, as it now stands, fully secures the liberty of the 
citizens, while it distributes the powers of the govern- 
ment, so as to insure effective control, and a careful obe- 



* " The (New York) Commissioners made their final report (April 23, 1797), 
dividing the thirty thousand dollars among seventy-six claimants, assigning to 
them proportionate shares according to the number of acres to which they had 
respectively shown themselves entitled.'''' —Hiland HaWs Hist, of Vt. 



54r. What induced New York to relinquish her claims ? What sum was 
agreed upon ? 

55. What convention was called in 1791? What proposition was adopted? 
When and how was the admission of Vermont into the Union completed ? 

56, What is said of the State constitution ? 



102 BRIEF SKETCH OF THE 



dience to law, on the part of all who owe allegiance to 
the State. 

57. During the conflicts of parties, as narrated in con- 
nection with the history of the United States, Vermont, 
hke its sister States, suffered considerable agitation. In 
the several wars in which the Union has been involved, 
this State has borne a distinguished part. Her citizens 
have ever been characterized by patriotic devotion to the 
cause of the State, as well as the nation ; and none have 
won a more brilliant renown for military skill and valor. 

58o When the great rebellion of the Southern States 
broke out in 1861, Vermont was among the first to 
respond to the call of the national government for troops 
to subdue it. During this struggle she furnished 34,655 
soldiers, exceeding by 679 the number which she was re- 
quired to furnish. Of these, 5,128 were killed in battle, 
or died of w^ounds or disease. The expenses incurred 
by Vermont in support of the war amounted to more 
than three and a half millions of dollars. The bravery 
of the Vermont regiments was consi^icuous in all the 
gi'eat engagements of the war. At Gettysburg, her 
soldiers had the honor of turning the scale of victory 
at a most critical moment ; and they thus took an active 
and important part in the battle which fully broke the 
power of the rebelhon. [See page 173, ^ 57.] 

59. The "St. Albans raid," in 1864, caused gi-eat 
excitement in the State. On the 19th of October in 
that year, a party of armed men, professing to be Con- 
federate soldiers, twenty-two in number, suddenly made 
their appearance in St. Albans, and commenced firing 
upon the people, two of whom were wounded. Some of 

57. What part has Vermont taken in the general affairs of the Union ? How 
have her citizens been characterized ? 

58. What did she do on the brealiing out of the rebellion in 1861 ? What did 
she furnish? How many of these perished? What further is said of the Ver- 
mont reirimente ? 

59. What caused great excitement in 1864? Describe it. Was there any 
further mvasion ? 



HISTORY OF VERMOJ^T. 103 

them entered the banks, and plundered them of more 
than two hundred thousand dollars,* and, after seizing a 
number of horses, escaped into Canada. Numerous com- 
panies of infantry and cavahy were at once organized to 
protect the frontier, and no further invasion of the State 
was attempted. 

60. During the summer of 1870, considerable excite- 
ment was produced throughout the country by the move- 
ments of bodies of men from the northern frontiers of 
New York and Vermont against Canada, their base of 
operations being St. Albans. These men, called Fenians, 
were mostly Irish residents of the United States. Their 
object was the independence of Ireland, which they hoped 
to secure by seizing Canada, and thus, while the British 
were engaged in recovering their lost province, giving 
their comitrymen in Ireland " a chance to strike a blow 
for freedom. '^ But President Grant issued a proclama- 
tion against the invaders, and United States troops cap- 
tured a number that had been in Canada, as well as some 
that did not get beyond St. Albans ; and all were per- 
mitted to leave, or were sent home under promise that 
they would not renew the attempt. And thus the scheme 
" to liberate Ireland '' failed. 

61 » Government of the State. The peculiar circumstances 
under which this State was organized, and the difficulties 
which its people encountered in achieving their indepen- 
dence, and establishing their right to control their own af- 
fairs, naturally insured it a republican form of government. 



* "Eio-hty thousand dollars of which were afterward returned to the banks by 
the British ^^ovemment."— Osgoorf'^ Hand-Book. 

Note.— ''"The most destructive freshet, or, as it might more propei-ly be styled, 
delude, ever known in Vermont, occurred in October. 18G9. A heavy rain i)re- 
ceded the flood, swelling the mountain-streams to a frightful extent. Bridges, 
fences, and even houses were swept away, producing scenes the most desolating, 
and, in a few instances, loss of life." 



60. Give an account of the "Fenian Raid." 

Gl, Wliat insured a republican form of government to this State? What is 
Faid of the bill of rights l' Of the Constitution? What provisions are men- 
tioned ? 



104 BRIEF SKETCH OF THE 

A bill of rights, wliich was early adopted, gave the largest 
liberty to the inhabitants. It declares that all men have 
a right to life, liberty, and property, as well as to worship 
God according to the dictates of their own conscience. 
The Constitution which was at first adopted, and which 
remained without essential alteration for more than half 
a centuiy, provided for the election of a governor, lieu- 
tenant-governor, twelve councillors to advise the governor, 
and a Legislature, to consist of one member fi'om each 
town. 

62. The Legislature proposed laws, to be laid before the 
governor and council for their concurrence, if approved 
of, and if not, for proposals of amendment ; and if the 
Assembly did not agree to these proposals, the x^assage of 
the bill was postponed till the next session. The Consti- 
tution also provided for the appointment, once" in seven 
years, of a Council of Censors, whose duty it should be to 
examine the acts of the Legislature, and, if they shouid be 
found unconstitutional, to recommend their repeal. This 
coimcil was also authorized to propose amendments to the 
Constitution, and to call a convention to consider the 
same. 

63. By subsequent amendment, a Senate was substituted 
for the advisory council ; with the provision that all laws 
should have the assent of both branches of the Legislatui'e 
before being submitted to the governor for his approval. 
The Senate is composed of thirty members chosen in the 
counties, and apportioned among the same according to 
their respective population. Thus, some counties have 
only one Senator, others two or more. The House of 
Representatives consists of one member from each town. 
The term of office of senators and members of the House, 

62. How were laws passed according to this instrument? Describe the 
Council of Censors. 

63. What amendment was made to the Constitution ? Of whom is the Senate 
comi)oscd ? The General Assembly? What is the term of office of Senators and 
Representatives ? How often does the Legislature meet ? 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 105 

as well as of " State officers," is, by the amendments of 
1870, two years ; and the sessions are biennial, the Coun- 
cil of Censors being abolished. Both branches form the 
General Assembly. 

61, Education. From the earliest history of the State, 
great attention was paid to education, common schools 
being established in every town, and several academies 
and two colleges incorporated. During many years, the 
want of efficient supervision prevented the progress of 
public education ; but this has been suj)i)lied by judicious 
legislation. A State Board of Education was provided for 
by an act of the Legislature in 1856. One of the impor- 
tant duties of this Board is that of adopting the text- 
books to be used in the common schools, and to appoint a 
secretary, who is required to hold teachers' institutes in 
every county, at least once in each year, and to report to 
the Legislature the condition of the school system. 

65. In 1866, a law w^as passed authorizing the establish- 
ment of three normal schools, for the education and train- 
ing of teachers ; and, in pursuance of the law, such schools 
were established at Randolph, Johnson, and Castleton. 
Middlebury College, the University of Vermont and Agri- 
cultural College at Burlington, and the Norwich Univer- 
sity* afford education of an advanced grade to their stu- 
dents. A medical college exists at Burlington, and yearly 
educates a large number of physicians. 

66. The future character of the people of the State 
depends very much on the efficiency of the means pro- 
vided for public education. Make the common schools as 
useful as they can be, and Vermont will continue to hold 

* A large military school, established at Norwich in 1834. In 1866 its buildings 
were burned when"the school was removed to Northfield. 



64. What is said of cdacafion? What were established? What prevented 
progress for some time 'i V/hat was provided by the Legislature of 1856 '-• With 
what authority is the State Board of Education vested ? Duties of the secretary? 

65. What law was passed in 1864? What schools were established ? What 
higher institutions of learning exist ? What other educational institutions? 

66. What is remarked of the influence of educational institutions ? 



lOG BRIEF SKETCH OP HISTORY OF VERMONT. 



its present elevated position among her sister States, and 
the peo^ole will retain their present characteristics of 
morality, intelligence, enterprise, and patriotism. M\ 

67. Population. The aggregate population of this State, ■ 
according to the census of 1870, was 330,551, of which 
329,613 were whites, 924 colored, and 14 Indians. In 
1860, the aggregate population was 315,098, showing that 
the rate of increase in the j^opulation during the ten years 
was about 5 -per cent., which is much larger than it had 
been for several preceding decades. The effective opera- 
tion of the common school system is shown in the fact 
that out of the whole native population of twenty years of 
age and upward, only 933 were unable to read and write. 

67. What was the population of Vermont according to census of 1870? 
Whites ? Colored ? What in 1860 ? Rate of increase ? How is the benefit of the 
common school system shown ? 



GOVERNORS OF VERMONT. 



107 



GOVERNORS OF VERMONT. 



Names. 



Thomas Chittenden E. Guilford, Ct 



■TiiTrn-. I 



Where Born and when. Died . q^^^ce^ 



Moses Robinson 

Thomas Chittenden 

Paul Bricrham (Lt.-Gov. Act ). 
I Isaac Tichenor 



Hardwick. Ms 
CSee above). 



Newark, N. J. 



Israel Smith Suffield, Ct. 



(See above) 

Norwich, Ct 

Salisbury, Ct 

(See above) 

Litchfield, Ct. . . . 
Kinderhook, N. Y 

Lancaster, Ms 

Woodstock, Ct. . . 
Hebron, Ct 



Isaac Tichenor 

Jonas Galusha 

Martin Chittenden 

Jonas Galusha 

Richard Skinner 

Cornelius P. Van Ness 

Ezra Butler 

Samuel C. Crafts 

William A. Palmer 

S. 11. Jenition (Lt.-Gov. Act.) 

Silas H. Jenison 

Charles Paine 

John Mattocks 

William Slade 

Horace Eaton .. 

Carlos Coolidge 

Charles K. Williams 

Erastus Fairbanks 

! John S. Robinson „....^.w^c„^, . 

I Stephen Royce jTinmouth, Vt. . 

i Ryland Fletcher Cavendish, Vt. . 

j Hiland Hall I Bennington, Vt. 

Erastus Fairbanks ] (See above) 

: Frederick Holbrook E. Windsor, Ct. 

J. Gresory Smith iSt. Albans, Vt. . 

■ Paul Dillingham Shutesbury, Ms. 

John B. Page Rutland, Vt 

Peter T. Washburn Lynn, Ms 

G. W. Hendee (Lt.-Gov. Act.) Stowe. Vt 

John W. Stewart Middlcbury, Vt. 

Julius Converse iStaflord, Ct 



j- Shoreham, Vt 

Williamstown, Vt. 

Hartford, Ct 

Cornwall, Vt 

Barnard, Vt 

Windsor, Vt 

Cambridge, Ms 

Brimfield, Ms 

Bennington, Vt 



1730 
1741 
1T30 
174.5 
1754 
1759 
1754 
17.53 
1769 
17.53 
1778 
1782 
1763 
1768 
1781 

1791 



1797 
1813 
17!)7 
1834 
1838 
1810 
1838 
1834 
1841 
1834 
1833 
1852 
1838 
1853 
1860 

1849 



1799 1853 
1777 1847 

1786 I 1859 
1804 1855 
1792 1866 
1782 1853 
1792 1864 
1804 1860 

1787 1868 

1799 1 

1795 I 

1792 1864 

1813 

181S I 

179!) ' 

1826 ; 

1814 ! 1870 

1832 i 

1825 i 

1799 1 



1778 to 1789 

1789 " 1790 

1790 " 1797 
1797 

1797 " 1807 

1807 " 1808 

1808 '^ 1809 

1809 " 1813 
1813 •' 1815 
1815 " 1820 
1820 " 1823 
IHQS " 1826 
1826 "■ 1828 
1828 " ia31 
1831 " ias5 
]&35 " 1836 
1836 " 1841 
1&41 " 1843 

1843 " 1844 

1844 " 1&46 
1846 " 1848 
1848 " 1850 
1850 " 18.52 

1852 " 1853 

1853 '' 1854 

1854 •' 1856 
1856 " 1858 
1858 " 1860 

1860 " 1861 

1861 " 1863 
1863 '• 1865 
1865 " 1867 
1867 " 1869 

1869 " 1870 
1870 

1870 " 1872 
1872 



QUESTIONS ON THE GOVERNORS. 

1. WTio was the first governor of Vermont ? 2. The second ? 3. The third ? 
4. When did Thomas Chittenden begin his first term ? 5. For how many periods 
was he governor? 6. What was the length of the first period? 7. Of the 
second? 8. How many years in all was he governor ? 9. How many times had 
he been elected ? Ans. 19. 10. Why was he not elected again? Ans. "Here- 
signed his office in the summer of 1797, and died in August of the same year.'' 
11. Who is the governor of the State now? 12. Who was the goveraor last 
year? 1.3. How many governors has the State had in all? 14. Which of them 
served more than one term ? 15. Which of them served the longest? 16. Which 
one died in office ? Ans. Gov. Washburn. 17. Which one had a son who after- 
ward became governor ? 18. Who was in office during our second war with 
Enirland? 19. Who, during our war with Mexico? 20. Who, during the great 
civil war ? 



coisrsTiTUTioisr 

OP 

THE STATE OF VERMONT 



PREAMBLE- 
TO THE CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF ^'EPtMONT, AS 
ESTABLISHED BY CONTENTION, JULY 2, 1777. 

Whereas, all government ought to be instituted and supported, for the security 
and protection of the community, as such, and to enable the individuals who 
compose it, to enjoy their natural rights, and the other blessings which the 
Author of existence has bestowed upon man ; and whenever those great ends of 
government are not obtained, the people have a right, by common consent, to 
change it, and to take such measures as to theni may appear necessary to pro- 
mote their safety and happiness. 

And whereas, the inhabitants of this State have (in consideration of protection 
only) heretofore acknowledged allegiance to the King of Great Britain, and the 
said King has not only withdrawn that protection, but commenced, and still 
continues to carry on, with unabated vengeance, a most cruel and unjust war 
against them ; employing therein, not only the troops of Great Britain, but 
foreign mercenaries, savage? and slaves, for the avowed purpose of reducing 
them to a total and abject submission to the despotic domination of the British 
parliament, with many other acts of tyranny (more fully set forth in the declara- 
tion of Congress), whereby all allegiance and fealty to the said King and his 
successors, are dissolved and at an end; and all power and authority derived 
from him, ceased in the American Colonies. 

And whei-eas, the territory which now comprehends the State of Vermont, did 
antecedently, of right, belong to the government of New Hampshire ; and the 
former Governor thereof, viz. his Excellency Benning Wentworth, Esq., granted 
many charters of lands and corporations, within this State, to the present inhab- 
itants and others. And whereas, the late Lieutenant-Governor Colden, of New 
York, with others, did, in violation of the tenth command, covet those veiy 
lands; and by a false representation made to the court of Great Britain (in the 

* This Preamble appeared in the statute books of Vermont until and iucludin'' 
the Revised Statutes of 1787 ; but in HasweFs Compilation, in 1791, of acts from 
1787 to 1791, it was omitted— of course vifhoitt any legal aut)tority. as the original^ 
Constitution was unchan|,'ed Iw any competent authority from 1777 to 179.3. ^The 
officers of the Constitutional Convention of 179:3. instead of simply certifying 
the amendments to the Constitution that were then adopted. en<irossed' the 
whole Constitution, omitting the parts superseded bv the amendments of that 
year, and al~o omitted the original Preamble; but there is no record that tiiis 
was authorized by the Convr-ntion : and indeed the Convention Lad no authority 
to omit the Preamble, since the Council of Censors had not recommended either 
its abrogation or omission. The Preamble seems, therefore, still to stand by 
virtue of its original adoption, and certainly its preservation in the records of 
the State is due to the truth of history. 



110 CONSTITUTION OF VERMONT. 

year 1764, that for the convenience of trade and administration of justice, the 
inhabitants were desirous of being annexed to that government), obtained juris- 
diction of those very identical lands, ex-x>arte ; which ever was, and is, disagree- 
able to the inhabitants. And whereas, the legislature of New York, ever have, 
and still continue to disown the good people of this State, in their landed prop- 
erty, which will appear in the complaints hereafter inserted, and in the 36th 
section of their present constitution, in which is established the grants of land 
made by that government. 

Tliey have refused to make re-grants of our lands to the original proprietors 
and occupants, unless at the exorbitant rate of 2300 dollars fees for each town- 
ship ; and did enhance the quit-rent, three-fold, and demanded an immediate 
delivery of the title derived before, from New Hampshire. 

The judges of their supreme court have made a solemn declaration, that the 
charters, conveyances, &c., of the lands included in the before described prem- 
ises, were utterly null and void, on which said title was founded : in consequence 
of which declaration writs of possession have been by them issued, and the 
sheriff of the county of Albany sent, at the head of six or seven hundred men, 
to enforce the execution thereof. 

They have passed an act, annexing a penalty thereto, of thirty pounds fine 
and six months imprisonment, on any person who should refuse assisting the 
sheriff, after being requested, for the purpose of executing writs of possession. 

The Governors, Dunmore, Tryon and Golden, have made re-grants of several 
tracts of land, included in the premises, to certain favorite land-jobbers in the 
government of New York, in direct violation of his Britannic majesty's express 
prohibition, in the year 1767. 

They have issued proclamations, wherein they have offered large sums of 
money, for the purpose of apprehending those very persons who have dared 
boldly, and publicly, to appear in defence of their just rights. 

They did pass twelve acts of outlawry, on the 9th day of March, A.D. 1774, 
empowering the respective judges of their supreme court, to award execution 
of death against those inhabitants in said district, that they should judge to be 
offenders, without trial. 

They have, and still continue, an unjust claim to those lands, which greatly 
retards emigration into, and the settlement of, this State. 

They have hired foreign troops, emigrants from Scotland, at two different 
times, and armed them, to drive us out of possession. 
They have sent the savages on our Iroutiers, to distress us. 
They have proceeded to erect the counties of Gumbcrland and Gloucester, and 
establish courts of justice there, after they were discountenanced by the author- 
ity of Great Britain. 

The free Convention of the State of New York, at Harlem, in the year 177fi, 
unanimously voted, " That all quit-rents, formerly due to the King of Great 
Britain, are now due and owing to this Convention, or such future government as 
shall be hereafter established in this State." 

In the several stages of the aforesaid oppressions, we have petitioned his 
Britannic majesty, in the most humble manner, for redress, and have, at very 
great expense, received several reports in our favor ; and, in other instances, 
wherein we have petitioned the late legislative authority of New York, those 
petitions have been treated with neglect. 

And whereas, the local situation of this State, from New York, at the extreme 
part, is upward of four hundred and fifty miles from the seat of that govern- 
ment, wliich renders it extremely difiicult to continue under the juri:^dicliou of 
said State : 
Therefore it is absolutely necessary, for the welfare and safety of the inhabit- 



coKSTiTUTiox OF vekho:n^t. Ill 

ants of this State, that it should be, henceforth, a free and independent ^tate-, 
and that a just, permanent and proper form of government, should exist in it, 
derived from, and founded on, the authority of the people only, agreeable to the 
direction of the honorable American Congress. 

We the representatives of the freemen of Vermont, in General Convention 
met, for the express purpose of forming such a goverament,— confessing the 
goodness of the Great Governor of the universe (who alone, knows to what 
dej^ree of earthly happiness, mankind may attain, by perfecting the arts of gov- 
ernment), in permitting the people of this State, by common consent, and with- 
out violence, deliberately to form for themselves, such just rules as they shall 
think best for governing their future society ; and being fully convinced that it 
is our indispensable duty, to establish such original principles of government, as 
will best promote the happiness of the people of this State, and their posterity, 
and provide for future improvements, without partiality for, or prejudice against, 
any particular class, sect, or denomination of men whatever,— do, by virtue of 
authority A^ested in us, by our constituents, ordain, declare, and establish, the 
following declaration of rights, and frame of government, to be the Constitu- 
tion of this Commonwealth, and to remain in force therein, forever, unaltered, 
except in such articles, as shall, hereafter, on experience, be found to require 
improvement, and which shall, by the same authority of the people, fairly dele- 
gated, as this frame of government directs, be amended or improved, for the 
more effectual obtaining and securing the great end and design of all govern- 
ment, herein before mentioned. 



C O N S T I T U T I X . 

Part the First.— A Declaration op the Eights of the Inhabitants 
OF the State of Vermont. 
Article 

1. Equality and natural rights of all men. 

2. Private property subservient to public use.— Equivalent to be paid. 

3. Religious freedom. 

4. Every person to find remedy at law. 

5. Internal police to be regulated by the people. 

6. Officers of government, trustees of the people. 

7. Government for the benefit and under the control of the people. 

8. Freedom of elections. 

9. Rights and duties of citizens in government.— Exemption from bearing 
arms.— Taxation. 

10. Rights of persons prosecuted for crime. 

11. Regulation of search and seizure. 

12. Trial by jury. 

13. Freedom of speech and of the press. 

14. Freedom of legislative debate. 

15. Legislature only to suspend laws. 

16. Right of bearing arms —Military subordinate to civil power. 

17. Restriction of law martial. 

18. Recurrence to principles and adherence to justice, &c., requisite to pre- 
een-e liberty. &c. 

19. Right of emigration. 

20. Right of instruction.— Popular assemblies, &c. 

21. Transportation for trial forbidden. 



112 CONSTITUTION OF VERMONT. 



Pabt the Second. — Frame of Government. 
Section 

1. Organs of government. 

2. Legislative power. 

3. Executive power. 

4. Courts of justice in each county. 

5. Court of chancery may be constituted. 

6. Legislative, executive, and judiciary departments to be separate. 

7. Representation of towns regulated. 

8. Choice and qualification of representatives. 

9. General assembly.— Time of meeting.— Powers plenary, but not to infringe 
this constitution. 

10. Executive council.— Manner of election of governor, lieutenant-governor, 
treasurer, and councillors. 

11. Powers of governor and council: to commission officers ; appoint officers ; 
fill vacancies ; correspond with other states ; prepare business for general 
assembly ; try impeachments ; grant pardons and remit fines ; take care that 
laws be executed ; draw on the treasury ; lay embargo for thirty days ; grant 
licenses, convoke the general assembly.— Governor to be captain-general.— 
Lieutenant-governor to be lieutenant-general. — Meetings of the council. — Casting 
vote of presiding oflicer.—Cotmcillors justices.— Secretary of governor and council. 

12. Oath to be taken and subscribed by representatives. 

13. Doors of general assembly to be open, except In certain cases. 

14. Journals, with yeas and nays, to be printed. 

15. Style of laws. 

16. Bills to be laid before governor and council. — Power of governor and coun- 
cil to suspend bills. 

17. Drafts on treasury. — Restriction. 

18. Residence of representatives. 

19. Members of council and house prohibited from acting as counsel 

20. Legislature restricted. 

21. Qualification of freemen.— Oath. 

22. People to be armed and trained.— Militia officers, how chosen. 
2.3. Formality of commissions.— State seal kept by governor, 

24. Impeachments, hou- tried.— No bar to prosecution at law. 

25. Compensation of public officers.- In what cases to be reduced.— Receiving 
illegal fees, disqualification. 

26. Offices incompatible.— Office under United States and this State incom- 
patible. 

27. Sureties required of treasurer and sheritfs. 

28. Treasurer's account to be audited. 

29. Officers to take and subscribe oaths.— Oath of fealty.— Oath of office. 

30. Eligibility to office of governor and lieutenant-governor. 

31. Trials by jury. 

32. Style of prosecution and indictment.— Fines. 

33. Relief of imprisoned debtors. 

34. Elections to be voluntary.— Penalty for corruption. 

35. Record of deeds. 

36. Regulation of entails. 

37. State prison to be provided. 

38. Estate of suicide not forfeited.— No deodand. 

39. Citizenship, how acquired. 
43. Liberty of hunting, «&c. 



4 



COKSTITUTIOK OF VEEMOKT. 113 

41. Laws for the encouragement of virtue and the prevention of vice, to he 
kept in force.— Schools to be supported. 

42. Declaration of rights part of the constitution. 

43. Council of censors constituted. — Their duties and powers. 

ARTICLES OF AMENDilENT. 

1. Foreigners to be naturalized before admitted to the privileges of freemen. 

2. House of representatives. 

3. General assemblj' composed of senate and house of representatives. — Their 
powers.— Revenue bills to originate in the house. — Adjournment. 

4. Qualification and apportionment of senators. 

5. Election of senators.— Return and canvass of votes.— Duties of county 
clerks.— General assembly may regulate mode of election, 

6. Powers incident to the senate.— Lieutenant-governor to be president. — 
President to have a casting vote. 

7. Senate to try impeachments. — Extent of judgment in impeachments. 

8. Governor supreme executive.— General powers.— May appoint secretary 
of civil and military affairs. 

9. Votes for governor, lieutenant-governor, and treasurer to be canvassed by 
general assembly.— Proceedings in case of no election by the people. 

10. Joint assembly to elect officers.— President of the senate to preside in 
joint assembly. 

11. Bills, having passed both houses, to be sent to governor and signed by 
him, if approved.— If not approved, to be returned.— If repassed, to become 
laws. — Bills not returned in five days to become laws. 

12. Writ of habeas corpus not to be suspended. 

13. Parts of the constitution, superseded by the above articles of amendment, 
to cease to have eff"ect. 

14. Judges of county court to be elected by the freemen. 

15. Sheriffs and high bailifts to be elected by the freemen. 

16. State's attorneys to be elected by the freemen. 

17. Judges of probate to be elected by the freemen, 

18. Justices of the peace to be elected by the freemen.— Number which each 
town may elect. 

19. Above officers to be annually elected by ballot.— Term of office. 

20. Time and manner of electing above officers. — Votes for, by whom taken, 
certified and canvassed.— Officers to be commissioned by the goveinor.— If two 
or more have equal number of votes, general assembly to elect. 

21. Term of office of governor, lieutenant-governor, and treasurer.— Legisla- 
ture to provide for vacancy in office of both governor and lieutenant-governor. 
—Governor may appoint treasurer in case of a vacancy. 

22. Securities required of treasurer, sheriffs, and high bailifis. 

23. Number and qualifications of the senators.- How elected.— Their appor- 
tionment to the several counties. — New apportionment, when to be made. 

24. General assembly to meet on 1st Wednesday in October biennially.— State 
and county officers, senators and representatives to be elected biennially.— Term 
of State officers,— Term of senators and representatives,— Term of county 
officers. 

25. Judges of supreme court to be elected biennially, and their term of office. 

26. Amendments to the constitution, how to be proposed and decided.— The 
general assembly to direct the manner of voting on proposed amendments by 
the people.— House of representatives may order impeachments.— Council of 
censors and constitutional convention abrogated. 



114 COi^STITUTION OF VERMONT. 

PART THE FIRST. 

A Declaration of the Rights of the Inhabitants of the State of 
Vermont. 

Article I. That all men are born equally free and independent, and have cer- 
tain natural, inherent, and inalienable rights, among which are the enjoying and 
defending life and liberty, acquiring, possessing, and protecting property, and 
pursuing and obtaining happiness and safety ; — therefore no male person, born 
in this country, or brought from over sea, ought to be holden by law, to serve 
any person, as a servant, slave, or apprentice, after he arrives to the age of 
twenty-one years, nor female, in like manner, after she arrives to the age of 
eighteen years, unless they are bound by their own consent after they arrive to 
Buch age, or bound by law for the payment of debts, damages, fines, costs, or 
the like. 

Akt. n. That private property ought to be subservient to public uses, when 
necessity requires it ; nevertheless, whenever any person's property is taken for 
the use of the public, the owner ought to receive an equivalent in money. 

Art. ni. That all men have a natural and inalienable right to worship Al- 
mighty God, according to the dictates of their own consciences and understand- 
ings, as in their opinion shall be regulated by the word of God ; and that no man 
ought to, or of right can be compelled to attend any religious worship, or erect 
or support any place of worship, or maintain any minister, contrary to the dic- 
tates of his conscience ; nor can any man be justly deprived or abridged of any 
civil right, as a citizen, on account of his religious sentiments, or peculiar mode 
of religious worship ; and that no authority can or ought to be vested in, or 
assumed by, any power whatever, that shall in any case interfere with, or in any 
manner control the rights of conscience, in the free exercise of religious wor- 
ship ; nevertheless, every sect or denomination of Christians ought to observe 
the Sabbath or Lord's day, and keep up some sort of religious v^'orship, which to 
them shall seem most agreeable to the revealed will of God. 

Art. rV. Every person within this State ought to find a certain remedy, by 
having recourse to the laws, for injuries or wrongs, which he may receive in his 
person, property or character; he ought to obtain right and justice freely, and 
without being obliged to purchase it; completely, and without any denial; 
promptly, and without delay, conformably to the laws. 

Art. V. That the people of this State, by their legal representatives, have the 
sole, inherent and exclusive right of governing and regulating the internal police 
of the same. 

Art. VI. That all power being originally inherent in, and consequently de- 
rived from, the people ; therefore, all officers of Government, whether legislative 
or executive, are their trustees and servants, and at all times, in a legal way, 
accountable to them. 

Art. VII. That Government is, or ought to be, instituted for the common 
"benefit, protection and security of the people, nation, or community, and not for 
the particular emolument or advantage of any single man, family, or set of men, 
who are a part only of that community, and that the community hath an indubit- 
able, inalienable, and indefeasible right to reform or alter government in such 
manner as shall be, by that community, judged most conducive to the public 
weal. 

Art. VTn. That all elections ought to be free, and without corruption, and 
that all freemen, having a sufficient evident common interest with and attach- 
ment to, the community, have a right to elect and be elected into office, agree- 
ably to the regulations made in this constitution. 



CONSTITUTION^ OF VERMOis'T. 115 

Art. IX. That every member of society hath a right to be protected in the 
enjoyment of life, liberty, and property, and therefore is bound to contribute his 
proportion toward the expense of that protection, and yield his personal service 
when necessary, or an equivalent thereto; but no part of any person's property 
can be justly taken from him, or applied to public uses, without his own con- 
sent, or that of the representative body of the freemen ; nor can any man, who is 
conscientiously scrupulous of bearing arms, be justly compelled thereto, if he 
will pay such equivalent ; nor are the people bound by any law but such as they 
have in like manner assented to, for their common good. And, previous to any 
law being made to raise a tax, the purpose for which it is to be raised ought to 
appear evident to the legislature to be of more service to the community than 
the money would be if not collected. 

Akt. X. That in all presecutions for criminal offences, a person hath a right 
to be heard, by himself and his counsel ; to demand the cause and nature of his 
accusation ; to be confronted with the witnesses ; to call for evidence in his 
favor, and a speedy public trial by an impartial jury of the country, without the 
unanimous consent of which jury, he cannot be found guilty ; nor can he be com- 
pelled to give evidence against himself ; nor can any person be justly deprived 
of his liberty, except by the laws of the land, or the judgment of his peers. 

Art. XI. That the people have a right to hold themselves, their house?, 
papers, and possessions, free from search or seizure, and therefore warrants 
without oath or affirmation first made, affording sufficient foundation for them, 
and whereby any officer or messenger may be commanded or required to search 
suspected places, or to seize any person or persons, his, her, or their property, 
not particularly described, are contrary to that right, and ought not to be granted. 

Art. Xn. That when any issue in fact, proper for the cognizance of a jury, 
is joined in a court of law, the parties have a right to trial by jury, which ought 
to be held sacred. 

Art. Xill. That the people have a right to freedom of speech, and of writing 
and publishing their sentiments concerning the transactions of government, and 
therefore the freedom of the press ought not to be restrained. 

Art. XR". The freedom of deliberation, speech, and debate, in the legis- 
lature, is so essential to the rights of the people, that it cannot be the foundation 
of any accusation or prosecution, action or complaint, in any other court, or 
place whatsoever. 

Art, XV. The power of suspending laws, or the execution of laws, ought 
never to be exercised but by the legislature, or by authority derived from it, to 
be exercised in such particular cases as this constitution, or the legislature, shall 
provide for. 

Art. XVI. That the people have a right to bear arms for the defence of them- 
selves and the State ; and as standing armies, in times of peace, are dangerous 
to liberty, they ought not to be kept up; and that the military should be kept 
under strict subordination to, and be governed by, the civil power. 

Art. XVn. That no person in this State can in any case be subject to law- 
martial, or to any penalties or pains by virtue of that law, except those employed 
in the army, and the militia in actual service. 

Art. XVm. That frequent recurrence to fundamentai principles, and a firm 
adherence to justice, moderation, temperance, industry, and frugality arc abso- 
lutely necessary to preserve the blessines of liberty, and keep government fiee ; 
the people ought, therefore, to pay particular attention to these points in the 
choice of officers and representatives, and have a right, in a legal way, to exact 
a due and constant regard to them from their legislators and magistrates, in 
making and executing such laws as are necessary for the good government of 
the State. 



21(5 COl^STITUTION OF VERMONT. 



Akt. XIX. That all people have a natural and inherent right to emigrate from 
one State to another that will receive them. 

Abt. XX. That the people have a right to assemble together to consult for 
their common good ; to instruct their representatives ; and to apply to the legis- 
lature for redress of grievances, by address, petition, or remonstrance. 

Art. XXI. That no person shall be liable to be transported out of this State 
for trial, for any offence committed within the same. 

PART THE SECOND. 
Frame of Oovernment. 

Sec. 1. [The commonwealth or State of Vermont, shall be governed hereafter 
by a governor (or lieutenant governor), council, and an assembly of the represen- 
tatives of the freemen of the same, in manner and form following.] {See the 
third and eighth Articles of amendments.) 

Sec. 2. [The supreme legislative power shall be vested in a house of represen- 
tatives of the freemen of the commonwealth or State of Vermont.] {See the third 
Article of amendment.) 

Sec. 3. [The supreme executive power shall be vested in a governor, or, in his 
absence, a lieutenant governor, and councU.] {See the eighth Article of amendment.) 

Sec. 4. Courts of justice shall be maintained in every county in this State, 
and also in new counties when formed, which courts shall be open for the trial 
of aU causes proper for their cognizance, and justice shall be therein impartially 
administered without corruption or unnecessary delay. The judges of the 
supreme court shall be justices of the peace throughout the State, and the several 
judges of the county courts in their I'espective counties, by virtue of their office, 
except in the trial of such causes as may be appealecj to the county court. 

Sec. 5. A future legislature may, when they shall conceive the same to be 
expedient and necessary, erect a court of chancery, with such powers as are 
usually exercised by that court, or as shall appear for the interest of the com- 
monwealth : p?'ovided, they do not constitute themselves the judges of said court. 

Sec. 6. The legislative, executive, and judiciary departments shall be separate 
and distinct, so that neither exercise the powers properly belonging to the other. 

Sec. 7. In order that the freemen of this State might enjoy the benefit of elec- 
tion as equally as may be, each town within this State, that consists or may con- 
sist of eighty taxable inhabitants, within one septenary or seven years next after 
the establishing of this constitution, may hold elections therein, and choose, 
each, two representatives ; and each other inhabited town in this State, may, in 
like manner, choose one representative to represent them in general assembly, 
during the septenary or seven years. And after that, each inhabited town may, 
in like manner, hold such election, and choose one representative, forever 
thereafter. 

Ssr. 8. The house of representatives of the freemen of this State shall consist 
of persons most noted for wisdom and virtue, to be chosen by ballot by the free- 
men of every tovra in this State, respectively, on the first Tuesday of September, 
annually, forever. 

Sec. 9. The representatives so chosen (a majority of whom shall constitute 
a quorum for transacting any other business than raising a State tax, for which 
two thirds of the members elected shall be present) shall meet on the [second 
Thursday ofthe succeeding October,! [and shall be styled. The General Assem- 
bly of the State of Vermont :] (See second and twenty-fourth Articles of amend- 
ment.) They shall have power to choose their speaker, [secretary of State,] {see 
tenth Article of amendment,) their clerk and other necessary ofllcers of the house ; 



CONSTITUTION OF VERMONT. 117 

sit on their own adjournments ; prepare bills and enact them into laws ; judge 
of the elections and qualifications of their own members ; they may expel mem- 
bers, but not for causes known to their constituents antecedent to their election ; 
they may administer oaths and affirmations in matters depending before them ; 
redress grievances ; impeach State criminals ; grant charters of incorporation ; 
constitute towns, boroughs, cities and counties ; they may, annually, on their 
first session after their election [in conjunction with the council] (or oftener if 
need be) elect judges of the supreme [and several county and probate] courts, 
[sheriff's and justices of the peace] {See Articles of amendment from the four- 
teenth to the twenty-fifth^ both inclusive) and also [with the council] may elect 
major generals and brigadier generals, from time to time as often as there shall 
be occasion : and they shall have all other powers necessary for the legislature 
of a free and sovereign State. But they shall have no power to add to, alter, 
abolish, or infringe any part of this constitution. {See the Articles of amend- 
ment which require the concurrent action of a senate for the effectual exercise of 
most of the above mentioned powers.) 

Sec. 10. [The supreme executive council of this State shall consist of a gov- 
ernor, lieutenant governor, and twelve persons chosen in the following manner, 
to wit:]— the freemen of each town shall, on the day of election for choosing 
representatives to attend the general assembly, bring in their votes for governor, 
with his name fairly written, to the constable, who shall seal them up, and write 
on them, '' Votes for Governor,'''' and deliver them to the representative chosen 
to attend the general assembly. And at the opening of the general assembly 
there shall be a committee appointed out of the [council and] assembly, who, 
after being duly sworn to the faithful discharge of their trust, shall proceed to 
receive, sort and count the votes for the governor, and declare the person who 
has the major part of the votes, to be governor for the year ensuing. [And if 
there be no choice made, then the council and general assembly, by their joint 
ballots, shall make choice of a governor.] The lieutenant governor and treasurer 
shall be chosen in the manner above directed. [And each freeman shall give in 
twelve votes for twelve councillors, in the same manner, and the twelve highest 
in nomination shall serve for the ensuing year as councillors.] {See the eighth 
and ninth articles of amendment.) 

Sec. 11. The governor, and in his absence, the lieutenant governor, [with the 
council (the major part of whom, including the governor or lieutenant governor, 
shall be a quorum to transact business,)] shall have power to commission all 
otficers, and also to appoint officers, except where provision is or shall be other- 
wise made by law, or this frame of government ; and shall supply every vacancy 
in any office, occasioned by death or otherwise, until the office can be filled in 
the manner directed by law, or this constitution. 

They are to correspond with other States ; transact business with officers of 
government, civil and military, and to prepare such business as may appear to 
them necessary to lay before the general assembly; [they shall sit as judges to 
hear and determine on impeachments, taking to their assistance, for advice only, 
the judges of the supreme court;] and shall have power to grant pardons and 
remit fines, in all cases whatsoever, except in treason and murder, in which they 
shall have power to grant reprieves, but not to pardon until after the end of the 
next session of assembly ; and except in cases of impeachment, in which there 
shall be no remission or mitigation of punishment, but by act of legislation ; 
they are to take care that the laws be faithfully executed ; they are to expedite 
the execution of such measures as may be resolved upon by the general assem- 
bly ; and they may draw upon the treasury for such sums as may be appropriated 
by the house of representatives ; they may lay embargoes, or prohibit the expor- 
tation of any commodity for any time not exceeding thirty days, in the recess of 



118 COITSTITUTION OF VERMONT. 



■ 



the house only. They may grant such licenses as shall be directed by law ; and 
shall have power to caU together the general assembly, when necessary, before 
the day to which they shall stand adjourned. The governor shall be captain- 
general and commander-in-chief of the forces of the State ; but shaU not com- 
mand in person, [except advised thereto by the council, and then only so long as 
they shall approve thereof.] And the lieutenant governor shall, by virtue of his 
office, be lieutenant-general of all the forces of the State. The governor or lieu- 
tenant governor [and the council] shall meet at the time and place with the 
general assembly ; [the lieutenant governor shall, during the presence of the 
commander-in-chief, vote and act as one of the council ; and the governor, and 
in his absence the lieutenant governor, shall, by virtue of their offices, preside in 
council, and have a casting but no other vote. Every member of the council 
shall be a justice of the peace for the whole State, by virtue of his office. The 
governor and council shall have a secretary, and keep fair books of their pro- 
ceedings, wherein any councillor may enter his dissent, with his reasons to sup- 
port it. And the governor may appoint a secretary for himself and his council.] 
{See the articles of amendment}) 

Sec. 12. The representatives having met and chosen their speaker and clerk, 
shall, each of them, before they proceed to business, take and subscribe, as well 
the oath or affirmation of allegiance hereinafter directed (except where they 
shall produce certificates of their having heretofore taken and subscribed the 
same) as the following oath or affirmation, viz. : 

" You do solemnly swear (or affirm) that as a member of this 

assembly you will not propose or assent to any bill, vote, or resolution, which 
shall appear to you injurious to the people, nor do or consent to any act or thing 
whatever, that shall have a tendency to lessen or abridge their rights and privi- 
leges, as declared by the constitution of this State ; but will in all things conduct 
yourself as a faithful, honest representative and guardian of the people, according 
to the best of your judgment and abilities. (In case of an oath)— So help you 
God, (and in case of an affirmation) under the pains and penalties of perjury." 

Sec. 13. The doors of the house in which the general assembly of this com- 
monwealth shall sit, shall be open, for the admission of all persons who behave 
decently, except only when the welfare of the State may require them to be shut. 
Sec. 14. The votes and proceedings of the general assembly shall be printed 
(when one-third of the members think it necessary) as soon as convenient after 
the end of each session, with the yeas and nays on any question, when required 
by any member (except where the vote shall be taken by ballot), in which case 
every member shall have a right to insert the reasons of his vote upon the minutes. 
Sec. 15. The style of the laws of this State, in future to be passed, shall be, 
It is hereby enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Vermont. 

Sec. 16. [To the end that laws, before they are enacted, may be more maturely 
considered, and the inconvenience of hasty determinations as much as possible 
prevented, all bills, which originate in the assembly, shall be laid before the gov- 
ernor and council, for their revision and concurrence, or proposals of amend- 
ment, who shall return the same to the assembly, with their proposals of amend- 
ment, if any, in writing; and if the same are not agreed to by the assembly, it 
shall be in the power of the governor and council to suspend the passing of such 
bills until the next session of the legislature. Provided, that if the governor 
and council shall neglect or refuse to return any such bill to the assembly, with 
written proposals of amendment, within five days, or before the rising of the 
legislature, the same shall become a law.] {See 11th article of amendment.) 

Sec. 17. No money shall be drawn out of the treasury, unless first appro- 
priated by act of legislation. 
Sec. 18. No person shall be elected a representative until he has resided 



CONSTITUTION OF VEKMONT. 119 

two years in this State, the last of which shall be in the town for which he is 
elected. 

Sec. 19. No member of the [council] (senate) or house of representatives, 
shall directly or indirectly receive any fee or reward to bring forward or advo- 
cate any bUl, petition, or other business to be transacted in the legislatm-e, or 
advocate any cause as counsel in either house of legislation, except when em- 
ployed in behalf of the State. 

Sec. 20. No person ought, in any case, or in any time, to be declared guilty 
of treason, or felony, by the legislature. 

Sec. 21. Every man of the full age of twenty-one years, having resided in this 
State for the space of one whole year, next before the election of representatives, 
and is of a quiet and peaceable behavior, and will take the following oath or 
affirmation, shall be entitled to all the privileges of a freeman of this State : 

" You solemnly swear (or affirm) that whenever you give your vote or suf- 
frage, touching any matter that concerns the State of Vermont, you will do it so 
as in your conscience you shall judge will most conduce to the best good of the 
same, as established by the constitution, without fear or favor of any man." 
{See the first article of amendment.) 

Sec. 22. The inhabitants of this State shall be trained and armed for its de- 
fence, imder such regulations, restiictions and exceptions, as Congress, agree- 
ably to the constitution of the United States, and the legislature of this State, 
shall direct. The several companies of militia shall, as often as vacancies hap- 
pen, elect their captain and other officers, and the captains and subalterns shall 
nominate and recommend the field officers of their respective regiments, who 
shall appoint their staff officers. 

Sec. 23. All commissions shall be in the name of the freemen of the State of 
Vermont, sealed with the State seal, signed by the governor, and in his absence, 
the lieutenant governor, and attested by the secretary ; which seal shall be kept 
by the governor. 

Sec. 24. Every officer of state, whether judicial or executive, shall be liable 
to be impeached by the general assembly, either when in office, or after his 
resignation, or removal for mal-administration. — [All impeachments shall be 
before the governor and council, who shall hear and determine the same, and 
may award costs ; and no trial or impeachment shall be a bar to a prosecution at 
law.] {See tlie seventh article of amendment.) 

Sec. 25. As every freeman, to preserve his independence (if without a suffi- 
cient estate), ought to have some profession, calling, trade, or farm, whereby he 
may honestly subsist, there can be no necessity for, nor use in, establishing 
offices of profit, the usual effects of which are dependence and servility, unbe- 
coming freemen, in the possessors or expectants, and faction, contention and 
discord among the people. But if any man is called into public service to the 
prejudice of his private affairs, he has a right to a reasonable compensation ; and 
whenever an office, through increase of fees, or otherwise, becomes so profitable 
as to occasion many to apply for it, the profits ought to be lessened by the legis- 
lature. And if any officer shall wittingly and wilfully take greater fees than the 
law allows him, it shall ever after disqualify him for holding any office in this 
State, until he shall be restored by act of legislation. 

Sec. 26. No person in this State shall be capable of holding or exercising 
more than one of the following offices at the same time, viz. : governor, lieu- 
tenant governor, judge of the supreme court, treasurer of the State, member of 
the council, member of the general assembly, surveyor general or sheriff. Nor 
shall any person holding any office of profit or trust uder the authority of 
Congress, be eligible to any appointment in the legislature, or of holding any 
executive or judiciary office under this State. 



120 CONSTITUTION OP VERMONT. 

Sec. 27. [The treasurer of the State shall, before the governor and council^ 
give suflacient security to the secretary of state, in behalf of the general assem- 
bly, and each high sheriff, before the first judge of the county court, to the 
treasurer of their respective counties, previous to their respectively entering 
upon the execution of their offices, in such manner and in such sums as shall be 
directed by the legislature.] {See the twenty-second article of amendment.) 

Sec. 28. The Treasurer's account shall be annually audited, and a fair 
statement thereof be laid before the general assembly, at their session in October. 

Sec. 29. Every officer, whether judicial, executive, or military, in authority 
under this State, before he enters upon the execution of bis office, shall take 
and subscribe the following oath, or affirmation, of allegiance to this State (un- 
less he shall produce evidence that he has before taken the same) ; and also the 
following oath or affirmation of office, except military officers, and such as shall 
be exempted by the legislature : 

THE OATH, OK APPIRMATION, OF ALLEGIANCE. 

"You do solemnly swear (or affirm), that you will be true 

and faithful to the State of Vermont, and that you will not, directly or in- 
directly, do any act or thing injurious to the constitution or government thereof, 
as established by convention. (If an oath) So help you God, (if an affirmation) 
under the pains and penalties of perjury." 

THE OATH, OK AFFERMATION, OF OFFICE. 

"You do solemnly swear (or affirm), that you will faithfully 

execute the office of for the of and will therein 

do equal right and justice to all men, to the best of your judgment and abilities, 
according to law. (If an oath) So help you God, (if an affirmation) under tlie 
pains and penalties of perjury." 

Sec. 30. No person shall be eligible to the office of governor or lieutenant 
governor, until he shall have resided in this State four years next preceding the 
day of his election. 

Sec. 31. Trials of issues proper for the cognizance of a jury, in the supreme 
and county courts, shall be by jury, except where parties otherwise agree ; and 
great care ought to be taken to prevent corruption, or partiality, in the choice 
and return, or appointment of juries. 

Sec. 32. All prosecutions shall commence. By the authority of the State of 
Vermont ; all indictments shall conclude with these words : against the peace 
and dignity of the State ; and aU fines shall be proportioned to the offences. 

Sec. 33. The person of a debtor, where there is not strong presumption of 
fraud, shall not be continued in prison after delivering up and assigning over, 
bona fide, all his estate, real and personal, in possession, reversion, or remainder, 
for the use of his creditors, in such manner as shall be hereafter regulated by 
law. And all prisoners, unless in execution, or committed for capital offences, 
when the proof is evident or presumption great, shall be bailable, by sufficient 
sureties ; nor shall excessive bail be exacted for bailable offences. 

Sec. 34. All elections, whether by the people, or the legislature, shall be free 
and voluntaiy ; and any elector, who shall receive any gift, or reward, for his 
vote, in meat, drink, moneys, or otherwise, shall forfeit' his right to elect at that 
time, and suffer such other penalty as the law shall direct ; and any person who 
shall directly or indirectly give, promise, or bestow, any such rewards to be 
elected, shall thereby be rendered incapable to serve for the ensuing year, and 
be subject to such further punishment as a future legislature shall direct. 

Sec. 35. All deeds and conveyances of land shall be recorded in the town 
clerk's office, in their respective towns, and for want thereof, in the county 
clerk's office of the same county. 



CONSTITUTION OF VERMONT. 121 

Sec. 36. The legislature shall regulate entails, ia such manner as to prevent 
perpetuities. 

Sec. 37. To deter more effectually from the commission of crimes, hy con- 
tinued visible punishments of long duration, and to make sanguinary punish- 
ments less necessary, means ought to be provided for punishing by hard labor, 
those who shall be convicted of crimes not capital, whereby the criminal shall 
be employed for the benefit of the public, or for the reparation of injuries done 
to private persons ; and all persons, at proper times, ought to be permitted to 
see them at their labor. 

Sec. 38. The estates of such persons as may destroy their own lives, shall not, 
for that offence, be forfeited ; but descend, or ascend, in the same manner as if 
Buch persons had died in a natural way. Nor shall any articles, which shall acci- 
dentally occasion the death of any person, be henceforth deemed a deodand, or in 
any wise forfeited on account of such misfortune. 

Sec. 39. Every person of good character, who comes to settle in this State, 
having first taken an oath or affirmation of allegiance to the same, may purchase, 
or by other just means acquire, hold and transfer land, or other real estate, and 
after one year's residence shall be deemed a free denison thereof, and entitled to 
all rights of a natural born subject of this State ; except that he shall not be 
capable of being elected governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, councillor, or 
representative in assembly, until after two years' residence. 

Sec. 40. The inhabitants of this State shall have liberty, in seasonable times, 
to hunt and fowl, on the lands they hold, and on other lands not enclosed, and 
in like manner to fish in ball oatableand other waters (not private property), un- 
der proper regulations to be hereafter made and provided by the general assembly. 
Sec. 41. Laws for the encouragement of virtue and prevention of vice and im- 
morality ought to be constantly kept in force, and duly executed ; and a compe- 
tent number of schools ought to be maintained in each town, for the convenient 
Instruction of youth, and one or more grammar schools be incorporated and 
properly supported, in each county in this State. And all religious societies or 
bodies of men that may be hereafter united or incorporated for the advance- 
ment of religion and learning, or for other pious and charitable purposes, shall 
be encouraged and protected in the enjoyment of the privileges, immunities, 
and estates, which they in justice ought to enjoy, under such regulations as the 
general assembly of this State shall direct. 

Sec. 42. The declaration of the political rights and privileges of the inhabi- 
tants of this State, is hereby declared to be a part of the constitution of this com- 
monwealth, and ought not to be violated on any pretence whatsoever, 

[Sec. 43. In order that the freedom of this commonwealth may be preserved 
inviolate forever, there shall be chosen by ballot, by the freemen of this State, 
on the last Wednesday in March, in the year one thousand seven hundred and 
ninety-nine, and on the last Wednesday in March in every seven years thereafter, 
thirteen persons, who shall be chosen in the same manner the council is chosen, 
except they shall not be out of the council or general assembly, to be called the 
council of censors^ who shall meet together on the first Wednesday in June next 
ensuing their election, the majority of whom shall be a quorum in every case, 
except as to calling a convention, in which two-thirds of the whole number 
elected shall agree : and whose duty it shall be to inquire whether the constitu- 
tion has been preserved inviolate in every part during the last septenary (includ- 
ing the year of their service,) and whether the legislative and executive branches 
of government have performed their duty as guardians of the people, or assumed 
to themselves, or exercised other or greater powers than they are entitled to by 
the constitution. They are also to inquire whether the public taxes have been 
justly laid and collected in all parts of this commonwealth ; in what manner the 



122 CONSTITUTION" OF VERMOJS'T. 



public moneys have been disposed of, and whether the laws have been duly exe- 
cuted. For these purposes they shall have power to send for persons, papers, 
and records ; they shall have authority to pass public censures, to order impeach- 
ments, and to recommend to the legislature the repealing such laws as shall 
appear to them to have been passed contrary to the principles of the constitu- 
tion: these powers they shall continue to have for and during the space of one 
year from the day of their election, and no longer. The said council of censors 
shall also have power to call a convention, to meet within two years after their 
sitting, if there appears to them an absolute necessity of amending any article of 
this constitution which may be defective, explaining sucb as may be thought not 
clearly expressed, and of adding such as are necessary, for the preservation of 
the rights and happiness of the people. But the articles to be amended, and the 
amendments proposed, and such articles as are proposed to be added or abol- 
ished, shall be promulgated at least six months before the day appointed for the 
election of such convention, for the previous consideration of the people, that 
they may have an opportunity of instructing their delegates on the subject.] {See 
the twenty-sixth Article of amendment. 

ARTICLES OF AMENDMENT. 

Aeticle 1. No person, who is not already a freeman of this State, shall be 
entitled to exercise the privileges of a freeman, unless he be a natural born citi- 
zen of this, or some one of the United States, or until he shall have been natural- 
ized, agreeably to the acts of Congress. 

Akt. 2. The most numerous branch of the legislature of this State shall here- 
after be styled " The House of Representatives." 

Art. 3. The supreme legislative power of this State shall hereafter be exer- 
cised by a Senate and the House of Representatives ; which shall be styled "The 
General Assembly of the State of Vermont." Each shall have and exercise the 
like powers in all acts of legislation ; and no bill, resolution, or other thing, 
which shall have been passed by the one, shall have the effect of or declared to 
be, a law, without the concurrence of the other. Provided that all revenue bUla 
shall originate in the House of Representatives,— but the Senate may propose or 
concur with amendments, as on other bills. Neither house, during the session 
of the general assembly, shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for 
more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two houses 
shall be sitting,— and in case of disagreement between the two houses with 
respect to adjournment, the governor may adjourn them to such time as he shall 
think proper. 

Art. 4. [The senate shall be composed of thirty senators, to be of the free- 
men of the county for which they are elected, respectively, who are thirty years 
of age or upwards, and to be annually elected by the freemen of each county 
respectively. Each cotinty shall be entitled to one senator, at least, and the 
remainder of the senators shall be apportioned to the several counties according 
to their population, as the same was ascertained by the last census, taken under 
the authority of the United States— regard being always had, in such apportion- 
ment, to the counties having the greatest fraction. But the several counties 
shall, nntil after the next census of the United States, be entitled to elect, and 
have their senators, in the following proportion, to wit : 

Bennington county, two ; Windham county, three ; Rutland county, three ; 
Windsor county, four ; Addison county, three ; Orange county, three ; Washing- 
ton county, two ; Chittenden county, two ; Caledonia county, two ; Franklin 
cotinty three ; Orleans county, one ; Essex county, one ; Grand Isle county, one. 

The legislature shall make a new apportionment of senators, to the several 



% 

exe- li 



CONSTITUTION OF VERMONT. 123 

counties, after the taking of each census of the United States, or census talieu 
for the purpose of such apportionment, by order of the govtrnment of this State, 
always regarding the above provisions in this article.] {See the twenty-third 
Article of amendment.) 

Art. 5. The freemen of the several towns in each county shall [annually] 
give their votes for the senators, apportioned to such county, at the same time 
and under the same regulations, as are now provided for the election of council- 
lors.* And the person or persons, equal in number to the number of senators 
apportioned to such county, having the greatest number of legal votes in such 
county respectively, shall be the senator or senators of such county. At every 
election of senators, after the votes shall have been taken, the constable or pre- 
siding otficer, assisted by the selectmen and civil authority present, shall sort 
and count the said votes, and make two lists of the names of each person, with 
the number of votes given for each, annexed to his name, a record of which shall 
be made in the town clerk's oflice, and shall seal up said lists, separately, and 
write, on each, the name of the town, and these words, "Votes for Senator," 
or " Votes for Senators," as the case may be, one of which lists shall be deliv- 
ered by the presiding officer to the representative of said iovm. (if any), and if 
none be chosen, to the representative of an adjoining town, to be transmitted to 
the president of the Senate ; the other list, the said presiding officer shall, with- 
in ten days, deliver to the clerk of the county court for the same county, and 
the clerk of each coimty court respectively, or in case of his absence or disabil- 
ity the sheriff of such county, or in case of the absence or disability of both, the 
high bailiff of such county, on the tenth day after such election, shall publicly 
open, sort and count said votes, and make a record of the same, in the office of 
the clerk of such county court, a copy of which he shall transmit to the senate ; 
and shall also, within ten days thereafter, transmit to the person or persona 
elected, a certificate of his or their election. Provided, however, that the gen- 
eral assembly shall have power to regalate by law the mode of balloting for 
senators, within the several counties, and to prescribe the means, and the man- 
ner by which the result of the balloting shall be ascertained, and through which 
the senators chosen shall be certified of their election, and for filling all vacan- 
cies in the senate, which shall happen by death, resignation or otherwise. But 
they shall not have power to apportion the senators to the several counties other- 
wise than according to the population thereof, agreeably to the provisions herein 
before ordained. 

Art. 6. The senate shall have the like powers to decide on the election and 
qualifications of, and to expel any of its members, make its own rules, and ap 
point its own officers, as are incident to, or are possessed by, the house of rep- 
resentatives. A majority shall constitute a quorum. The lieutenant governor 
shall be president of the senate, except when he shall exercise the office of gov- 
ernor, or when his office shall be vacant, or iu his absence ; in which cases, the 
senate shall appoint one of its o^^-n members to be president of the senate, pro 
tempore. And the president of the senate shall have a casting vote, but no other. 

Art. 7. The senate shall have the sole power of tiying and deciding upon all 
impeachments ;— when sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirma- 
tion, and no person shall be convicted, without the concurrence of two-thirds of 
the members present. Judgment, in cases of impeachment, shall not extend 
farther, than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold or enjoy any 
office of honor, or profit, or trust, under this State. But the party convicted 
shall, nevertheless, be liable, and subject to indictment, trial, judgment, and 
punishment, according to law. 

Art. 8. The supreme executive power of the state shall be exercised by the 

* Section 10 of Part II. 



124 CONSTITUTIOiT OF VERMONT. 



governor or in case of his absence or disability, by the lieutenant governor ; 
who shall' have all the powers and perform all the duties vested in and enjoined 
upon the governor and council, by the eleventh and twenty-seventh sections of 
the i?ocoud chapter of the constitution, as at present established, excepting that 
he shall not sit as a judge, in case of impeachment, nor grant reprieve, or par- 
don, in any such case: nor shall he command the forces of the State in person, 
in time of war or insurrection, unless by the advice and consent of the senate ; 
and no longer than they shall approve thereof. The governor may have a secre- 
tary of civil and military affairs, to be by him appointed during pleasure, whose 
services he may at all times command ; and for whose compensation, provision 
shall be made by law. 

Art. 9. The votes for governor, lieutenant governor and treasurer of the 
State, shall be sorted and counted, and the result declared by a committee, ap- 
pointed by the senate and house of representatives. If, at any time, there shall 
be no election by the freemen, of governor, lieutenant governor and treasurer 
of the State, the senate and house of representatives shall, by a joint ballot, elect 
to fill the office, not filled by the freemen as aforesaid, one of the three candidates 
for such office (if there be so many) for whom the greatest number of votes shall 
have been returned. 

Art. 10. The secretary of state, and all officers, whose elections are not 
otherwise provided for, and who, under the existing provisions of the constitu- 
tion, are elected by the council and house of representatives, shall, hereafter, he 
elected by the senate and house of representatives, in joint assembly, at which 
the presiding officer of the senate shall preside ; and such presiding officer, in 
such joint assembly, shall have a casting vote, and no other. 

Art. 11. Every bill, which shall have passed the senate and house of repre- 
sentatives, shall, before it become a law, be presented to the governor; if he 
approve, he shall sign it ; if not, he shall return it, with his objections in wait- 
ing, to the house in which it shall have originated ; which shall proceed to 
reconsider it. If, upon such reconsideration, a majority of the house shall pass 
the bill, it shall, together with the objections, be sent to the other house, by 
which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved hy a majority of that 
house, it shall become a law. But in all such cases, the votes of both houses 
shall be taken by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for or 
against the bill, shall be entered on the journal of each house, respectively. If 
any bill shall not be returned by the governor, as aforesaid, within five days 
(Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented* to him, the same shall 
become a law, in like manner as if he had signed it ; unless the two houses, by 
their adjournment, within three days after the presentment of such bill, shall 
prevent its return ; in which case it shall not become a law. 

AlRT. 12. The writ of habeas corpus shall, in no case, be suspended. It shall 
be a writ, issuable of right; and the general assembly shall make provision to 
render it a speedy and effectual remedy in all cases therefor. 

Art. 13. Such parts and provisions, only, of the constitution of this State, 
established by convention, on the ninth day of July, one thousand seven hun- 
dred and ninety-three, as are altered or superseded by any of the foregoing 
amendments, or are repugnant thereto, shall hereafter cease to have effect. 

Art. 14. The assistant judges of the county court shall be elected by the 
freemen of their respective counties. 

Art. 15. Sheriffs and high hailiffs shall be elected hy the freemen of their 
respective counties. 

Art. 16. State's attorneys shall be elected by the freemen of their respective 
counties. 

Art. 17. Judges of probate shall be elected by the freemen of their respective 
districts. 



CONSTITUTION OF VERMONT. 125 

Art. 18. Justices of the peace shall be elected by the freemen of their respec- 
tive towns ; and towns having less than one thousand inhabitants may elect any 
number of justices of the peace not exceeding Jive ; towns having one thousand, 
and less than two thousand inhabitants, may elect seven ; towns having two 
thousand, and less than three thousand inhabitants, may elect ten ; towns having 
three thousand, and less than five thousand inhabitants, may elect twelve ; and 
towns having five thousand, or more, inhabitants, may elect fifteen justices of 
the peace. 

Art. 19. All the ofiicers named in the preceding articles of amendment {Ar- 
ticles Ik to IS) shall be [annually] elected by ballot, [and shall hold their ofiices 
for one year, said year commencing on the first day of December next after their 
election.] {See the twenty-fourth Article of amendments.) 

Art. 20. The election of the several ofiicers mentioned in the preceding 
articles {Articles Ik to lS)y excepting town representatives, shall be made at the 
times and in the manner now directed in the constitution for the choice of sen- 
ators. And the presiding officer of each freemen's meeting, after the votes shall 
have been taken, sorted, and counted, shall, in open meeting, make a certificate 
of the names of each person voted for, with the number of votes given for each, 
annexed to his name and designating the office for which the votes wei*c given, 
a record of which shall be made in the town clerk's office, and he shall seal up 
said certificate, and shall write thereon the name of the town and the words, 

Certificate of votes for , and add thereto, in writing, the title of the office 

voted for, as the case may be, and shall deliver such certificate to some represen- 
tative chosen as a member of the genei'al assembly, whose duty it shall be to 
cause such certificate of votes to be delivered to the committee of the general 
assembly appointed to canvass the same. And at the sitting of the general 
assembly, next after such balloting for the officers aforesaid, there shall be a 
committee appointed of and by the general assembly, who shall be sworn to the 
faithful discharge of their duty, and whose duty it shall be to examine such cer- 
tificates and ascertain the number of votes given for each candidate, and the per- 
sons receiving the largest number of votes for the respective offices shall be 
declared duly elected, and by such committee be reported to the general assem- 
bly, and the officers so elected shall be commissioned by the governor. And if 
two or more persons designated for any one of said offices shall have received 
an equal number of votes, the general assembly shall elect one of such persons 
to such office. 

Art. 21. The term of office of the governor, lieutenant governor, and treas- 
urer of the state, respectively, shall commence when they shall be chosen and 
qualified, and shall continue for the term of [one year] {two years)., or until their 
successors shall be chosen and qualified, or to the adjournment of the session of 
the legislature, at which, by the constitution and laws, their successors are 
required to be chosen, and not after such adjournment. And the legislature 
shall provide, by general law, declaring what officer shall act as governor when- 
ever there shall be a vacancy in both the otlices of governor and lieutenant gov- 
ernor, occasioned by a failure to elect, or by the removal from office, or by the 
death, resignation, or inability of both governor and lieutenant governor, to 
exercise the powers and discharge the duties of the office of governor ; and such 
officer, so designated, shall exercise the powers and discharge the duties apper- 
taining to the office of governor accordingly, until the disability shall be 
removed, or a governor shall be elected. And in case there shall be a vacancy 
in the office of treasurer, by reason of any of the causes enumerated, the gover- 
nor shall appoint a treasurer for the time being, who shall act as treasurer until 
the disability shall be removed, or a new election shall be made. 

Art, 22. The treasurer of the state shall, before entering upon the duties of 



12G CONSTITUTION OF VERMONT. 

hiy office, give eulticieut security to the secretary of state, in behalf of the state 
of Vcrmout, before the governor of the state, or one of the judges of the supreme 
court. And sheriffs and high bailiffff, before entering upon the duties of their 
respective offices, shall give sufficient security to the treasurer of their respective 
counties, before one of the judges of the supreme court, or the two assistant 
judges of the county court of their respective counties, in such manner and in 
such sums as shall be directed by the legislature. 

Art. Hi. The senate shall be composed of thirty senators, to be of the free- 
men of the county for which they are elected, respectively, who shall have at- 
tained the age of thirty years, and they shall be elected [annually] (biennially) by 
the freemen of each county respectively. 

The senators shall be apportioned to the several counties, according to the 
population, as ascertained by the census taken under the authority of Congress 
in the year 1840, regard being always had, in such apportionment, to the counties 
having the largest fraction, and giving to each county at least one senator. 

The legislature shall make a new apportionment of the senators to the several 
counties, after the taking of each census of the United States, or after a census 
taken for the purpose of such apportionment, under the authority of this State, 
always regarding the above provisions of this article. 

Art. 24. The General Assembly shall meet on the first Wednesday of October, 
biennially ; the first election shall be on the first Tuesday of September, A.D. 
1870; the first session of the General Assembly on the first Wednesday of 
October, A.D. 1870. 

The Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Treasurer of the State, senators, towTi 
representatives, assistant judges of the county court, sheriff's, high bailiff's, 
State's attorneys, judges of probate, and justices of the peace, shall be elected 
biennially on the first Tuesday of September, in the manner prescribed by the 
Constitution of the State. 

The terra of office of the Governor, Lieutenant Governor, and Treasurer of the 
State, respectively, shall commence when they shall be chosen and qualified, and 
shall continue for the term of two years, or until their successors shall be chosen 
and qualified, or to the adjournment of the session of the Legislature at Avhich, 
by the Constitution and laws, their successors are required to be chosen, and not 
after such adjournment. 

The term of office of senators and town representatives shall be two years, 
commencing on the first Wednesday of October following their election. 

The term of office of the assistant judges of the county court, sheriffs, high 
bailiffs. State's attorneys, judges of probate and justices of the peace, shall be 
two years, and shall commence on the first day of December next after their 
election. 

Art. 25. The judges of the Supreme Court shall be elected biennially, and 
their term of office shall be two years. 

Art. 26. At the session of the General Assembly of this State, A.D. 1S80, and 
at the session thereof every tenth year thereafter, the Senate may, by a vote of 
two-thirds of its members, make proposals of amendment to the Constitution 
of the State, which proposals of amendment, if concurred in by a majority of 
the members of the House of Representatives, shall be entered on the journals 
of the two Houses, and referred to the General Assembly then next to be chosen, 
and be published in the principal newspapers of the State; and if a majority of 
the members of the Senate and of the House of Representatives of the roxt 
following General Assembly shall respectively concur in the same proposals of 
amendment, or any of them, it shall be the dnty of the General Assembly to 
submit the proposals of amendment so concurred in to a direct vote of the free- 
men of the State ; and such of said proposals of amendment as shall receive a 



cois'^STiTUTiojT OF vermo:n^t. 137 

majority of the votes of the freemen voting thereon, shall become a part of the 
Constitution of this State. 

The General Assembly shall direct the manner of voting by the people upon 
the proposed amendments, and enact all such laws as shall be necessary to pro- 
cure a free and fair vote upon each amendment proposed, and to carry into eflect 
all the provisions of the preceding section. 

The House of Kepresentatives shall have all the powers now possessed by 
the Council of Censors to order impeachments, which shall in all cases be by a 
vote of two-thirds of its members. 

The forty-third section of the second part of the Constitution of this State ia 
hereby abrogated. 



Note. — The first constitution of Vermont was adopted by a convention of 
delegates which met at Windsor, on the second day of July, A.D. 1777, and was 
revised by the same convention at a subsequent meeting at Windsor, on the 24tli 
day of December of the same year. 

To this constitution amendments were made by a convention, holden at Man- 
chester, on the last Thursday of June, A.D. 1786. Further amendments were 
made by a convention which met at Windsor, on the third * day of July, A.D. 
1793, and the constitution as thus amended consisted of those of the foregoing 
articles and sections which precede those designated as '' articles of amend- 
ment." [Not including the preamble.] 

The first of the above designated articles of amendment was adopted by a 
convention, holden at Montpelier on the 26th day of June, AD. 1828; those 
numbered from tivo to thirteen inclusive, wei-e adopted by a convention, held at 
Montpelier on the sixth day of January, A.D. 1836; those numbered ivoxa. four- 
teen to twenty-three inclusive, were adopted by a convention, held at Montpelier 
on the second day of January, A.D. 1850; and those numbered from twenty-four 
to twenty-six inclusive, were adopted by a convention, held at Montpelier on the 
eighth day of June, A.D. 1870. 

The convention of 1793, instead of promulgating only the amendments which 
they had adopted, as has been the practice since, engrossed and set forth the 
whole constitution without making any distinction between the articles pre- 
viously in force and those then adopted ; this engrossment, which was signed by 
the oflicers of that convention, and deposited in the secretary of state's office, is 
styled, in a title-page prefixed to it, " The Constitution of Vermont, as adopted 
by the convention, holden at Windsor, July fourth,* one thousand seven hundred 
and ninety- three," and in consequence of this error, those articles which had 
been previously established by the conventions of 1786 and 1777 have, in con- 
nection with the amendments adopted in 1793, been uniformly alluded to and 
designated as the constitution " established " or "adopted" by the convention 
of 1793. 

It is obvious from a comparison, that a majority of the articles and sections 
in this constitution had their origin and adoption in the conventions of 1786 and 
1777, and that it is as incorrect to speak of the whole constitution as being 

* The convention of 1793 met on the third instead of the fourth day of July, as 
stated in the title-page to the constitution which they set fwth.— They were called 
by the council of censors to convene on " the first Wednesday ^^ which was the third 
day of July ; and in the extracts from their ,mirnals which were furnished by 
their secretary, and published in tile Vermont Journal of July 22d, 1793, there are 
accounts of the proceedinqs of the convention on both the third and fourth, as well 
as subsequent days of July. 



138 CON^STITUTION OF VERMONT. 



1 



adopted or established in 1793, as it would be to say of the whole of our present 
coubtitution, that it was adopted by the convention of 1850. 

The convention of 1793 was called by the council of censors " for the purpose 
of considering and adopting the amendments of the constitution, as proposed 
by this council;" in the newspapers of those days it was spoken of as "the 
conventiau for ratifying or rejecting the amendments to the constitution of this 
state as proposed by the council of censors." That it was the understanding of 
the convention that they were merely amending an already established and exist- 
ing constitution, is apparent from the only account of their proceedings which 
the compiler has been able to find ; and that such was the understanding of its 
members, and the construction given both by them and by the legislature of the 
state at its session in October, 1793, is evident from the questions which then 
arose, and the decisions which were made respecting the right of several towns 
to have two representatives at that session, under the provisions of the seventh 
section of the second chapter of the constitution as then promulgated. 



Bloss's Ancient History. 

Ulusti-ated by colored Maps, and a Chronological Chart For 
the use of Schools and Families. Revised and improved by 
Joim J. AiTOERSON, A. M., Author of a Series of School His- 
tories. 1 voL 12mo. 450 pages. 

This work is a condensed history of the world as known to the 
Ancients of Europe and Asia, The naiTative begins with the 
Creation, and, continuing through the histories of Assyria, Egypt, 
and Rome, ends with the downfall of the Roman Empire. The 
style is exceedingly graceful and happy, combined with great 
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Ilistoiy, which is usually so dry and uninteresting to the pupil, is, 
by the use of this work, made attractive and agreeable. The 
work contains large colored Maps and a Chronological Chart, 
and in addition to questions at the bottom of the pages, has a 
different set of questions at the end of the Sections, for topical 
review. It has also a full pronouncing index. 



From Miss Mabt E. Thalheimbr, Teacher of History in the Packer Col- 
legiate Institute. 
Packeb Collegiatb Institute, Brooklyn, March 8th, 1869. 
"Bloss'B Ancient History, as edited by Mr^ Anderson, is used now for the 
second year in three Departments of the Packer Institute. ♦ * * ♦ • 
For my own part, I have only to express a very high appreciation of the 
work, for the clear and attractive style of the narrative, and the great interest 
it has awakened in my classes. I know of no other School History which is 
at once so condensed and so entertaining, which, including so many nations 
and such various periods of time, manages to maintain so much of the 
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From Dr. T. S. Pinneo, Author of a series of English Orammars, Guide to 
Composition, tfec., <f;c. 
"I have need Bloss's Ancient History in my classes with decided success. 
Ill style, in selection and arrangement of matter, in the union of comprehen- 
siveness with brevity, and in its power of securing attention and interest, 
I know of no work that surpasses it. I can cordially recommend it as a model 
class-book." 



JPuUished by CLARK & MATJS^AMD, 

5 Barclay Street, New York. 



Olmsted's School Philosophy. 

Kevised by E. S. Snell, LL. D., Professor of Mathematics 
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The teacher who desires to give his pupils a clear understanding 
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Published by CLARK & MAYNARD, 

NEW YORK. 



